The purpose of this research is to develop a rapid determination method for heavy metals in soil. Using X-ray fluorescence to obtain soil metals decision limit (CC£\) and detection capability (CC£]), to establish the scope of soil metal concentration selection. Then aqua regia digestion digestion and ICP-OES analysis of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu area to check the accuracy of screening. Operating conditions; First, the soil standard samples for the Establishment and assessment of the applicability of the standard. Finally,using of the soil near the control standard establish methods and explore ways to establish the applicability and potential impact. I hope this research can provide a fast, accurate, and sensitivity of soil heavy metal screening, to achieve savings of cost. The results show that the standard reference soil Cu: screening rate was 79.7%, sensitivity was 43.6% and an specificity of 87.7%; reference standard soil Pb: screening rate was 91.5%, a sensitivity of 8.3% specificity 91.5%;reference standard soil Cr:screening rate was 100%, sensitivity was 0%, 100% specificity; reference standard soil Ni: screening rate was 96.1%, sensitivity was 0%, specificity 92.4%; reference standard soil Zn: screening rate was 82.4%, sensitivity was 69.2%, specificity 87.1%; reaching control values of soil Cu: screening rate was 83.0%, sensitivity was 30.8%, specificity of 84.3%. Screening rate and specificity with 80%, the sensitivity poor areas, water was the major disturbance factor.

Software testing is important, but judging whether a set of software tests is effective is difficult. This problem also appears in the classroom as educators more frequently include software testing activities in programming assignments. The most common measures used to assess student-written software tests are coverage criteria—tracking how much of the student’s code (in terms of statements, or branches) is exercised by the corresponding tests. However, coverage criteria have limitations and sometimes overestimate the true quality of the tests. This dissertation investigates alternative measures of test quality based on how many defects the tests can detect either from code written by other students—all-pairs execution—or from artificially injected changes—mutation analysis. We also investigate a new potential measure called checked code coverage that calculates coverage from the dynamic backward slices of test oracles, i.e. all statements that contribute to the checked result of any test. Adoption of these alternative approaches in automated classroom grading systems require overcoming a number of technical challenges. This research addresses these challenges and experimentally compares different methods in terms of how well they predict defect-detection capabilities of student-written tests when run against over 36,500 known, authentic, human-written errors. For data collection, we use CS2 assignments and evaluate students’ tests with 10 different measures—all-pairs execution, mutation testing with four different sets of mutation operators, checked code coverage, and four coverage criteria. Experimental results encompassing 1,971,073 test runs show that all-pairs execution is the most accurate predictor of the underlying defect-detection capability of a test suite. The second best predictor is mutation analysis with the statement deletion operator. Further, no strong correlation was found between defect-detection capability and coverage measures. / Ph. D.

Stålindustrierna Sandvik, Sandviken och SSAB, Borlänge tillverkar billets (kvadratiska ochlångsmala stålämnen). Vid tillverkningen av billets förflyttas stålämnena stegvis i ugnensamtidigt som de hettas upp. När stålämnena når slutet av ugnen lyfts de ur av en externmaskin. För att tids- och energieffektivisera den sista etappen krävs positionsbestämning avämnena då de når slutet av ugnen. Dessa aspekter är viktiga ur en ekonomisk såväl sommiljövänlig synpunkt då induktiva ugnar använder en stor mängd energi. Tillämpningen ärtänkt att användas av stålindustrin. UWB-radarns bredbandiga karakteristisk gör den till en lämplig ersättare till dagens sensorersom kräver håltagning i ugnens valv. Det breda frekvensspektrat hos en UWB-radarmöjliggör ytmonterade enheter i kontrast till de konventionella sensorer som används idag.Underhållsstopp för rengöring av sensorhålen kan då undvikas. Arbetet började med teoretisk studie rörande UWB-teknik och radar i allmänhet. Därefterutformades testscenarion för att studera radarvågen under varierande förhållanden. Denradaruppställning som användes under testscenariorna var framåtspridande radar. Deresulterande mätningarna signalbehandlades i Matlab. Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att detektera objekt av olika dimensioner och former på olikaavstånd, med hjälp av UWB-radar. Denna metod fungerar även som ett passagelarm, vilkenkan användas inom fler områden. / The steel industries Sandvik, Sandviken and SSAB, Borlänge, produces billets (quadratic,long steel units). Billets travelling through the furnace will heat up. At the end of the furnace,the billets will require precision measurements regarding its position, due to the extractingdevice. Sensors that are used today require an unobstructed view, which is achieved by holesin the furnace walls. Maintenance is needed in order to ensure that no impurities are cloggingthe holes. The goal with this thesis is to investigate whether it is possible to detect rectangular billets byusing an UWB-radar system. The broadband characteristics of an UWB-unit makes it asuitable successor, as free sight is not a requirement. This will decrease downtown due tomaintenance and optimize the time required for billets extraction.This involves economic and environmental aspects as well, due to lower energy consumption. This will be tested by collecting radar measurements for further signal processing. The usedradar system is forward scattering radar. The work started with a theoretical study aboutUWB-technique and basics about radar. Thereafter test scenarios were designed to study howthe radar wave is affected by changing environments. The resulting measurements were latersignal processed in Matlab. This work shows that it is possible to detect billets with various dimensions, using UWBradar.The algorithm can also be used as a passage alarm, which can be used in other areasthan furnaces.