abstract: Dietary diversity is an important component of species’s ecology that often relates to species’s abundance and geographic distribution. Additionally, dietary diversity is involved in many hypotheses regarding the geographic distribution and evolutionary fate of fossil primates. However, in taxa such as primates with relatively generalized morphology and diets, a method for approximating dietary diversity in fossil species is lacking. One method that has shown promise in approximating dietary diversity is dental microwear analyses. Dental microwear variance has been used to infer dietary variation in fossil species, but a strong link between variation in microwear and variation in diet is lacking. This dissertation presents data testing the hypotheses that species with greater variation in dental microwear textures have greater annual, seasonal, or monthly dietary diversity. Dental microwear texture scans were collected from Phase II facets of first and second molars from 309 museum specimens of eight species of extant African Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae; n = 9 to 74) with differing dietary diversity. Dietary diversity was calculated based on food category consumption frequency at study sites of wild populations. Variation in the individual microwear variables complexity (Asfc) and scale of maximum complexity (Smc) distinguished groups that were consistent with differences in annual dietary diversity, but other variables did not distinguish such groups. The overall variance in microwear variables for each species in this sample was also significantly correlated with the species’s annual dietary diversity. However, the overall variance in microwear variables was more strongly correlated with annual frequencies of fruit and foliage consumption. Although some variation due to seasonal and geographic differences among individuals was present, this variation was small in comparison to the variation among species. Finally, no association was found between short-term monthly dietary variation and variation in microwear textures. These results suggest that greater variation in microwear textures is correlated with greater annual dietary diversity in Cercopithecidae, but that variation may be more closely related to the frequencies of fruit and foliage in the diet. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2015

Le refroidissement global et les oscillations entre cycles glaciaires et interglaciaires du Pléistocène inférieur ont pour conséquence une alternance entre milieux steppiques et forestiers, favorisant par là-même renouvellements et dispersions fauniques dont celui du genre Homo.Dans les interprétations paléoenvironnementales basées sur les assemblages fauniques, les cervidés, parmi les plus abondants mammifères, sont classiquement considérés comme forestiers, mais ce paradigme ne reflète pas la complexité de la diversité écologique réelle des cervidés.L'analyse texturale de 921 spécimens représentant les 5 cervidés actuels à l'écologie référencée a permis d'établir une robuste base de données et d'attester du lien significatif entre micro-usure dentaire et ressources végétales. L'analyse de 547 cervidés fossiles issus de 15 localités européennes souligne leur grande diversité écologique. Eucladoceros ctenoides et Metacervoceros rhenanus présentent une alimentation plastique. Leur analyse permet l'identification de réponses alimentaires adaptatives aux modifications environnementales liées aux oscillations climatiques. Ces deux cervidés, eurytopiques, constituent des indicateurs écologiques incontournables. La composante forestière supportée par la présence des cervidés est ici remise en cause ; les cervidés étant plus diversifiés écologiquement. L'analyse de la texture de la micro-usure dentaire des cervidés présents dans des sites européens, où la présence du genre Homo a été avancée, vise à identifier le type potentiel d'habitat favorable à sa dispersion en Eurasie. / The early Pleistocene is a period of global cooling and climatic oscillations punctuated by glacial and interglacial cycles. This period of climatic instability leads to an alternation of steppe and forest habitats resulting in faunal renewals and dispersals, including Homo dispersal.In paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on faunal assemblages, deer, which are among the most abundant mammals, are traditionally considered forest dwellers. However, this paradigm is far from reflecting the real complexity of deer ecological diversity.Via the textural analysis of 921 representatives of the 5 extant European deer with known ecology, a solid reference database has been setup. It attests of the significative link existing between dental micro-wear and vegetal resources. The analysis of 547 fossils from 15 European localities underlines the ecological diversity among fossil deer. Eucladoceros ctenoides and Metacervoceros rhenanus are plastic in their diet. The analysis of such deer allows the identification of dietary adaptive answers to environmental modifications resulting from climatic oscillations. Being eurytopic, they constitute essential proxies for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The results challenge the link existing between the occurrence of deer and the presence of forest habitats, as deer are ecologically more diversified.The textural analysis of deer from European human bearing localities aims at characterizing potential habitats favorable toward Homo dispersion in Eurasia.