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Microbreaks are short, voluntary breaks taken during the workday that have been found to be beneficial in the recovery process as they are less structured and can be taken when an employee is feeling heightened levels of fatigue. Self-determination theory provides an important lens through which to study the possible association between microbreaks and work performance. Self-determination theory states that when an individual's needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied the individual will have intrinsic motivation which will drive performance. In this experience sampling study, I recruited employees to respond to four surveys per day for five days. Based on the results of 100 participants, using unconflated multilevel modeling I found that higher work engagement covaried with higher personal initiative. Using multilevel structural equation modeling and focusing on between-person relationships, I found that autonomy need satisfaction during microbreaks covaried with increased intrinsic work motivation, while relatedness covaried with decreased intrinsic work motivation. Also, focusing on the between-person relationships, higher intrinsic work motivation covaried with higher work engagement, which then covaried with higher personal initiative. At the between-person level autonomy influenced personal initiative indirectly via enhancements in work engagement extending from intrinsic motivation. In this dissertation, I provided a comparative analysis of microbreak activities and implications of need satisfaction on various work-related constructs. / Doctor of Philosophy / Recent research surrounding recovery has focused on breaks after work, during the weekend, or vacations. Microbreaks are short, voluntary breaks that are beneficial in that they allow employees to relax. Microbreaks are less structured and can be taken when employees feel the greatest level of tiredness from their work. I hypothesized that when employees satisfy their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness during microbreaks, they will experience greater intrinsic work motivation. I also hypothesized that this increase in intrinsic work motivation will correlate with increased work engagement, finally, correlating with increased personal initiative and helping behaviors. Results from 100 participants indicated that higher work engagement correlated with increased personal initiative. I also focused on relationships between people and found that individuals who experienced greater autonomy correlated with increased intrinsic work motivation, while individuals who experienced greater relatedness correlated with decreased intrinsic work motivation. Also, with the between-person relationships, individuals who had more intrinsic work motivation positively correlated with work engagement, which then positively correlated with personal initiative.

This thesis details the development and implementation of an attitude and orbit determining Kalman filter algorithm for a satellite in a Molniya orbit. To apply the Kalman Filter for orbit determination, the equations of motion of the two body problem were propagated using Cowell's formulation. Four types of perturbing forces were added to the propagated model in order to increase the accuracy of the orbit prediction. These four perturbing forces are Earth oblateness, atmospheric drag, lunar gravitational forces and solar radiation pressure. Two cases were studied, the first being the implementation of site track measurements when the satellite was over the ground station. It is shown that large errors, upwards of ninety meters, grow as time from last measurement input increases. The next case studied was continuous measurement inputs from a GPS receiver on board the satellite throughout the orbit. This algorithm greatly decreased the errors seen in the orbit determining algorithm due to the accuracy of the sensor as well as the continuous measurement inputs throughout the orbit. It is shown that the accuracy of the orbit determining Kalman filter also depends on the length of time between each measurement update. The errors decrease as the time between measurement updates decreases. Next the Kalman filter is applied to determine the satellite attitude. The rotational equations of motion are propagated using Cowell's Formulation and numerical integration. To increase the fidelity of the model four disturbing torques are included in the rotational equations of motion model: gravity gradient torque, solar pressure torque, magnetic torque, and aerodynamic torque. Four cases were tested corresponding to four different on board attitude determining sensors: magnetometer, Earth sensor, sun sensor, and star tracker. A controlled altitude path was chosen to test the accuracy of each of these cases and it was shown that the algorithm using star tracker measurements was three hundred times more accurate than that of the magnetometer algorithm. / Master of Science

Ledarskapet anses ha stor påverkan på individers motivation inom sin idrott. Ledarskap kan, inom ramarna för Self-Determination Theory (SDT), i stort sorteras i två olika stilar, autonomistödjande respektive kontrollerande ledarskap. I dagsläget finns en brist på experimentella studier som jämför dessa två ledarskapsstilars påverkan på motivation. Denna studie syftade till att i en isolerad miljö undersöka hur ett autonomistödjande respektive ett kontrollerande ledarskap har en påverkan på inre motivation och prestation. I studien ingick 37 deltagare som under 20 minuter fick utföra en bygguppgift med lego under en neutral, autonomistödjande eller kontrollerande ledarskapsstil. Resultatet visade att den kontrollerande ledarskapsstilen hade en viss negativ påverkan på motivation och att gruppen kontroll angav en lägre upplevd kompetens än gruppen autonomi.  Ingen av ledarskapsstilarna hade någon effekt på prestation. Vidare visade sig upplevd motivation ha ett signifikant samband med prestation på bygguppgiften. / Within sports, leadership is considered having a great impact on individuals’ motivation. Leadership could, within a Self-Determination Theory (SDT) framework, be sorted into two different styles, autonomous and controlling leadership. There is a gap in current research concerning the effects of autonomous and controlling leadership on motivation in experimental settings. The aim of the present study was to, in an isolated environment, examine how an autonomy supportive- or a controlling leadership affects intrinsic motivation and performance. The study included 37 participants who, over a period of 20 minutes, performed a lego building task under a neutral, an autonomy supportive- or a controlling leadership style condition. The results indicated that the controlling leadership style had a negative impact on motivation and that the controlled group had lower perceived competence compared to the autonomous group. None of the leadership styles affected performance. Further, perceived motivation was found to significantly correlate with task.

This report investigates the effects a demand based tariff would have on private electricity consumers and how it could contribute to a sustainable electrical grid. The fuse tariff that is currently used charges customers for their electricity usage and does not fully reflect the electrical grid load and thereby not the cost for the distribution system operators. A demand based tariff, that charges customers for their power peaks and promotes a change of behaviour better reflects the grid load and could lead to a more even grid distribution and a sustainable development. In light of this issue, two demand based tariffs have been constructed for the energy company Upplands Energi’s private customers’ current electricity consumption. One of the tariffs consists of a higher fixed cost and a lower variable cost and the other consists of a lower fixed cost and a higher variable cost, both leading to the same revenue för Upplands Energi. The two different demand based tariffs have been simulated and analysed, where the one with the lowest fixed cost is recommended since it gives customers higher economic incentives to change their electricity usage behaviour. It is essential that electricity retailers communicate the information of how the demand based tariff works to the customers in order to make them change their electricity behaviour to attain a sustainable grid.

Studien har genomförts med syfte att undersöka hur friskvårdstimmen upplevs ur arbetstagarens perspektiv. Studien gjordes inom olika yrkesområden inom både privat och offentliga sektorn. I dagens arbetsliv är vi i högre grad stillasittande än tidigare och därför har behovet av fysisk aktivitet ökat. I studien ställer vi oss frågande till i vilken utsträckning friskvårdstimman nyttjas, vilka motivationsfaktorer som påverkar nyttjandet samt vilka effekter arbetstagaren upplever av friskvårdstimmen. Vi har en gjort en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genom att intervjua sju respondenter. Resultatet från studien visar att de respondenter som nyttjar friskvårdstimmen regelbundet är de som har möjlighet att självständigt planera sin dag. De respondenter som inte har samma möjlighet att självständigt planera sin arbetsdag uppger att schemalagd friskvårdstimme skulle öka nyttjandet. Arbetsgivarens inställning visade sig vara en betydande faktor för nyttjandet. Att schemalägga friskvårdstimmen skulle uppfattas som en uppmuntran från arbetsgivaren vilket skulle underlätta för de respondenter som inte har möjlighet att styra sin arbetsdag. Resultatet visar också på att nyttjandet av friskvårdstimmen ökar respondenternas arbetsmotivation. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Self-determination-theory av Richard Ryan och Edward Deci, Frederick Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori samt tidigare forskning.

Federal policies and laws as well as research in the area of self-determination have encouraged meaningful student involvement in the IEP process for over twenty years. Active student involvement in the IEP process allows for students to practice important self-determination skills in an applied setting and to be meaningful participants in their education. The purpose of this literature review is to establish what constitutes meaningful student involvement in the IEP process and identify evidence-based practices for increasing meaningful student involvement. / text

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