Background: Da Nang city is located in the central of Vietnam and is a developing country in Asia. Previous studies have shown high dental caries prevalence among young children in Vietnam. Dental caries is a chronic disease that can cause pain and discomfort for individuals suffering from the disease. In 2008 intervention program was made at Hoa Huong Dong Pre-school, in Da Nang. The intervention was made to promote better dental health in children at the school, after study results showed that almost all children had at least one dental caries lesion. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental caries among pre-school children in Da Nang, Vietnam. Method: The study was a cross-sectional cohort study with clinical dental examination, among 143 children aged 3 and 5 at Hoa Huong Dong Pre-school in Da Nang. Result: Results showed that 96.5 % of all participating children suffered from at least one initial and, or manifest dental carious lesion. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that dental caries prevalence among 3- and 5-year old children is high. Further prevention programs and more studies to promote better dental health for young children in Da Nang are needed.

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Yes / Objective: this research seeks to investigate the impact the Industrial Revolution had on the population of England. Materials: Pre-existing skeletal data from 1154 pre-Industrial (1066–1700AD) and 4157 industrial (1700–1905) skeletons from 21 cemeteries (N = 5411). Methods: Context number, sex, age-at-death, stature and presence/absence of selected pathological conditions were collated. The data were compared using chi square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-tests and logistic regression (α = 0.01). Results: There was a statistically significant increase in cribra orbitalia, periosteal reactions, rib lesions, fractures, rickets, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, enamel hypoplasia, dental caries and periapical lesions in the industrial period. Osteomyelitis decreased from the pre-industrial to industrial period. Conclusion: Our results confirm the Industrial Revolution had a significant negative impact on human health, however the prevalence of TB, treponemal disease, maxillary sinusitis, osteomalacia, scurvy, gout and DISH did not change, suggesting these diseases were not impacted by the change in environmental conditions. Significance: This is the largest study of health in the Industrial Revolution that includes non-adults and adults and considers age-at-death alongside disease status to date. This data supports the hypothesis that the Rise of Industry was associated with a significant decline in general health, but not an increase in all pathologies. Limitations: This meta-analysis relies upon previously gathered data and diagnosis from a large number of researchers. Incomplete skeletons were often excluded from analyses. Few rural cemeteries were available for inclusion. Suggestions for further research: Data from unpublished and ongoing excavations should be investigated. Comparison with historical data is encouraged. / Funded by the Royal Society (IES\R1\180138)

The study of dental disease in antiquity can provide information about an individual's way of life including their diet, dental care and environment. The focus of this thesis is the examination of dental disease from the Middle Kingdom period (2055-1.650 BCE) necropolis site of Zone 9A in Dayr al-Barsha, Egypt. These data are compared to published data from other ancient Egyptian sites. The results provide information on the causes of dental disease, the characteristics of the individuals affected, such as age, sex and status, and what it reveals about their lives. All social classes from Dayr al-Barsha appear to have been affected by dental disease and there are similar rates of affliction between males and females, which increase with age. The changes in frequencies of dental pathologies through time provide information on diet and dental care in ancient Egypt. The comparisons of the individuals from Dayr al-Barsha with remains from other sites throughout Egyp~ reveal that sand and other harsh debris found in food combined with poor dental hygiene caused wear, periodontal disease, dental caries, and abscesses. Abrasion of the dentition, which allowed the pulp to become infected, seems to have been a major cause of dental disease in Dayr al-Barsha and in many other sites in Egypt. In mostly later time periods, high levels of sugar in the diet may have also contributed to dental caries.

Sinonasal and dental diseases can be a serious disorder in horses due to the persistence of the former and the common extension of the latter to the supporting bones of the skull. The diagnosis of equine sinonasal and dental disease can be challenging due to the complexity of these and adjacent anatomical structures, and therefore the use of advanced imaging, including computed tomography (CT) has greatly increased recently. A major aim of this study was to improve the morphological characterization of the sinuses and cheek teeth in normal horses of different ages. These studies defined the volumes of the 7 different sinus compartments; showed that the volume of the different compartments increase with age; that in contrast to accepted findings, the Triadan 09 alveoli is located in the caudal maxillary sinus (CMS) in 13% of the youngest group and the Triadan 10 alveoli is fully within the rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) in 53% of cases. The infraorbital canal was found to be susceptible to apical infection-related damage in horses < 2 years of age (< 2 y.o.) due to the intimate relationship of this canal and the medial aspect of the maxillary cheek teeth alveoli. The mean positions of the clinical crowns and apices of the maxillary Triadan 11s were 2.48 cm (adjusted 5.2% of head height) and 2.83 cm (adjusted 6.2% of head height) more rostral, respectively in horses >16 y.o. compared to horses < 6 y.o., consistent with rostral dental drift. Measurements of dental drift could provide further objective radiographic guidelines on ageing horses by dental imaging and also help our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of cheek teeth diastemata. This study also found that the reserve crown length decreased from a mean of 4.7 cm (adjusted 19.7% of head height) in the youngest (< 6y.o.) group of horses to a mean of 2.9 cm (adjusted 10.5% of head height) in the oldest group (>15y.o.), with the 06s and 09s having the shortest reserve crowns. These data are useful reference information for clinicians and radiologists in the diagnosis and treatment of equine sinonasal and dental disease. Morphological characterization of the ventral and dorsal conchal bullae in horses of different age using CT described the age-related difference in sizes of these structures (smaller in younger horses). In the ventral conchal bulla, this reduction in volume was probably related to protrusion of the large dental alveoli in young horses into the nasal cavity and bulla. Bullae linear measurements and volumes were also associated with head size. The anatomical position of both bullae was associated with specific maxillary cheek teeth, thus increasing the diagnostic value of conventional radiography in the investigation of bulla disease and providing landmarks for the surgical treatment of this disorder. Skull shape analyzed with the use of Procrustes statistical analysis showed landmark variability between different age groups and in particular, high landmark variability between young (< 5y.o.) and old (>16y.o.) horses and less landmark variability between adult (6-15y.o.) and old horses. Future studies could investigate changes in the equine skull in relation to genotype to characterize breed-related diseases affecting teeth and sinonasal compartments. In the second part of the study, 32 infected maxillary cheek teeth extracted from clinical cases were evaluated grossly and histologically and these pathological results were compared to the pre-extraction radiographic and CT imaging findings. This study showed a high sensitivity (97%) of CT in detecting changes in teeth affected by apical infection. In the third part of the study, 30 cheek teeth assessed as being abnormal based on oral, radiographic and CT examinations were extracted along with their alveoli from 27 cadaver heads. Gross and histological examination findings from these teeth and alveoli were compared to the pre-extraction imaging findings, again showed high sensitivity (96.4%) of CT in diagnosing cheek teeth apical infection. Additionally, CT showed a high correlation with histology in detecting dental infection related alveolar bone changes including alveolar bone lysis, sclerosis and bone thickening. This aspect of the study was also the second largest pathological study of equine apical infection published to date and thus has also improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder. In conclusion, CT was shown to be an excellent imaging modality for improving the morphological characterization of the sinuses and teeth in normal horses of different ages, and thus also improving the value of this modality in diagnosis and treatment of disease affecting sinonasal and dental structures. This study also objectively showed the high sensitivity of CT in detecting cheek teeth apical infection in horses as compared to radiography, including by assessment of alveolar bone changes. Overall, the results of this project improve morphological knowledge of the equine skull and teeth and will have direct clinical benefits by improving the diagnosis and thus the treatment of equine sinonasal and dental disease.

Denna studie behandlar hälsan i det medeltida Uppsala genom osteologiska analyser på 32 skallar från Gustavianums anatomiska samling. Skallarna i fråga är del av en större grupp med mänskliga benrester som hittades vid Östra Ågatan år 1909. Gruppen består enbart av skallar; det finns ingen information om var de postkananiala skeletten finns. Studiens syfte är att undersöka sjukdom och hälsa i gruppen för att således kunna utöka informationen som finns om den medeltida hälsan i Uppsala. Den osteologiska analysen kompletteras med en diskussion om skallanas fyndplats i en möjlig relation till den närliggande medeltida Vårfrukyrkans kyrkogård. Benprover från fyra av skallarna i studien har använts för C-14 analys för att kunna fastställa den kronologiska kontexten då det inte finns någon ytterligare information om utgrävningen. C-14 analysen bekräftade den medeltida hypotesen. Den bekräftade tidsbestämmelsen tillsammans med den begränsade informationen om utgrävningsplatsen vid Östra Ågatan 37 möjliggör hypotesen att skallarna kan vara del av Vårfrukyrkans kyrkogård. Hälsoutredningen har baserats på kön och åldersbedömning likväl som på identifiering av de patologiska tillstånden som benen och tänderna befinner sig i. Totalt bedömdes 20 individer som troligen manliga, samt fem som eventuellt kvinnliga. På sju av individerna var könsbedömning inte möjlig. Urvalet består av unga och vuxna individer och majoriteten av individerna bedömdes som medelålders (35–50 år). Beträffande metaboliska sjukdomar inom palaeopatologin identifierades tumörer och trauman på vissa kranier. Alla individer var drabbade av tandsjukdomar i högre eller lägre utsträckning. De tandsjukdomar som förekom på de undersökta tänderna var tandsten, parodontit, karies, ante mortem tandlossning samt periapikala kaviteter. Studien visar att individer var utsatta för ett tufft liv och behövde utstå våld, smärta, obehag, perioder av sjukdom och undernäring sedan barndom, men också att de var anpassningsbara och kunde övervinna vissa av de förhållanden som de drabbades av. / The present study deals with health in medieval Uppsala through the osteological analysis of 32 skulls from the Anatomical collection of Museum Gustavianum. The skulls in question form part of a larger group of human skeletal remains found in Östra Ågatan in 1909. The group is consisted exclusively of skulls; there is no information about the whereabouts of the postcranial bones. The aim of the study is to investigate health and illness in the group in order to add to the existing body of information on health and living conditions in medieval Uppsala. A discussion on the location the skulls were found and the possible association of with the cemetery of the nearby medieval Church of Our Lady is complimentary to the osteological analysis. Samples of bone from four of the skulls under study were used in a 14C analysis in order to determine the chronological context since no further information on the excavation exists today. The 14C analysis confirmed the medieval hypothesis. The confirmed temporal context together with the limited spatial information of the location of the excavation in Östra Ågatan 37 allow for the hypothesis that the skulls were part of the cemetery of the Church of Our Lady. Health investigation has been attained by sex and age assessments as well as identification of pathological conditions on the bones and the dentition. In total, 20 individuals were assessed as possibly male and 5 as possibly female, while sex assessment was not possible for 7 individuals. The sample consists of juveniles and adults, with the majority of the individuals being assessed as middle adults (35-50 years). In terms of palaeopathology metabolic disease, tumours and trauma were identified on cranial bones of some individuals. All individuals were affected by dental disease in a higher or lesser degree. Dental diseases present on teeth examined were calculus, periodontitis, carries, ante mortem tooth loss and periapical cavities. The study shows that individuals were subjects to a tough life, having to deal with violence, pain and discomfort, periods of illness and malnutrition since childhood, but were also able to adapt and overcome some of the conditions that afflicted them.

The purpose of this research was to examine potential sustainable delivery methods for Oral Health Promotion (OHP) in developing populations in India, utilising non-dental rural community development groups, specifically those led by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) involved in community development. The focus of this research was based on a longitudinal cohort study experimental design for exploratory purposes conducted over a period of one year, using a randomised cluster sampling of community developmental projects within the rural-tribal villages of Ambernath, Maharashtra, India. The study was measured in 4 phases: oral health knowledge of village parents through a questionnaire, dental screenings of children, and integration of a ‘train-the-trainer’ type of Oral Health Awareness Programme (OHAP) for three test groups, followed by one-year comparison follow-up data. Findings show evidence of comprehension and dissemination of the information in the OHAP course. Screening data also showed a reduction in decay in primary and permanent teeth in the children, after one year, and a positive change in oral hygiene behaviours. The collaboration and utilisation of non-dental NGO teams and local participatory groups from a ‘grass-roots’ level was proven to be effective for disseminating information and activities for oral health awareness and promotional programmes within these populations. Evidence supports a collaboration of these groups can be recommended for introducing a structured and understandable oral health programme utilising non-dental NGO and local participatory groups.