The goal of this thesis is to determine whether continuity ties in large wood diaphragms are stiff enough to engage and provide diaphragm flexural stiffness in a collective chord model. Four series of continuity tie assemblies using Simpson Strong-Tie steel connectors were tested to determine the stiffness of each assembly. The results found from testing were applied to an example building and then analyzed using both the traditional chord method and the collective chord method. The completed analysis on a typical size warehouse building showed that the collective chord model will act inadvertently on an existing building designed with a traditional chord, or alternatively will potentially act intentionally in the design of a new building. The relative stiffness of the continuity ties will determine if they engage and allow them to act collectively. The testing and analysis completed creates a basis for further research into the actual static and dynamic behavior of these diaphragms. The collective chord model does seem to be a reasonable approximation for how diaphragms actually behave. If more research is conducted into different shaped and sized buildings to confirm that the collective chord model will work on most buildings then it will be a more accurate way to design new diaphragms and analyze existing diaphragms than the current traditional model.

In this analysis, the efficacy of cavitation jets for heat transfer enhancement was demonstrated. The cavitation jet was formed from a cluster of cavitation bubbles that are the result of a submerged piezoelectric diaphragms oscillating about a given velocity threshold Two different heaters operating in two different flow environments were examined. For each heater in each environment, the cavitation jet significantly increased the heat transfer

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Submitted by EVERALDO SILVA DE FREITAS null (everaldo.freitas@gmail.com) on 2018-09-12T02:59:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Doutorado_Everaldo_Freitas_FINAL_2018_ok.pdf: 1723520 bytes, checksum: dbd1b513bc9fa19ca8ac81016da5d0a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-09-12T12:56:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_es_dr_bauru.pdf: 1679310 bytes, checksum: e2ca0b29e71f13ee7094695c96036f7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T12:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_es_dr_bauru.pdf: 1679310 bytes, checksum: e2ca0b29e71f13ee7094695c96036f7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os diafragmas piezelétricos são componentes eletrônicos de baixo custo utilizados em diversas aplicações. Seu uso mais comum é como transdutor de áudio e, nesse tipo de aplicação, é mais comumente conhecido como buzzer. Nos últimos anos, a utilização desses componentes em estudos científicos avançados tem aumentado bastante, e uma das áreas que tem merecido destaque é a dos sistemas de Monitoramento de Integridade Estrutural – Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) – baseados na técnica da impedância eletromecânica (E/M). Esse tipo de aplicação tem recebido uma atenção especial por se basear no uso de transdutores piezelétricos pequenos e leves minimamente invasivos à estrutura monitorada. Portanto, tomando como base o crescente interesse por esses componentes, é proposto neste estudo um circuito eletromecânico equivalente básico que relacione as propriedades elétricas dos diafragmas piezelétricos com as propriedades mecânicas da estrutura monitorada por meio da impedância elétrica. Essa relação é baseada no efeito piezelétrico, que proporciona um acoplamento eletromecânico com a estrutura monitorada e, portanto, permite avaliar as condições mecânicas da estrutura a partir das propriedades elétricas do transdutor. A estrutura utilizada no estudo foi uma barra de alumínio com dimensões de 500 mm x 38,10 mm x 3,18 mm, tipicamente utilizada em laboratórios, e diafragmas com espessuras da ordem de uma fração de milímetro. Nessas condições, o modo de vibração principal pode ser considerado na direção longitudinal da estrutura para uma suposição unidimensional, de forma que o diafragma piezelétrico pode ser representado como um hexapolo com três portas, sendo uma porta elétrica e duas portas acústicas, solução esta comumente usada na literatura. As sensibilidades aos danos estruturais foram teoricamente analisadas em três diafragmas de diferentes tamanhos utilizando o circuito equivalente proposto. Essas sensibilidades foram comparadas com a de uma cerâmica piezelétrica convencional, que é o transdutor comumente utilizado no método da impedância E/M. Além disso, testes experimentais foram realizados em barras de alumínio para validação do circuito equivalente. Pode-se concluir que há correspondência entre os resultados teóricos e experimentais, pois as sensibilidades dos transdutores em ambas as análises foram próximas com poucas variações. / Piezoelectric diaphragms are inexpensive electronic components used in a variety of applications. Its most common use is as an audio transducer and, in this type of application, it is commonly known as "buzzer". In recent years, the use of these components in advanced scientific studies has increased significantly, and one of the areas that has received special mention is the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems based on electromechanical impedance (EMI). This type of application has received special attention because it is based on the use of small and lightweight piezoelectric transducers minimally invasive to the monitored structure. Therefore, based on the growing interest in these components, a basic equivalent electromechanical circuit is proposed in this study that relates the electrical properties of the piezoelectric diaphragms to the mechanical properties of the monitored structure through the electrical impedance. This relationship is based on the piezoelectric effect, which provides an electromechanical coupling with the monitored structure and, therefore, allows to evaluate the mechanical conditions of the structure from the electrical properties of the transducer. The structure used in the study was an aluminum bar with dimensions of 500 mm x 38.10 mm x 3.18 mm, typically used in laboratories, and diaphragms with thicknesses of the order of a fraction of millimeter. Under these conditions, the main vibration mode can be considered in the longitudinal direction of the structure for a one-dimensional assumption, so that the piezoelectric diaphragm can be represented as a three-port hexapolo, one electric port and two acoustic ports, which is a solution commonly used in the literature. Sensitivities to structural damage were theoretically analyzed in three diaphragms of different sizes using the proposed equivalent circuit. These sensitivities were compared with that of a conventional piezoelectric ceramic, which is the transducer commonly used in the EMI method. In addition, experimental tests were performed on aluminum bars for equivalent circuit validation. It can be concluded that there is a correspondence between the theoretical and experimental results, because the sensitivities of the transducers in both analyzes were close with few variations. / FAPESP: 2015/02500-6

Submitted by EVERALDO SILVA DE FREITAS null (everaldo.freitas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-03T18:42:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mestrado_Everaldo_Freitas_2016_final.pdf: 3897384 bytes, checksum: 5c9536e39331c3a9d0ddfa1752cc723a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-07T16:33:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_es_me_bauru.pdf: 3897384 bytes, checksum: 5c9536e39331c3a9d0ddfa1752cc723a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T16:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_es_me_bauru.pdf: 3897384 bytes, checksum: 5c9536e39331c3a9d0ddfa1752cc723a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma análise experimental da viabilidade do uso dos diafragmas piezelétricos comerciais de baixo custo (comumente conhecidos como buzzers) em sistemas de monitoramento de integridade estrutural (SHM – Structural Health Monitoring) baseados na técnica da impedância eletromecânica (E/M). Esse tipo de aplicação tem recebido uma atenção especial nas últimas décadas por se basear no uso de transdutores piezelétricos pequenos e leves que operam simultaneamente como sensores e atuadores. Foram realizados vários testes em barras de alumínio utilizando diafragmas de diversos tamanhos; as assinaturas de impedância elétrica e os índices de dano foram comparados com os obtidos usando uma cerâmica convencional de PZT (Pb-lead Zirconate Titanate – titanato zirconato de chumbo), que é o transdutor mais comumente utilizado nessa aplicação. Os danos estruturais foram simulados utilizando-se massas metálicas (porcas de parafuso), as quais foram fixadas nas barras com cola a base de cianoacrilato. Quatro tipos de experimentos foram realizados para fins de comparação: estimação da sensibilidade dos transdutores utilizando método da quebra do grafite (PLB – Pencil Lead Break – quebra do grafite); comparação dos índices de dano RMSD (root mean square deviation – desvio da raiz média quadrática) e CCDM (correlation coefficient deviation metric – métrica do desvio do coeficiente de correlação), calculados a partir das assinaturas de impedância; avaliação dos efeitos da temperatura; e a avaliação da reprodutibilidade dos resultados a longo prazo. Os resultados indicaram que a cerâmica convencional de PZT e um diafragma de tamanho semelhante apresentam características bem próximas em relação à reprodutibilidade dos resultados, sensibilidade ao dano e aos efeitos de temperatura, o que leva a conclusão de que os diafragmas são viáveis para sistemas de SHM baseados na impedância E/M. / This dissertation presents an experimental analysis of the viability of low-cost commercial piezoelectric diaphragms (commonly known as buzzers) in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems based on the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique. This application has received special attention in recent decades because it is based on the use of small, lightweight piezoelectric transducers operating as both sensors and actuators. Several tests were carried out on aluminum bars using diaphragms of different sizes; the electrical impedance signatures and damage indices were compared with those obtained using a conventional PZT (Pb-Lead Zirconate Titanate) ceramic, which is the most commonly employed transducer in this application. Structural damage was simulated using metallic bolts (steel nut), which were fixed in the bars using cyanoacrylate glue. Four types of experiments were carried out for comparison between the two transducers: sensitivity estimation using the pencil lead break (PLB) method, analysis of the feasibility to detect structural damage using conventional impedance signatures and damage indices, analysis of temperature effects, and determination of the long-term reproducibility of the results. The results indicated that conventional PZT ceramics and diaphragms with similar size exhibit very close characteristics in relation to reproducibility, sensitivity to damage and temperature effects, which leads to the conclusion that the piezoelectric diaphragms are feasible in SHM systems based on the EMI method. / FAPESP: 2015/02500-6

O atrativo estético proporcionado pela forma arredondada é o fator que na maioria das vezes determina a utilização de estruturas tubulares circulares. É crescente a concepção de pórticos formados por colunas tubulares e as tradicionais vigas de seção I. Esse tipo de ligação ainda é pouco estudado no Brasil, e esse trabalho busca avançar no entendimento do comportamento estrutural dessas ligações. Foram realizados estudos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais em quatro configurações de ligação, com diafragmas externos transversais, chapa de alma, soldas, parafusos e enrijecedor. Avaliou-se a relação M-\'fi\' (momento-rotação) das ligações estudadas e os parâmetros envolvidos como resistência, rigidez e ductilidade, evidenciando-se o modo de colapso das ligações. O estudo analítico foi desenvolvido baseado nas recomendações do Eurocode 3 (2005), com a utilização do Método das Componentes. A análise numérica, através do Método dos Elementos Finitos, foi realizada por meio dos programas computacionais TRUEGRID® e ANSYS®. Os modelos numéricos consideram as características mecânicas do aço, como plastificação, encruamento e não-linearidades geométricas e de contato. As formulações do Eurocode 3 (2005), adaptadas para a determinação da resistência das ligações viga-coluna, apresentaram resultados coerentes e a análise numérica foi representativa frente aos resultados experimentais. A utilização de diafragmas externos conectados à viga apresentou boa funcionalidade, ajudando na distribuição das tensões na região da ligação, melhorando o comportamento da coluna. / The aesthetic appeal provided by the round shape is the factor that mostly determines the use of circular tubular structures. There is an increasing conception of structures formed by hollow columns and traditional beams of section I. This type of connection hasn\' t been sufficiently studied in Brazil, and this paper tries to advance the comprehension of the structural behavior of these connections. Analytical, numerical, and experimental study were performed in four connections configurations, with transverse external diaphragms, web plate, welds, bolts and stiffener. The relation M-\'fi\' (moment-rotation) of the studied connections and the parameters involved such as strength, stiffness and ductility were evaluated, evidencing the failure mode of connections. The analytical study was developed based on recommendations of Eurocode 3 (2005) using the Method of Components. The numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method was performed with the computer programs TRUEGRID® and ANSYS®. The numerical models consider the mechanical characteristics of steel, such as yielding and hardening, and also the geometric and contact nonlinearity. The formulations of Eurocode 3 (2005), adapted for determining the strength of beam-column connections, showed coherent results and the numerical analysis was representative compared to experimental results. The use of external diaphragm connected to the beam showed good functionality, helping in the distribution of stress in the region of connection, improving the behavior of the column.

Orientador: Jose Ricardo Figueiredo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 QuinterosPanesi_AndreRicardo_M.pdf: 5200860 bytes, checksum: 50a776e6a73c01814b4bfb64919bb6d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Foi projetada e construída uma bomba de diafragma para um sistema de refrigeração por absorção de água-amônia que opera empregando vapor expandido entre os mesmos níveis de pressão de bombeamento. Através de uma bancada experimental, verificaram-se as condições de funcionamento da bomba que simula um sistema de absorção nas fases de sucção e recalque da solução água-amônia do absorvedor para o gerador através de um nível de baixa pressão para um nível de alta pressão. No teste utilizou-se um recipiente contendo água sujeito a baixa pressão no reservatório representando o absorvedor, um cilindro hermético a alta pressão com entradas e saídas necessárias para a tomada de ar e água representando o gerador, um compressor de ar para pressurização do sistema e dispositivos de controle e comando para a automação do sistema. Foi demonstrada a viabilidade de operação do equipamento como também as limitações encontradas do protótipo / Abstract: Was projected and constructed one diaphragm pump for one system of refrigeration for water-ammonia absorption that operates using expanded vapor it enters the same levels of pump action pressure. Through an experimental group of benches, the conditions of functioning of the pump had been verified that simulates a system of absorption in the suction phases and stresses of the solution water-ammonia of the absorber for the generator through an leveI of low pressure for an high-pressure leveI. In the test one container was used contains water subject to lowers pressure in the reservoir representing the absorber, an air-tight cylinder the high pressure with entrances and necessary exits for the water and air scoop representing the generator, an air compressor for pressurization of the system and devices of control and command for the a automation of the system. The viability of operation of the equipment was demonstrated as also the joined limitations of the archetype / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Le confort acoustique des passagers à l’intérieur d’un véhicule est fonction des équipements embarqués notamment le Système de Ventilation d’Air (SVA). Un SVA est un système complexe et compact, composé de plusieurs éléments. L’interaction de l’écoulement d’air avec ces éléments est un facteur influant sur les phénomènes acoustiques générés. Le projet CEVAS (Conception d’Eléments de Ventilation d’Air Silencieux), piloté par l’équipementier Valeo, a pour ambition de développer un outil numérique d’aide à la conception des SVA. Dans le cadre de projet, un banc d’essai a été développé à l’UTC en coopération avec Valeo afin de caractériser par mesures acoustique et aéraulique les composants d’un SVA dans les mêmes conditions de fonctionnement que sur véhicule. L’instrumentation acoustique de ce banc permet la caractérisation multimodale des propriétés acoustiques passives et actives de l’élément testé. Dans un premier lieu, la composante passive, représentée par la matrice de diffusion, est mesurée par la méthode multi-sources. Par la suite, la composante active, représentative de l’interaction écoulement objet, est déduite des pressions modales rayonnées en amont et en aval. Les démarches de mesure et de post-traitement sont appliquées pour des éléments académiques et des composants industriels : diaphragme, association de deux diaphragmes, volets et associations volet et mur. / Passenger’s thermal comfort inside car cabin is mainly provided by the heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC). The main part of HVAC modules is placed under the dash board. An HVAC module is a compact system composed of various elements which are subject to airflow. The interaction between airflow and these in-duct elements generates noise inside car cabin. Furthermore, the blower used to blow air inside the cabin must overcome the pressure generated by HVAC elements. Noise is created and its level is linked to flow and pressure. HVAC noise is an important issue for car makers and automotive suppliers wishing to reach passenger’s satisfaction. Furthermore, thermal-engine cars are more and more silent. Also hybrid and electric car sells are expanding around the world. HVAC noise became a main issue for automotive actors. Under CEVAS project, Valeo is aiming to develop a prediction tool to design HVAC systems providing sound quality data. Within CEVAS project the UTC is in charge of performing measurements on academic elements and industrial HVAC components : diaphragm, flaps,…

The alternative seismic design provisions for diaphragms provided in ASCE 7-22 Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures Section 12.10.3 account for both diaphragm ductility and displacement capacity, producing more accurate design forces and decreased detailing when compared to conventional seismic design methods. However, the diaphragm design force reduction factor has not yet been determined for tension-only roof truss diaphragms, a common system used in metal buildings. In this study, experimental tests of two cantilevered diaphragm subassembly specimens with tension-only rod bracing were conducted to determine the load-deformation behavior of the system. The first specimen used 7/8-in. rods, two types of hillside washers, two types of compression members, and two configurations of lateral bracing. The second specimen used 3/4-in. rods, one type of hillside washer, one type of compression member, and one configuration of lateral bracing. Four tests were conducted. One additional test was conducted on each specimen to determine the friction in the test setup. The system developed significant ductility during testing and the yield mechanism was primarily tensile yielding of the rods. The results indicate that a diaphragm design force reduction factor of 2.0 for structures with periods greater than 1.0 second and 1.7 for structures with periods between 0.12 and 0.5 seconds may be appropriate for metal building systems if the lateral bracing of the compression member is prevented from buckling.

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