Monitoring of engineered systems consists of characterizing the normal behavior of the system and tracking departures from it. Techniques to monitor a system can be split into two classes based on their use of inputs and outputs of the system. Systems-based monitoring refers to the case when both inputs and outputs of a system are available and utilized. Conversely, symptomatic monitoring refers to the case when only outputs of the system are available. This thesis extended symptomatic and systems-based monitoring of biomedical systems via the use of non-stationary signal processing and advanced monitoring methods. Monitoring of various systems of the human body is encumbered by several key hurdles. First, current biomedical knowledge may not fully comprehend the extent of inputs and outputs of a particular system. In addition, regardless of current knowledge, inputs may not be accessible and outputs may be, at best, indirect measurements of the underlying biological process. Finally, even if inputs and outputs are measurable, their relationship may be highly nonlinear and convoluted. These hurdles require the use of advanced signal processing and monitoring approaches. Regardless of the pursuit of symptomatic or system-based monitoring, the aforementioned hurdles can be partially overcome by using non-stationary signal analysis to reveal the way frequency content of biomedical signals change over time. Furthermore, the use of advanced classification and monitoring methods facilitated reliable differentiation between various conditions of the monitored system based on the information from non-stationary signal analysis. The human brain was targeted for advancement of symptomatic monitoring, as it is a system responding to a plethora internal and external stimuli. The complexity of the brain makes it unfeasible to realize system-based monitoring to utilize all the relevant inputs and outputs for the brain. Further, measurement of brain activity (outputs), in the indirect form of electroencephalogram (EEG), remains a workhorse of brain disorder diagnosis. In this thesis, advanced signal processing and pattern recognition methods are employed to devise and study an epilepsy detection and localization algorithm that outperforms those reported in literature. This thesis also extended systems-based monitoring of human biomedical systems via advanced input-output modeling and sophisticated monitoring techniques based on the information from non-stationary signal analysis. Explorations of system-based monitoring in the NMS system were driven by the fact that joint velocities and torques can be seen NMS responses to electrical inputs provided by the central nervous system (CNS) and the electromyograph (EMG) provides an indirect measurement of CNS excitations delivered to the muscles. Thus, both inputs and outputs of this system are more or less available and one can approach its monitoring via the use of system-based approaches. / text

This dissertation develops biosensors for rapid detection of pathogens for environmental monitoring and food safety applications and utilizes the multidisciplinary and multi-application characteristics of biosensors to develop a lesson plan that can be implemented in secondary education classrooms. The detection methods evolve from particle immunoagglutination assay, PDMS optofluidic lab-on-a-chip, and spectrum analysis to smartphone and image analysis without any reagent; the potential application in secondary education also underlines the extended value of biosensors. In the first paper presented here, an optofluidic lab-on-a-chip system and subsequent sampling procedure were developed for detecting bacteria from soil samples utilizing Mie scattering detection of particle immunoagglutination assay. This system and protocol detected the presence of Escherichia coli K12 from soil particles in near real-time (10 min) with a detection limit down to 1 CFU mL⁻¹ and has the potential to be implemented in the field. We also compared the interaction between E. coli and soil particles to the two-step protein-surface interaction. In the second paper, a smartphone-utilized biosensor consisting of a near-infrared (NIR) LED (wavelength of 880 nm) and a digital camera of a smartphone was developed for detecting microbial spoilage on ground beef, without using any reagents. The method was further improved by programming a smartphone application that allows the user to position the smartphone at an optimum distance and a range of angles utilizing its internal gyro sensor to measure a series of scatter intensities against the detection angle. This handheld device can be used as a preliminary screening tool to monitor microbial contamination on meat products. In the third paper, we designed a lesson plan for secondary education classrooms using biosensors as a core and branching out to different applications and fields of study with the goal of heightening students' interest and motivation toward attaining degrees and careers in STEM fields. Results revealed that the lesson was more effective in affecting younger students than older students, and more effective in teaching about the applications of biosensors than about the techniques of biosensor development.

This dissertation develops biosensors for rapid detection of pathogens for environmental monitoring and food safety applications and utilizes the multidisciplinary and multi-application characteristics of biosensors to develop a lesson plan that can be implemented in secondary education classrooms. The detection methods evolve from particle immunoagglutination assay, PDMS optofluidic lab-on-a-chip, and spectrum analysis to smartphone and image analysis without any reagent; the potential application in secondary education also underlines the extended value of biosensors. In the first paper presented here, an optofluidic lab-on-a-chip system and subsequent sampling procedure were developed for detecting bacteria from soil samples utilizing Mie scattering detection of particle immunoagglutination assay. This system and protocol detected the presence of Escherichia coli K12 from soil particles in near real-time (10 min) with a detection limit down to 1 CFU mL⁻¹ and has the potential to be implemented in the field. We also compared the interaction between E. coli and soil particles to the two-step protein-surface interaction. In the second paper, a smartphone-utilized biosensor consisting of a near-infrared (NIR) LED (wavelength of 880 nm) and a digital camera of a smartphone was developed for detecting microbial spoilage on ground beef, without using any reagents. The method was further improved by programming a smartphone application that allows the user to position the smartphone at an optimum distance and a range of angles utilizing its internal gyro sensor to measure a series of scatter intensities against the detection angle. This handheld device can be used as a preliminary screening tool to monitor microbial contamination on meat products. In the third paper, we designed a lesson plan for secondary education classrooms using biosensors as a core and branching out to different applications and fields of study with the goal of heightening students' interest and motivation toward attaining degrees and careers in STEM fields. Results revealed that the lesson was more effective in affecting younger students than older students, and more effective in teaching about the applications of biosensors than about the techniques of biosensor development.

No description available.

Orientador: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Banca: Vicente Lopes Junior / Banca: José Antonio Ferreira Borges / Resumo: Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de detecção e localização de falhas via observadores de estado projetados via LQR (Regulador Linear Quadrático) e LMIs (Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares) em sistema rotativo considerando-se suas fundações e excitações desconhecidas. A necessidade de desenvolver novas técnicas de prevenção de falhas vem da preocupação das indústrias com o bom funcionamento de seus equipamentos a fim de evitar paradas repentinas no processo produtivo. A metodologia dos observadores de estado consiste em utilizar sua capacidade de estimar estados não medidos. Assim, projeta-se um banco de observadores de estado, sendo que cada um é robusto a um determinado parâmetro sujeito a falha. Quanto à identificação de forças de excitação, durante os últimos anos, vários métodos têm sido propostos, embora nenhum deles possa ser considerado como sendo universalmente adequado a todas as situações. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas metodologias utilizando funções ortogonais de Fourier, Legendre e Chebyshev para a identificação das excitações desconhecidas. Para verificar a validade da metodologia desenvolvida tanto para a identificação de forças como detecção e localização de falhas foram simulados dois sistemas mecânicos: sistema massa-mola-amortecedor de 4 gdl (graus de liberdade) e sistema rotativo considerando-se suas fundações. Por fim, foi realizada a comprovação experimental, utilizando para isto um sistema rotativo pertencente ao laboratório de vibrações mecânicas do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira / Abstract: In this work a methodology for faults detection and location in rotative system considering its foundation and unknown inputs was developed using state observers designed by LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) and LMIs (Linear Matrix Inequalities). The necessity of design new techniques of faults prevention proceeds from concerns of industries with the good worked of its equipments in order to avoid suddenly stopped in the productive process. The methodology of state observers consists to use its capacity to esteem the states not measured. So, it projects a bank of state observes, being that everyone is robust a parameter subject a fault. As at excitation forces identification, during last years, many methods have been proposed, however no one of them can be considered as universally adequate for every situation, being that in this work the methodologies using orthogonal functions of Fourier, Legendre and Chebyshev were used for unknown inputs identification. To validate the methodology two mechanicals systems were simulated: system mass-spring-damper of 4 dof (degree of freedom) and rotative system considering its foundations. At the end, the experimental proof was realized, using for this a rotative system in the mechanical vibrations laboratory at Ilha Solteira's Mechanical Engineering Department / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 koroishi_eh_me_ilha.pdf: 5293945 bytes, checksum: 3c008483c34efd2ba7e9df9a28dc4000 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de detecção e localização de falhas via observadores de estado projetados via LQR (Regulador Linear Quadrático) e LMIs (Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares) em sistema rotativo considerando-se suas fundações e excitações desconhecidas. A necessidade de desenvolver novas técnicas de prevenção de falhas vem da preocupação das indústrias com o bom funcionamento de seus equipamentos a fim de evitar paradas repentinas no processo produtivo. A metodologia dos observadores de estado consiste em utilizar sua capacidade de estimar estados não medidos. Assim, projeta-se um banco de observadores de estado, sendo que cada um é robusto a um determinado parâmetro sujeito a falha. Quanto à identificação de forças de excitação, durante os últimos anos, vários métodos têm sido propostos, embora nenhum deles possa ser considerado como sendo universalmente adequado a todas as situações. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas metodologias utilizando funções ortogonais de Fourier, Legendre e Chebyshev para a identificação das excitações desconhecidas. Para verificar a validade da metodologia desenvolvida tanto para a identificação de forças como detecção e localização de falhas foram simulados dois sistemas mecânicos: sistema massa-mola-amortecedor de 4 gdl (graus de liberdade) e sistema rotativo considerando-se suas fundações. Por fim, foi realizada a comprovação experimental, utilizando para isto um sistema rotativo pertencente ao laboratório de vibrações mecânicas do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira / In this work a methodology for faults detection and location in rotative system considering its foundation and unknown inputs was developed using state observers designed by LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) and LMIs (Linear Matrix Inequalities). The necessity of design new techniques of faults prevention proceeds from concerns of industries with the good worked of its equipments in order to avoid suddenly stopped in the productive process. The methodology of state observers consists to use its capacity to esteem the states not measured. So, it projects a bank of state observes, being that everyone is robust a parameter subject a fault. As at excitation forces identification, during last years, many methods have been proposed, however no one of them can be considered as universally adequate for every situation, being that in this work the methodologies using orthogonal functions of Fourier, Legendre and Chebyshev were used for unknown inputs identification. To validate the methodology two mechanicals systems were simulated: system mass-spring-damper of 4 dof (degree of freedom) and rotative system considering its foundations. At the end, the experimental proof was realized, using for this a rotative system in the mechanical vibrations laboratory at Ilha Solteira’s Mechanical Engineering Department

<p dir="ltr">Technological advancements in the semiconductor industry have led to the development of fast, low-power, and high-performance electronic devices. With evolving process technologies, the size of an electronic device has greatly reduced, and the number of features a single device can support has steadily increased. To achieve this, billions of transistors are integrated into small electronic chips leading to an increase in the complexity of manufacturing processes. Electronic chips that are manufactured using such complex manufacturing processes are prone to have a large number of defects that are difficult to test, and cause reliability issues. To tackle these issues and produce highly reliable chips, there is a growing need to test each manufactured chip thoroughly. This requires the application of a large number of tests by a tester. The cost of testing an electronic chip primarily depends on the storage requirements of the tester, and the test application time required. The large number of tests required to rigorously test each chip leads to an increase in the testing cost. Earlier works reduced the testing cost by reducing the input storage requirements of the tester. The input storage requirements are reduced by using each stored test on the tester to apply several different tests to the circuit. Several different tests are also applied based on each stored test to improve the quality of a test set. The goal of this thesis is to aide in producing reliable chips, by creating test sets that can detect faults from different fault models. The test sets are created by improving the quality of a test set. </p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">First, test sets with low storage requirements are produced for defect detection. A base test set is generated and stored. Each stored test is perturbed to produce several different tests. Algorithms are then described in two different scenarios to select a subset of the perturbed tests. The selected subset of tests improves the quality of defect detection with a minimal increase in the input storage requirements.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Next, test sets with low-storage requirements are produced for defect diagnosis. A fault detection test set is generated and stored. Each stored test is perturbed to produce several different tests. A procedure is then described to select a subset of the perturbed tests to be used as diagnostic tests. The diagnostic test set selected improves the quality of defect diagnosis with a minimal increase in the input storage requirements.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Finally, storage-aware test sets are produced targeting several fault models in two steps. In the first step, tests in a base test set are replaced with improved tests to produce an improved test set. The improved test set is stored, and it improves the quality of defect detection with no increase in the storage requirements. In the second step, each improved test is perturbed to produce several different tests. A procedure is then described to select a subset of the perturbed tests. The selected subset of tests further improves the quality of defect detection with a minimal increase in the input storage requirements.</p>

<p>Civil engineering structures must provide an adequate and safe performance during their time of service, and the owners of these structures must have a reliable inspection strategy to ensure time-dependent damage does not become excessive. Visual inspection is the first step in every structural inspection; however, many elements in the majority of structures are difficult to access and require specialized personal and equipment. In an attempt to reduce the risk of the inspector and the cost of additional equipment, the use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has been increasing in the last years. The absence of standards and regulations regarding the use of UAS in inspection of structures has allowed the market to widely advertise Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) without protocols or qualifications that prove their effectiveness, leaving the owners of the structures to solely rely on claims of the vendors before deciding which technology suits their particular inspection needs. Focusing primarily on bridge inspection, this research aimed to address the lack of performance-based evaluation and standards for UAS, developing a validation criterion to evaluate a given UAS based on a repeatable test that resembles typical conditions in a structure. </p><p><br></p><p>Current applications of UAS in inspection of structures along with its advantages and limitations were studied to determine the current status of UAS technologies. A maximum typical rotor-tip-to-rotor-tip distance of an UAV was determined based on typical UAVs used in bridge inspection, and two main parameters were found to be relevant when flying close to structures: proximity effects in the UAV and availability of visual line of sight. Distances where proximity effects are relevant were determined based on several field inspections and flights close to structures. In addition, the use of supplementary technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) was studied to understand their effect during inspection. </p><p><br></p><p>Following the analysis, the author introduces the idea of a series of obstacles and elements inside an enclosed space that resemble components of bridge structures to be inspected using UAVs, allowing repeatability of the test by controlling outside parameters such as lighting condition, wind, precipitation, temperature, and GPS signal. Using distances based on proximity effects, maximum typical rotor-tip-to-rotor-tip distance, and a gallery of bridges and situations when flying close to bridge structures, a final arrangement of elements is presented as the evaluation chamber. Components inside the evaluation chamber include both “real” steel and concrete specimens as well as those intended to simulate various geometric configurations on which other features are mounted. Pictures of damages of steel and concrete elements have been placed in the internal faces of the obstacles that can be assessed either in real-time flight or in post-processing work. A detailed comparison between the objectives of this research project and the results obtained by the evaluation chamber was performed using visual evaluation and resolution charts for the images obtained, the availability of visual line of sight during the test, and the absence of GPS signal.</p><p><br></p><p>From the comparison and analysis conducted and based on satisfactory flight results as images obtained during flights, the evaluation chamber is concluded to be a repeatable and reliable tool to apply to any UAS prior to inspect bridges and other structures, and the author recommends to refrain from conducting an inspection if the UAS does not comply with the minimum requirements presented in this research work. Additionally, this research provided a clearer understanding of the general phenomenon presented when UAVs approach structures and attempts to fill the gap of knowledge regarding minimum requirements and criterion for the use of UAS technologies in inspection of structures.</p>