Cette thèse aborde la problématique du rapport entre ville et commerce.Depuis un siècle, la recherche urbaine est venue rappeler avec constance l’existence d’une relation d’évidence entre ces deux termes. Cette relation est pourtant interrogée par un phénomène de découplage croissant entre l’évolution des surfaces de commerce et l’évolution de la consommation des territoires.Cette recherche avance l’hypothèse que ce découplage témoigne d’un processus de «déterritorialisation » du commerce, au sens où l’activité de ce secteur relève désormais en majorité de grandes entreprises intégrées ou de conglomérats d’activités qui, dans le sillage des firmes globales, développent de nouvelles stratégies de développement au sein de chaînes de valeur globale, dont l’un des effets majeurs est de les émanciper des contraintes d’implantation sur un territoire donné, qu’il soit national, régional, voire local. En des termes régulationnistes, les mutations du mode d’accumulation du commerce définissent un nouvel espace économique tendant à se dissocier de l’espace politique de sa régulation par les territoires.La démarche s’engage sur une réflexion épistémologique visant à révéler les hypothèses fondatrices du cadre d’analyse de cette relation réputée « d’évidence », entre ville et commerce. Elle se poursuit par un questionnement de ces hypothèses, mené à partir de la mesure empirique de deux phénomènes de disjonction entre l’évolution de la fonction commerciale et l’évolution de la structure commerciale des villes. La question de la vacance commerciale est particulièrement traitée. Elle s’achève par la proposition d’un cadre d’analyse du rapport entre ville et commerce revisité à travers le concept de déterritorialisation. / For over a century, town planning constantly insisted on the link between these two notions.Nevertheless, this relation is coming under scrutiny because of a decoupling phenomenon between the evolution of the trade surface versus the evolution of the territories consumption.This research works from the hypothesis that the decoupling is the result of a process of "deterritorialization" of trade, meaning that the trade activities are part of large integrated companies or conglomerates following the same example than global firms developing new strategies based on global values. As a result, the trade installation in a given territory is emancipated from the national, regional or local constraints.In legal terms, the changes of the accumulation process for trade defines a new economic space tending to separate itself from the political sphere and its regulations by the territories.This analysis is based on a systematic reflection about the founding hypotheses linking city and trade as an obvious "fait accompli". The hypotheses will be challenged by a study based on observations of two disjunction phenomenoms between the evolution of trade levels and the evolution of trade infrastructure within cities. The question of commercial vacancy will be examined in details. In the end, a new proposal will be presented to revisit the connection between city and trade through the concept of "deterritorialization".

The aim of this study is to analyze 25 fake election posters that have been put up between 2018 and 2022 in Sweden, through a narrative analysis, to gain an insight into how they displace political messages in the public space. The study is also done to gain a deeper understanding of the practice from a media activist perspective and to investigate how these practices renegotiate a traditional form of political communication. These renegotiation practices are theorized in terms of territorialization (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987). In addition, the concept right to the city (Harvey, 2003, 2008; Lefebvre, 1996) is used to understand the city as a public political space. The results of the study show that many fake election posters seem to want to challenge and try to influence their surroundings, although there are differences in what the the election posters specifically want to challenge or criticize. Common characteristics of the practice are activism, criticism, disclosure, disinformation, appropriation, intertextuality, irony, satire, humor, and political standpoints. This also shows that fake election posters can be understood as a type of activism, as there are many similarities with other media activist practices such as culture jamming, street art and graffiti.