In his book The Limits of Morality, Shelly Kagan claims that contractarian approaches to ethics are incompatible with our common, everyday, "moderate" morality. In this thesis I defend a version of contractarianism that I believe leads to both deontological constraints and options; i.e., to a genuinely moderate morality. On my account, the parties to the agreement are conceived of as being motivated not only to promote self-interest, but also to formulate a code of ethics that gives proper respect to their moral status as persons. If such a picture of the bargainers' motivations is defensible, as I believe it is, then the 'moderate' may in fact have recourse to contractarianism in her defense of everyday morality, for - as my thesis argues - bargainers that are thus motivated will arrive at a moderate morality. / Master of Arts

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abstract: Perhaps the most common and forceful criticism directed at absolutist deontological theories is that they allow for the occurrence of morally catastrophic events whenever such events could only and certainly be prevented by the violation of a deontological constraint. Some deontologists simply bite the bullet, accept this implication of their theory, and give their best arguments as to why it does not undermine absolutism. Others, I think more plausibly, opt for an alternative deontological theory known as ‘moderate deontology’ and are thereby able to evade the criticism since moderate deontology permits violations of constraints under certain extreme circumstances. The goal of this thesis is to provide a defense of moderate deontology against three worries about the view, namely, that it is more accurately interpreted as a kind of pluralism than as a deontology, that there is no non-arbitrary way of setting thresholds for deontological constraints, and that the positing of thresholds for constraints would lead to some problematic results in practice. I will respond to each of these worries in turn. In particular, I will argue that moderate deontology is properly understood as a deontological theory despite its partial concern for consequentialist considerations, that thresholds for deontological constraints can be successfully located without arbitrariness by democratic appeal to people’s commonsense moral intuitions, and that the alleged problematic results of positing thresholds for constraints can be effectively explained away by the moderate deontologist. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Philosophy 2017

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Concern about the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the production and consumption of products and services has resulted in an escalation in the monitoring of companies by stakeholders. Scrutiny has been enhanced by an expanding array of behaviour-modulating instruments, which span a voluntary to mandatory continuum, in the form of ethical identifiers that range from collaborative partnerships, through codes and standards, to regulations, directives and laws. Such identifiers are now becoming more-widely used by businesses in the formulation and communication of their Corporate Social Responsibility and sustainability (CSRS) related strategies. In a business environment undergoing closer examination, individual companies must determine the extent to which they will endorse CSRS, as well as deciding on their level of public disclosure of related practices. However, despite an increasing number of tools that are available for communicating ethical disclosure, there is currently no agreed standard format for presenting the relevant data. This can create difficulties for stakeholders who may wish to compare and contrast the ethical business practices of different companies and can reduce the pressure for meaningful change to be brought about. In the course of the research reported in this thesis, philosophical, ethical and legitimacy theories were drawn upon to understand the approaches that underpin CSRS disclosure, whilst the engagement of key stakeholders was evaluated by applying the principles involved in stakeholder mapping and ethical business strategy communication. For practical reasons, the study focusses on a single global business sector with identifiable CSRS interests, the apparel sector, which has well-publicised issues regarding both its social and environmental impacts, while also possessing constituent parts that are applicable to a variety of other consumer goods markets (for example, extended supply chains). Using a pragmatic methodology, the primary research consisted of two phases carried out in sequence; quantitative research first, then qualitative investigation. The first phase utilised findings from previously published quantitative research to pinpoint five fashion sector brands. The brands’ web-based CSRS-related disclosure was examined by means of a longitudinal four-stage content analysis, which involved an assessment of the click paths created by brands to enable interested parties to access information about their ethical business practices. The ethical identifiers disclosed were then classified and enumerated to quantify the range and complexity of the CSRS-related information provided by each brand. The information gained from the findings was also used to inform the development of a framework for identifying, grading and communicating CSRS disclosure to enable comparative analysis of the approaches adopted by different companies and their suitability to different types of stakeholders. The second phase of the research utilised a qualitative methodology to probe the results from the quantitative phase and to develop an improved communication tool. In-depth interviews were undertaken with fifteen key informants on CSRS, encompassing policy makers, advisors and representatives from commerce; as well as five consumer focus groups divided by age (20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60 years and over). As a result of the research findings, ten stakeholder types were identified as key audiences for CSRS-related information, while stakeholder engagement with the data was classified into three levels ranging from ‘active’, through ‘aware but ambivalent’, to ‘inactive’. Stakeholders who were categorised as ‘active’, responded to triggers created by CSRS-related knowledge and readily participated in behaviours that were sympathetic to promoting social responsibility. The ‘active’ stakeholders were likely to be professionals working in the area of CSRS and consumers personally committed to ethical goals. The participants who demonstrated ‘awareness but ambivalence’ to CSRS information possessed knowledge of CSRS issues, but were not emotionally committed to its goals. They used behavioural filters to explain the rationale supporting a position of commitment that was flexible and dependent on circumstances; hence their tendency to consider the information was affected by a range of additional factors. By contrast, ‘inactive’ stakeholders created blockers or barriers to justify why the responsibility for CSRS lay not with themselves, but with second and third parties in the supply chain. They displayed limited or no commitment to CSRS goals and were not swayed in their behaviour by associated knowledge. The multi-layering of stakeholder perspectives emphasises the need for a reporting framework designed to satisfy the requirements of a growing and diverse body of interested parties. To address this need, ethical identifiers used in CSRS disclosure were divided into deontological and teleological indicators to provide greater classification exclusivity than previous models. From this division, the current research proposes a new communications framework suited to a variety of levels of stakeholder commitment and CSRS complexities by using a three concentric circles (TCC) format, with core, intermediate and outer circles identifying respectively what a company is required to do (mandatory and co-regulatory actions), agrees or chooses to do (self-regulatory and voluntary activities), and is going to do (through ethical collaborative partnerships). If applied digitally, the proposed framework could provide further detail relating to the ethical identifiers contained in each circle and expand the level of information available. When current CSRS disclosure by five sample brands was analysed using the TCC format, voluntary aspects (intermediate and outer circles) were found to dominate in number over mandatory obligations (core circle). However, the deontological actions or activities within which the companies engaged (core and intermediate circles) were seen to have greater longevity than their teleological collaborations and partnerships (outer circle). Bringing together the proposed framework for communicating CSRS information and the stakeholder engagement categories, the potential for full-disclosure access to ethical indicators, and their details, was designed for the ‘active’ group, who were the most likely category to create change-making pressure on companies. The availability of basic and concise ethical data was favoured by the ‘aware but ambivalent’ group, whislt an identifiable logo, indicating that a company was disclosing its practices was considered more than adequate for the requirements of the ‘inactive’ group who were unlikely to seek further information. The stance adopted by this latter group highlighted that business accountability is not demanded by all potential stakeholders and illustrated why mandatory intervention can be needed to enforce behavioural expectations on companies. At a time when the primary and secondary rules of society are increasing the expectation of CSRS-related disclosure from companies, as well as imposing a minimum level of annual reporting on them, the current research provides theoretical, practical and public policy-based contributions to progress the discipline of ethical communications.

The aim of this thesis is to see in a descriptive manner, whether there is a difference in the ethical disposition of public and private banking sector managers in T&uuml / rkiye, according to two ethical theories: consequentialism (based on the consequences of the action) and deontologism (based on principles). The study analyzes the preferences of the managers both in the way of thinking and acting to see whether people act consistently with their way of thinking. The degree of validity of consequentialism/deontologism dichotomy and the daptability of these western theories to the Turkish context are also analyzed. Two hypotheses have been formed: private sector managers, young and male managers tend to be more consequentialist whereas public sector managers, elderly and female managers have a tendency toward deontologism. These hypotheses were tested on 58 managers working in the headquarters in Ankara (34 in the public, 24 in the private sector) through vignettes and interviews as data collection methods. As a result of the ANOVA analysis and content analysis performed on the data, private sector managers and male managers seem to be more consequentialist and they are consistent in their way of thinking and acting, but public sector managers, elderly and female managers do not have a tendency toward deontologism. The semistructured interviews showed that the level of awareness of the term ethics was low. Due to radical changes in social values in the last two decades in T&uuml / rkiye, contradictory values co-exist. The suitability of the consequentialist/deontological dichotomy may be questioned for T&uuml / rkiye.

Orientador: Maria Lúcia Marçal Mazza Sundefeld / Banca: Marcelo de Castro Meneghim / Banca: Suzely Adas Saliba Moimaz / Banca: Maria Lúcia Marçal Mazza Sundefeld / Resumo: Os desejos e expectativas dos pacientes devem ser mais explorados pelos dentistas na consulta odontológica, visando tratamentos mais precisos e eficazes. Assim, o estado de saúde integral será beneficiado, pois depende da saúde bucal. Entretanto, as oportunidades de tratamento não são iguais para todos, o que aumenta a procura por atendimento odontológico gratuito. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os motivos, os anseios, as expectativas e dificuldades, dos pacientes atendidos na Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, que freqüentaram as salas de espera da Clínica Integrada, no período de março a junho de 2005. Uma pesquisa de pré-abordagem, pois procurou focar os sentimentos do paciente e não a avaliação dele em relação aos procedimentos clínicos, em fases pós ou trans- operatórias. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa de representação social foi quali - quantitativa: Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, técnica criada para fazer uma coletividade falar, como se fosse um só indivíduo. Todos os pacientes atendidos no 1o. semestre de 2005, na Clínica Integrada da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA - UNESP, totalizando 105 pacientes, foram entrevistados, com os seguintes questionamentos: - Como você soube do atendimento aqui na FOA? - Você costuma ir ao dentista? De quanto em quanto tempo? Por Que? - Você está com algum problema nos seus dentes, por isso veio buscar tratamento aqui? Que problema é esse? -Você acha que a FOA oferece uma proposta diferente de outros locais de atendimento? Por que? -Tem gente que tem dificuldade para tratar os dentes; tem gente que não tem dificuldades. Para você, como é isso?A análise quantitativa foi realizada através de tabelas e gráficos das idéias centrais extraídas dos discursos. Inicialmente foi traçado o perfil dos pacientes: dos105 entrevistados, 46 pertenciam ao gênero masculino e 59 ao feminino ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: For more specific and successful treatments, patients' longings and expectations should be more explored by the dentists during the deontological assistance. So the general health condition would profit, once it depends on the oral health. However the opportunities of getting a treatment are not the same for everybody, which increases the search for free deontological assistance. The objective of this research was to identify the reasons, the longings, the expectations and the patients' difficulties assisted at School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, who visited the waiting rooms of the Integrated Clinic from March to June 2005. It was a pre research, once it tried to focus the patients' feelings and not their evaluation towards the clinical procedures, in the post or trans chirurgical phases. The methodology used at this social representative research was quali-quantitative: Speeches of the Collective Subject, which is a technique developed to make the collectivity speak as a unique individual. All patients assisted on the first semester of 2005 at the Integrated Clinic of the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba - FOA - UNESP, totalizing 105 patients, were interviewed with the questions: How have you known about the assistance at FOA? Are you used to go to the dentist? How often? Why? Do you have any problems on your teeth? That's why you came here for treatment? Which is this problem? Do you think that FOA offers a different proposal from other assistance places? Why? Some people have problems in treating their teeth, some don't. How is it for you? The quantitative analysis was made through charts and graphics of the central ideas taken from the speeches. Initially a profile of the patients was made: of the 105 interviewed, 46 were male, 59 were female. The ages varied from 30 and 49 years. Employed patients were 63.81%, from those 48.57% ...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borghi_wmmc_me_araca.pdf: 1002783 bytes, checksum: 141c6f6424113ebbcb0041ab59da04be (MD5) / Os desejos e expectativas dos pacientes devem ser mais explorados pelos dentistas na consulta odontológica, visando tratamentos mais precisos e eficazes. Assim, o estado de saúde integral será beneficiado, pois depende da saúde bucal. Entretanto, as oportunidades de tratamento não são iguais para todos, o que aumenta a procura por atendimento odontológico gratuito. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os motivos, os anseios, as expectativas e dificuldades, dos pacientes atendidos na Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, que freqüentaram as salas de espera da Clínica Integrada, no período de março a junho de 2005. Uma pesquisa de pré-abordagem, pois procurou focar os sentimentos do paciente e não a avaliação dele em relação aos procedimentos clínicos, em fases pós ou trans- operatórias. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa de representação social foi quali - quantitativa: Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, técnica criada para fazer uma coletividade falar, como se fosse um só indivíduo. Todos os pacientes atendidos no 1o. semestre de 2005, na Clínica Integrada da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA - UNESP, totalizando 105 pacientes, foram entrevistados, com os seguintes questionamentos: - Como você soube do atendimento aqui na FOA? - Você costuma ir ao dentista? De quanto em quanto tempo? Por Que? - Você está com algum problema nos seus dentes, por isso veio buscar tratamento aqui? Que problema é esse? -Você acha que a FOA oferece uma proposta diferente de outros locais de atendimento? Por que? -Tem gente que tem dificuldade para tratar os dentes; tem gente que não tem dificuldades. Para você, como é isso?A análise quantitativa foi realizada através de tabelas e gráficos das idéias centrais extraídas dos discursos. Inicialmente foi traçado o perfil dos pacientes: dos105 entrevistados, 46 pertenciam ao gênero masculino e 59 ao feminino... / For more specific and successful treatments, patients' longings and expectations should be more explored by the dentists during the deontological assistance. So the general health condition would profit, once it depends on the oral health. However the opportunities of getting a treatment are not the same for everybody, which increases the search for free deontological assistance. The objective of this research was to identify the reasons, the longings, the expectations and the patients' difficulties assisted at School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, who visited the waiting rooms of the Integrated Clinic from March to June 2005. It was a pre research, once it tried to focus the patients' feelings and not their evaluation towards the clinical procedures, in the post or trans chirurgical phases. The methodology used at this social representative research was quali-quantitative: Speeches of the Collective Subject, which is a technique developed to make the collectivity speak as a unique individual. All patients assisted on the first semester of 2005 at the Integrated Clinic of the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba - FOA - UNESP, totalizing 105 patients, were interviewed with the questions: How have you known about the assistance at FOA? Are you used to go to the dentist? How often? Why? Do you have any problems on your teeth? That's why you came here for treatment? Which is this problem? Do you think that FOA offers a different proposal from other assistance places? Why? Some people have problems in treating their teeth, some don't. How is it for you? The quantitative analysis was made through charts and graphics of the central ideas taken from the speeches. Initially a profile of the patients was made: of the 105 interviewed, 46 were male, 59 were female. The ages varied from 30 and 49 years. Employed patients were 63.81%, from those 48.57% ...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Due to digitalization, e-commerce and online presence is something most of us take for granted. Companies are moving more towards an internet-based arena of sales, rather than traditional commerce in physical stores. This development has led to that firms’ choses to market themselves through various online channels such as social media. Big data is our digital DNA that we leave behind on every part of the internet that we utilize. Big data has become an international commodity that can be sold, stored and used. The authors of this thesis have investigated the way international firms extract and use big data to construct customized marketing for their customers. This thesis has also examined the ethical perspective of how this commodity is handled and used, and people’s perception regarding the matter. This is interesting to investigate since very few researches has been previously conducted combining big data usage with ethics. To accomplish the aim of this thesis, significant theory has been reviewed and accounted for. Also, a qualitative research has been conducted, where two large companies that are working closely with big data has been investigated through a case-study. The authors have also conducted six semi-structured interviews with people between the age of 20-30 years old. The outcome of this thesis shows the importance of implementing ethics within the concept and usage of big data and provide insight into the mind of the consumer that has been lacking in previous research of this subject.

Medical errors have been detrimental in the field of medicine. They have impacted both patients and doctors. While physicians recognized that error disclosure was an ethical and professional obligation, most remained silent when mistakes happened for different reasons. Guided by the theory of planned behavior and Kant's deontological theory, the purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the perceived barriers affecting physicians' willingness to report major medical errors. An association was tested between the independent variables physician fear of disclosure of errors, organizational culture toward patient safety, physician apology, professional ethics and transparency, physician education, and the dependent variable physician willingness to disclose major medical errors. Using a cross-sectional method, 122 doctors out of 483 surveyed, completed the online and paper-based survey. Multiple linear regression and descriptive statistics models were used to analyze and summarize the data. The results showed there was a statistically significant relationship between the independent variables organizational culture toward patient safety, physician apology, professional ethics and transparency, and physician education and the dependent variable physician willingness to disclose major medical errors. There was no relationship between the independent variable fear of disclosure of errors and the dependent variable. The findings added to the knowledge base regarding barriers to physicians' medical errors disclosure. The results and recommendations could provide positive social change by helping hospitals raising doctors' awareness regarding major medical errors disclosure.