Over several centuries, mining activities have resulted in the creation of varied environmental complications. Most mining activities are carried out in locations with proximity to human settlements. The interplay of mining activity and society has created  several mining-related conflicts throughout the world, and in developing countries especially, these conflicts are much prevalent. These conflicts could be analysed in a variety of ways: analyzing the conflicts based on goals, interests and value interference; or on the bases of issues related to interaction between two or more parties. This paper takes into consideration the two concepts of constructivity and destructivity of conflicts as they relate to natural resource management and indicate that it is possible for a country or society like Ghana to discover constructive potential in a phenomenon that is mostly deemed destructive. The conflict situations in two mining communities (Akyem and Wassa) are taken into consideration for this paper. This does not deal with issues of conflict management, rather, it takes a look into the interaction between these communities and the associated mining company to determine whether the relationship between them possess constructive or destructive potentials. Based on interviews and information available on the internet, this paper determines that there exist elements of constructivity and destructivity in both areas. In the Akyem area, the destructive aspects reside in the relationship between Newmont and the Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM). The relationship between Newmont and the local representatives take on a constructive aspect. Even though there is some sort of tension between the local people and Newmont, the situation can still be considered as constructive because they are still able to engage in dialogue in an attempt to coexist. In the Wassa area on the other hand, the story is different thus taken a destructive nature between Golden Star Resources and the communities. The involvement of the government however presents an opportunity for constructivity in the situation.

In the Chinese village Wukan, violence between the authorities and protesters took place when farmers resisted land transaction 2011. Wukan is one out of about ten thousand local protests annually in China, but unique in the modern Chinese history since it resulted in suspension of land transaction and the leaders of the protest where elected into the village committee, in an election which is considered by external observers as the most democratic in China. The aim of this paper is to understand destructive and constructive processes emerging out of interaction between protesters and the authorities. The focus is on how the actors (the authorities vs. protesting farmers) interpret their opportunities to: a) understand the intention of the other, b) be understood by the other, and c) influence the action of the other, in the different phases of the conflict. The conclusion is that when actors respond to disagreement with discursive closure, the destructivity increases, and vice versa.

Ce travail de recherche propose d’explorer différentes scènes thérapeutiques (psychodrame, psychothérapie en institution, médiation thérapeutique basée sur la confection et la mise en scène de masques et expression corporelle) pour décliner le travail du négatif – du pôle oppositionnel jusqu’au vide de représentation- et ses conséquences sur le processus adolescent. Il sera supposé que l’accueil des mouvements négatifs, destructeurs, informes ou marqués par la béance, des adolescents et leur élaboration à travers la matière, le corps et le processus de création permet de soutenir le processus de subjectivation. Seront abordés le remaniement identificatoire, l’appropriation subjective qui passe par le corps et l’analyse du contre-transfert en vue de mieux saisir la problématique adolescente lorsque le thérapeute se constitue comme médium malléable. En référence au négatif photographique retrouvé chez Freud et chez Anzieu, une attention sera portée à la modélisation des enveloppes psychiques et au destin des pulsions, notamment dans l’attachement au négatif. Le travail du négatif sera analysé à partir de la matrice proposée par Winnicott et reprise par Roussillon : destructivité, réflexivité, créativité et subjectivation. Trois figures potentielles du négatif s’incarneront dans le masque, la destructivité et l’obésité. Il sera également question du double dans les identifications et la considération de l’axe narcissico-objectal théorisé par Jeammet pour mieux saisir les enjeux intrapersonnels et intersubjectifs. La dimension groupale sera aussi analysée dons son rapport à la négativité. / This research proposes to explore different therapeutic scenes (psychodrama, institutional psychotherapy, therapeutic mediations based on the making / staging of masks and body expression) in order to analyse the work of the Negative – from the oppositional pole to the absence of representation (blankness) and its consequences on the Adolescent Process. It will be assumed that being receptive to adolescents’ negative, destructive movements as well as to formlessness or blankness expressions enables the therapist, through their elaboration via the process of creation, to support and accompany the process of subjectivation. We will address the identificatory reorganisation, the subjective appropriation which pass through the body and the analysis of the countertransference in order to better understand the adolescent problem when the therapist is in the position of a malleable medium. In reference to the photographic negative found in Freud and Anzieu’s work, attention will be paid to the modelling of psychic envelopes together with the destiny of the drives, more precisely in the attachment to the Negative. The work of the Negative will be analysed according to the frame proposed by Winnicott and taken up by Roussillon : Destructivity, Reflexivity, Creativity and Subjectivation. Three potential figures of the Negative will be embodied in the mask , destructivity and obesity. In order to better grasp the intrapersonal and intersubjective issues at stake, we will also consider the Figure of the Double in the identifications as well as the narcissistic-objectal axis as it was theorized by Jeammet. The groupal dimension will also be analysed in relation to Negativity.