Esta tese investiga as teorias e práticas do planejamento urbano e suas relações com as teorias democráticas. O trabalho é baseado nas contribuições teóricas sobre democracia e participação popular e da crítica de autores acerca do papel das democracias no Estado contemporâneo. Aos modelos de democracia representativa e participativa, acrescentase dois modelos participativos: o modelo deliberativo, influenciado pelo pensamento de Jürgen Habermas e a concepção emancipatória. Esse trabalho busca também informar sobre a dimensão política e normativa do planejamento urbano, concebido à partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 e do Estatuto da Cidade, reconhecendo as características do sistema jurídico constitucional relativo à "ordem urbanística" brasileira, contextualizando-a na perspectiva do constitucionalismo contemporâneo, da teoria dos princípios constitucionais e da teoria dos direitos fundamentais, na tentativa de qualificar o direito à gestão democrática e participativa da cidade como direito fundamental subjetivo dos cidadãos. Este trabalho relaciona também os modelos de planejamento urbano com as teorias da democracia e da participação popular, propondo um modelo de planejamento urbano emancipatório e inclusivo. Como estudo de caso foram analisados processos específicos relacionados ao Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Ambiental - PDDUA da cidade de Porto Alegre, como os empreendimentos especiais, as áreas de interesse especial e o processo de revisão do plano diretor. As experiências e processos de planejamento decorrentes do PDDUA foram avaliados, relacionando as teorias democráticas, normativas e de planejamento urbano e, ainda, a opinião e percepção popular acerca dos processos de planejamento. Este critério de validação, que inclui as análises política, jurídicas e das técnicas de planejamento é capaz de configurar um modo de planejamento urbano como democrático e participativo, identificando elementos que podem contribuir para a construção de um modelo geral de planejamento urbano efetivamente participativo e inclusivo. / This thesis investigates approaches and practices of urban planning and their relations with the democratic theories. The work is based on the theoretical contributions on democracy and popular participation and the criticism of the democracies' role in the contemporary State. The models of democracy presented are the representative and participatory. The latter unfolds into two more models: the deliberative model, influenced by the thought of Habermas and the proposal of an emancipatory model, which arose from critic to the existing model. This work aims to inform about the normative dimension of urban planning, conceived from the Constituição Federal de 1988 and the Statute of the City. To address the issue, it recognizes the characteristics of the constitutional legal system related to the "urbanistic order" in Brazil, and contextualizes it in the perspective of contemporary constitutionalism, the constitutional principles theory and the fundamental rights theory. It presents itself as an attempt to qualify the rights to democratic management of the city and popular participation as fundamental subjective rights of citizens. By selecting some of the approaches of urban planning models considered democratic, this thesis makes an effort to analyze the ways of planning in terms of popular participation, and proposes a model of urban planning that is emancipatory and inclusive. From the configuration of the management planning system in Porto Alegre, specific processes related to the Director Plan of Environmental and Urban Development are analyzed, such as the process for special projects, special interest areas and review process of the Director Plan. The experiences and planning processes resulting from the Director Plan are evaluated facing the fundamentals of democratic and normative theories and the executed planning models. Also, they take into consideration the popular opinion and perception about the planning processes. This validation criterion includes political and legal analysis and planning techniques. It is able to set an urban planning style as democratic and participatory, by identifying elements that can contribute to building a general model of urban planning effectively participatory and inclusive.

Esta tese investiga as teorias e práticas do planejamento urbano e suas relações com as teorias democráticas. O trabalho é baseado nas contribuições teóricas sobre democracia e participação popular e da crítica de autores acerca do papel das democracias no Estado contemporâneo. Aos modelos de democracia representativa e participativa, acrescentase dois modelos participativos: o modelo deliberativo, influenciado pelo pensamento de Jürgen Habermas e a concepção emancipatória. Esse trabalho busca também informar sobre a dimensão política e normativa do planejamento urbano, concebido à partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 e do Estatuto da Cidade, reconhecendo as características do sistema jurídico constitucional relativo à "ordem urbanística" brasileira, contextualizando-a na perspectiva do constitucionalismo contemporâneo, da teoria dos princípios constitucionais e da teoria dos direitos fundamentais, na tentativa de qualificar o direito à gestão democrática e participativa da cidade como direito fundamental subjetivo dos cidadãos. Este trabalho relaciona também os modelos de planejamento urbano com as teorias da democracia e da participação popular, propondo um modelo de planejamento urbano emancipatório e inclusivo. Como estudo de caso foram analisados processos específicos relacionados ao Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Ambiental - PDDUA da cidade de Porto Alegre, como os empreendimentos especiais, as áreas de interesse especial e o processo de revisão do plano diretor. As experiências e processos de planejamento decorrentes do PDDUA foram avaliados, relacionando as teorias democráticas, normativas e de planejamento urbano e, ainda, a opinião e percepção popular acerca dos processos de planejamento. Este critério de validação, que inclui as análises política, jurídicas e das técnicas de planejamento é capaz de configurar um modo de planejamento urbano como democrático e participativo, identificando elementos que podem contribuir para a construção de um modelo geral de planejamento urbano efetivamente participativo e inclusivo. / This thesis investigates approaches and practices of urban planning and their relations with the democratic theories. The work is based on the theoretical contributions on democracy and popular participation and the criticism of the democracies' role in the contemporary State. The models of democracy presented are the representative and participatory. The latter unfolds into two more models: the deliberative model, influenced by the thought of Habermas and the proposal of an emancipatory model, which arose from critic to the existing model. This work aims to inform about the normative dimension of urban planning, conceived from the Constituição Federal de 1988 and the Statute of the City. To address the issue, it recognizes the characteristics of the constitutional legal system related to the "urbanistic order" in Brazil, and contextualizes it in the perspective of contemporary constitutionalism, the constitutional principles theory and the fundamental rights theory. It presents itself as an attempt to qualify the rights to democratic management of the city and popular participation as fundamental subjective rights of citizens. By selecting some of the approaches of urban planning models considered democratic, this thesis makes an effort to analyze the ways of planning in terms of popular participation, and proposes a model of urban planning that is emancipatory and inclusive. From the configuration of the management planning system in Porto Alegre, specific processes related to the Director Plan of Environmental and Urban Development are analyzed, such as the process for special projects, special interest areas and review process of the Director Plan. The experiences and planning processes resulting from the Director Plan are evaluated facing the fundamentals of democratic and normative theories and the executed planning models. Also, they take into consideration the popular opinion and perception about the planning processes. This validation criterion includes political and legal analysis and planning techniques. It is able to set an urban planning style as democratic and participatory, by identifying elements that can contribute to building a general model of urban planning effectively participatory and inclusive.

Esta tese investiga as teorias e práticas do planejamento urbano e suas relações com as teorias democráticas. O trabalho é baseado nas contribuições teóricas sobre democracia e participação popular e da crítica de autores acerca do papel das democracias no Estado contemporâneo. Aos modelos de democracia representativa e participativa, acrescentase dois modelos participativos: o modelo deliberativo, influenciado pelo pensamento de Jürgen Habermas e a concepção emancipatória. Esse trabalho busca também informar sobre a dimensão política e normativa do planejamento urbano, concebido à partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 e do Estatuto da Cidade, reconhecendo as características do sistema jurídico constitucional relativo à "ordem urbanística" brasileira, contextualizando-a na perspectiva do constitucionalismo contemporâneo, da teoria dos princípios constitucionais e da teoria dos direitos fundamentais, na tentativa de qualificar o direito à gestão democrática e participativa da cidade como direito fundamental subjetivo dos cidadãos. Este trabalho relaciona também os modelos de planejamento urbano com as teorias da democracia e da participação popular, propondo um modelo de planejamento urbano emancipatório e inclusivo. Como estudo de caso foram analisados processos específicos relacionados ao Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Ambiental - PDDUA da cidade de Porto Alegre, como os empreendimentos especiais, as áreas de interesse especial e o processo de revisão do plano diretor. As experiências e processos de planejamento decorrentes do PDDUA foram avaliados, relacionando as teorias democráticas, normativas e de planejamento urbano e, ainda, a opinião e percepção popular acerca dos processos de planejamento. Este critério de validação, que inclui as análises política, jurídicas e das técnicas de planejamento é capaz de configurar um modo de planejamento urbano como democrático e participativo, identificando elementos que podem contribuir para a construção de um modelo geral de planejamento urbano efetivamente participativo e inclusivo. / This thesis investigates approaches and practices of urban planning and their relations with the democratic theories. The work is based on the theoretical contributions on democracy and popular participation and the criticism of the democracies' role in the contemporary State. The models of democracy presented are the representative and participatory. The latter unfolds into two more models: the deliberative model, influenced by the thought of Habermas and the proposal of an emancipatory model, which arose from critic to the existing model. This work aims to inform about the normative dimension of urban planning, conceived from the Constituição Federal de 1988 and the Statute of the City. To address the issue, it recognizes the characteristics of the constitutional legal system related to the "urbanistic order" in Brazil, and contextualizes it in the perspective of contemporary constitutionalism, the constitutional principles theory and the fundamental rights theory. It presents itself as an attempt to qualify the rights to democratic management of the city and popular participation as fundamental subjective rights of citizens. By selecting some of the approaches of urban planning models considered democratic, this thesis makes an effort to analyze the ways of planning in terms of popular participation, and proposes a model of urban planning that is emancipatory and inclusive. From the configuration of the management planning system in Porto Alegre, specific processes related to the Director Plan of Environmental and Urban Development are analyzed, such as the process for special projects, special interest areas and review process of the Director Plan. The experiences and planning processes resulting from the Director Plan are evaluated facing the fundamentals of democratic and normative theories and the executed planning models. Also, they take into consideration the popular opinion and perception about the planning processes. This validation criterion includes political and legal analysis and planning techniques. It is able to set an urban planning style as democratic and participatory, by identifying elements that can contribute to building a general model of urban planning effectively participatory and inclusive.

The thesis unpacks the transformation of urban planning in the municipalities of the Greater Pretoria region (now Tshwane) during 1992 to 2002, specifically within the context of the government transformation in South Africa and contemporary planning theory. In order to contextualise the transformation of urban planning in the City of Pretoria/Tshwane, the thesis presents an overview of the international trends on urban planning and how these trends (during the 1990s) have informed, shaped and framed the transformation of urban planning in South Africa and in the City of Tshwane. These trends are associated with community participation, strategic planning, sustainable development; the merging social awareness amongst urban planners; and the new integrated relationship between urban planning and management. The narrative part of the thesis specifically unpacks and analyses the nature and impact of the transformed/transforming integrated, developmental and democratic planning system, the positive and negative impacts that this system had on planners, local authority managers and politicians. It also provides a perspective on the conflict and power dilemmas that arose between planners, between planners and managers and between planners and politicians. Within the context of the so-called web of power relations (as described by Foucault), the study specifically explores the impact which the transformation had on the power relations within the local authority planning environment – specifically within the context of the social nexus (as described by Habermas, Healey and others). The thesis provides a local example of the nature and dynamics of power relations within a transforming local authority, with specific emphasis of the planning function. Not only does this study challenge contemporary theories on power relations in planning, but it also provides valuable new insights on the complex and illusive power relations in local authorities. Largely based on the work of Michel Foucault and Jurgen Habermas, the study provides an intriguing reading of the many conflicts and power/rationality struggles and clashes that are being played out on a daily base in municipalities in South Africa. Through the detailed unpacking of a decade of transformation of urban planning in one of South Africa’s six metropolitan municipalities, Mr Coetzee contributes to improving the understanding of the current nature and focus of the urban planning function in the local government sphere. As such it provides invaluable insights to planning theorists and historians, not only in South Africa, but also in other societies experiencing rapid and far-ranging transformation. / Thesis (DPhil (Town and Regional Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted