Magister Artium - MA / NEGATION is a semantic feature found mainly on clause/sentence level. Negation in Afrikaans is characterised by (a) NEG1-forms represented by various particles which are located within the major constituents of the sentence (eg. in the auxiliary, as part of the subject-nominal etc.), and (b) NEG2 that is the closing particle (= NIE2) in sentence-final position. / South Africa

By 'n dialekgeografiese studie van hierdie aard sal dit by uitstek die verstandigste wees om te begin by 'n omgewing waarin die ondersoeker gebore is en grootgeword het. Die omgang van die ondersoek en die uitgestrektheid van die gebied wat hierby betrokke is maak dit egter vir 'n boorling net so moeilik as vir 'n goeie waarnemer uit enige ander spraakgebied wat ook daartoe in staat behoort te wees om bepaalde foniese, leksikale, grammatiese, semantiese en sintaktiese verskynsels, eienaardighede en tendensies in die spreektaal op te merk. My bekendheid en omgang met Afrikaanssprekendes in hierdie streek wil ek nietemin kortliks soos volg aandui: (a) Wat vir hierdie studie as "randgebiede" beskou kan word. Gebore en opgegroei in Willowmore (19 jaar), onderwysopleiding op Graaff-Reinet (3 jaar). Onderwysondervinding In die distrik Steytlerville (2 ½ jaar). (b) Die eintlike ondersoekgebied. Onderwysondervinding in Oos-Londen en omgewing (6 jaar) , Grahamstad (10 ½ jaar) afgesien van talle lisensies in Oos-Londen en Port E1izabeth en besoeke aan omliggende dorpe en distrikte.

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Afrikaans in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1993. / In hierdie verhandeling word bepaalde aspekte beskryf van die naamwoordkonstruksie in Griekwa-Afrikaans, 'n vemarne niestandaarddialek van Afrikaans waaraan daar nog min gewerk is. Dit word bedoel as 'n bydrae tot 'n ewewigtiger benadering tot taalbeskrywing waarvolgens aile varieteite van Afrikaans as taalkundig gelykwaardig beskou word. Bepaalde aspekte van die naamwoordkonstruksie in Griekwa-Afrikaans word leksikaal en sintagmaties beskryf, waama 'n aantal hipoteses oor die verwantskap tussen GriekwaAfrikaans en die koine getoets word. Daar word eerstens tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dar daar by die naamwoordkonstruksie oorweldigende ooreenkomste op sowel leksikale as sintagmatiese vlak tussen GriekwaAfrikaans en die koine bestaan sonder dat daar beduidende verskille is. Tweedens word teen die verwagting in bevind dat die taalgebruik van die sprekers van Griekwa-Afrikaans 'n beduidende aantal hoogs komplekse naamwoordstukke bevat. Verder word bevind dat sommige sprekers se taalgebruik inherente variasie vertoon t.o.v, bepaalde aspekte van voomaamwoordelike gebruik en ander s'n nie, Laastens word bevind dat die Kokstad-, Philippolis- en Campbell-gebiede as afsonderlike spraakgemeenskappe beskou kan word op grond van die sprekers se voomaamwoordelike gebruikspatrone. Eng:=This dissertation focuses on a number of aspects of the noun phrase in Griekwa-Afrikaans, an important non-standard dialect of Afrikaans which has not yet been adequately described. It is intended as a contribution to a more balanced approach to linguistic description which accords all the dialects of Afrikaans equal merit. After particular aspects of the nominal construction in Griekwa-Afrikaans are described lexically and syntagmatically, a number of hypotheses are tested regarding the relationship between Griekwa-Afrikaans and koine Afrikaans. The first conclusion arrived at is that there are overwhelming similarities in the nominal construction on lexical as well as syntagmatic level between Griekwa-Afrikaans and koine Afrikaans without there being any significant differences. A second and unexpected conclusion is that recorded speech in Griekwa-Afrikaans contains a significant number of quite complex noun phrases. It was also concluded that some respondents exhibit inherent variation with regard to particular aspects of pronominal usage while others do not. Finally it was concluded that the Kokstad, Philippolis and Campbell areas can be considered separate speech communities with regard to pronominal usage. / University of Zululand

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古止攝元音[i]演變為舌尖前高元音[]是中古以來漢語語音一項重大演變，學界一般稱之為「舌尖化」現象。迄今為止，對其演變過程，尤其是對[i]音變後音值的考察尚少見到。 / 本文據實地調查觀察發現：惠陽淡水客家話止攝開口三等[i]元音正處於演變的過程中：老派基本不變，中派開始發生變化，新派完成部分音變；[i]音變的條件為與音、零聲母相拼；音變的過程先從音開始，再擴至零聲母。通過實驗語音學的分析，本文發現惠陽淡水客家話[i]音變後的音值不是一般漢語方言記錄中的[]，而是[]；[i]不是「前化」、「高化」或「舌尖化」，而是「央化」；[i]與零聲母相拼發生音變，更會衍生濁擦音[z]。這種音變以「詞匯擴散」的方式傳播，並與年齡、性別這兩項社會因素有密切關係。 / 在上述淡水客家話[i]音變後之音值性質分析基礎上，再根據《普通話水平測試實施綱要》内之音檔，考察普通話中「」的音值。經過實驗分析後，本文認爲普通話的「」其實就是[]。漢語看似無[]，但[]只是被「」這層假象覆蓋住。 / 希望本文上述的觀察研究能為漢語方言中古止攝元音[i]的歷史演變研究提供一種全新的思考和假設。 / The sound change of vowel [i] to [] of Zhi-Group 止攝 has been an important issue in Chinese phonetics since medieval times, which is commonly called "apicalization" by the academia. Up to now, there are very few studies on the process of the sound change of [i], especially the exact phonetic value of [i] after sound change, can be found. / According to the results of our field work, [i] of Division III 三等, Open Mouth of Zhi-Group 止攝開口 is undergoing sound change in the Hakka Dialect in Danshui, Huiyang. The phonetic value of [i] basically does not change among the members of the old generation, but changing among the members of the middle generation and has changed among the members of the new generation. The phonetic valueof [i] changes when it combines with sibilants and silent initial. The process of sound change starts from sibilants and followed by silent initial. With the analysis of Experimental Phonetics, we find that the exact phonetic value of [i] after sound changeis not []. Even [] is found in many Chinese dialect records, the exact phonetic value should be []. The nature of the sound change of [i] is not "fronting", "raising" nor "apicalized", it should be "centralized". Under the influence of sound change, when [i] is syllabic, voiced alveolar fricative [z] will be produced. The sound change of [i] is spreading by the process of "lexical diffusion" and is closely related to the social factors of age and gender. / We will also examine the exact phonetic value of "" in Putonghua according to Putonghua Shuiping Ceshi Shishi Gangyao 《普通話水平測試綱要》. After experimental analysis, we find that "" should be [] instead. Actually [] exists in Chinese, but it is "covered" by "". / Hope our findings can provide the stuides on the historial change of [i] of Zhi-Group in Chinese dialects with a different thinking angle and a whole new htpothesis. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 黃韻瑜. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-100). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Huang Yunyu.

張楚浩著. / 手稿本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學中國語言及文學部. / Shou gao ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 379-394). / Zhang Chuhao zhu. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue Zhongguo yu yan ji wen xue bu. / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 語音描寫 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 声母 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 韵母 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- 声調 --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- 变調与輕声 --- p.26 / Chapter 第二章 --- 字詞詞組 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1 --- 字与詞 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- 詞的结构方式 --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3 --- 詞类 --- p.61 / Chapter 2.4 --- 詞組 --- p.100 / Chapter 第三章 --- 句子类型 --- p.106 / Chapter 3.1 --- 句子概說 --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2 --- 体詞謂語句 --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3 --- 动詞謂語句 --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 連动句 --- p.129 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 兼語式 --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4 --- 形容詞謂語句 --- p.142 / Chapter 3.5 --- 主謂謂語句 --- p.146 / Chapter 第四章 --- 句子成分 --- p.157 / Chapter 4.1 --- 基本成分 --- p.157 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 主語、謂語 --- p.157 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- 主語是謂語的施事 --- p.158 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- 主語是謂語的受事 --- p.159 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- 主語是謂語陳述的对象 --- p.167 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 賓語 --- p.171 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- 普通賓語 --- p.172 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- 双賓語 --- p.178 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- 准賓語 --- p.181 / Chapter 4.2 --- 修飾成分 --- p.188 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 修飾語 --- p.190 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- 名詞的修飾語 --- p.190 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- 动詞的修飾語 --- p.199 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- 形容詞的修飾語 --- p.222 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 補語 --- p.227 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- 結果補語 --- p.228 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- 程度補語 --- p.238 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- 情状補語 --- p.241 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- 可能補語 --- p.244 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- 趋向補語 --- p.248 / Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- 动賓结构充當補語 --- p.255 / Chapter 4.3 --- 補語跟賓語的比較 --- p.260 / Chapter 第五章 --- 數量、称代 --- p.263 / Chapter 5.1 --- 數詞 --- p.263 / Chapter 5.2 --- 量詞 --- p.275 / Chapter 5.3 --- 动詞的數量詞 --- p.285 / Chapter 5.4 --- 代詞 --- p.287 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 人称代詞 --- p.288 / Chapter 5.4.1.1 --- 我、你、伊 --- p.289 / Chapter 5.4.1.2 --- 阮、恁、我人、你人、伊人 --- p.293 / Chapter 5.4.1.3 --- 俺、阮 --- p.298 / Chapter 5.4.1.4 --- 家己 --- p.304 / Chapter 5.4.1.5 --- 別人 --- p.308 / Chapter 5.4.1.6 --- 大家、衆人、二家 --- p.313 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 指示代詞 --- p.321 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- 只、許 --- p.323 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- 照生、口生 --- p.331 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 疑問代詞 --- p.336 / Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- 哋 --- p.336 / Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- 什七 --- p.343 / Chapter 5.4.3.3 --- 「鬼」、若 --- p.345 / Chapter 5.4.3.4 --- 怎生、「至」「呢」物 --- p.349 / Chapter 5.4.3.5 --- 「至」「呢」 --- p.351 / Chapter 第六章 --- 語氣 --- p.353 / Chapter 6.1 --- 陳述：了、口路、哩、「定」、嘛 --- p.356 / Chapter 6.2 --- 疑问：口ne35、口ha213、啦33 --- p.361 / Chapter 6.3 --- 祈使：哇、哩、「欢」 --- p.367 / Chapter 6.4 --- 测度：口ne35、口no22 --- p.372 / Chapter 6.5 --- 啊、哩、口呢35 --- p.374 / 參攷書籍、期刊及論文目錄 --- p.379

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy