Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tararam_r_dr_araiq.pdf: 2927006 bytes, checksum: 6411c923e4edf6de7ef7f1b04b6cb6ed (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A descoberta da alta constante dielétrica () no CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) despertou grande interesse nesse material com estrutura tipo perovskita, principalmente por não apresentar uma transição de fase ferroelétrica ou comportamento relaxor comparado aos demais titanatos. O CCTO, sem adição de dopantes, apresenta também forte característica não-linear de corrente-tensão com possibilidade de aplicações em varistores. O comportamento elétrico do CCTO tem sido intensivamente discutido na literatura e tem sido atribuído a defeitos intrínsicos ou extrínsicos. Entretanto, não existe concordância na literatura em relação aos mecanismos que permitem explicar a origem dessas propriedades. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi sinterizar cerâmicas de CCTO a 1100 ºC por tempo variável e avaliar por Espectroscopia Fotoelétrica de Raios X (XPS), Difração de Raios X (XRD), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Microscopia de Força Elétrica (EFM), e Microscopia de Varredura por Potencial de Superfície (SSPM) os defeitos cristalinos de grão e contorno de grão. Mecanismos de defeitos puntiformes do tipo substitucional e defeitos planares com falhas de empilhamento (stacking faults) foram discutidos para concordar com os resultados experimentais. Foi introduzindo o conceito de polarons na construção de um modelo para explicar a alta constante dielétrica do CCTO. Medidas elétricas em campo alternado, utilizando espectroscopia de impedância, enfatizaram os mecanismos de relaxação dos polarons no modelo proposto. No estudo de fenômenos de transporte em campo elétrico contínuo, para avaliar o comportamento não-ôhmico do CCTO, foram realizadas medidas da densidade de corrente (J) em função do campo elétrico aplicado (E). Essas medidas macroscópicas relacionam-se com medidas elétricas locais usando técnicas de EFM e SSPM. Com os resultados dessas técnicas, utilizadas... / The discovery of high dielectric constant () in the CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) generates a great scientific interest in this perovskite type of material mainly because it does not show ferroelectric phase transition or relaxor behavior compared with other titanates. The CCTO, with no dopants, displays also strong current-tension nonlinear behavior with possibility to be used as varistor. The CCTO electrical behavior has been intensively discussed in the literature and has been attributed to intrinsic and extrinsic defects. However, there is no agreement in the literature about the mechanisms which allow explaining the origin of these properties. The main objective of this work was sintering CCTO ceramics at 1100 ºC for different times and to evaluate by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM), and Scanning Surface Potential Microscopy (SSPM) the grain and grain boundary crystalline defects. Substitution point defects and planar stacking faults defects were discussed to agree with experimental results. The polaron concept was introduced in building a physical model to explain the high dielectric constant of CCTO. AC electrical measurements using impedance spectroscopy reinforced the polaron relaxation mechanisms of the proposed model. In the transport phenomena study in continuous electric field, to evaluate the CCTO non-ohmic behavior, measurements of current density (J) as function of electric field were carried out. These macroscopic measurements are related to the electric local measurements using EFM and SSPM. The obtained results based on these techniques, for mapping space charges and local surface potential, allowed to propose a model for potential barrier in the CCTO grain boundaries due to the presence of crystalline defects and polarons. Other objective of this work... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Orientador: Marcos Augusto de Lima Nobre / Banca: André Farias de Moura / Banca: Ana Maria Pires / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo das propriedades espectroscópicas e dielétricas de blendas de biodiesel/diesel, o que permitiu a identificação de um conjunto de parâmetros necessários à análise de interações moleculares. O Biodiesel utilizado foi o produzido a partir do óleo de soja. As interações moleculares foram identificadas pelas propriedades em excesso. Uma visão ampla das propriedades em excesso foram descritas por uma série de blendas biodiesel / diesel a partir da análise molecular intrínseca (infravermelho) e análise do bulk (impedância dielétrica) de fluidos. As ligações químicas foram investigadas pela técnica de espectroscopia no infravermelho. A partir desta técnica foi possível estudar a interação molecular pelo deslocamento de pico, o deslocamento da área do pico, a constante de força da ligação (modelo do oscilador harmônico) em função do teor de biodiesel em cada blenda. Como exemplo, a evolução da banda em 1742 cm -1 característica da ligação C = O é sensível a uma variação do teor de biodiesel na blenda. Propriedades do bulk dos fluidos e misturas foram investigados por meio de medidas elétricas e dielétricas. As medidas foram realizadas por espectroscopia de impedância e dielétrica. O semicírculo de impedância foi modelado utilizando um circuito elétrico equivalente com resistência e capacitância associados em paralelo. Tal abordagem permite extrair os seguintes parâmetros em cada mistura: a resistência elétrica (R),a capacitância (C), e mais frequente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work both spectroscopical and dielectrical properties of blends of biodiesel/diesel were studied, which allowed the determination of a set of parameters from which It was possible to detect molecular interactions. Biodiesel was made from soybean oil. Such molecular interactions have been identified from classical ―Excess Proprieties‖. A broad view of this excess properties were described for a serie of biodiesel/diesel blends steaming from intrinsic molecular analysis (infrared) and bulk analysis (dielectric impedance) of fluids. Chemical bonds were investigated by the infrared spectroscopy technique. From this technique It was possible to study molecular interaction by the peak displacing, peak area distortion, changing of bond strength (harmonic oscillator theory) at particular vibration, as a function of content of biodiesel at each blend. As an example, the evolution of the band in 1742 cm -1 characteristic of C=O bond is sensitive to a variation of the biodiesel content in the blend. The apparent strength of the bond, k, was determined. Bulk properties of fluids and blends were investigated by both electrical and dielectrical measurements. Measurements were carried out by impedance and dielectric spectroscopy. The impedance semicircle was modeled using an equivalent electrical circuit with resistance and capacitance associated in parallel. Such approach allows to derive following parameters at each blend: electric resistance (R) capacitance (C), most frequent relaxation frequency (fo). The dielectric permittivity for biodiesel, diesel and blends were derived. The value derived at 1 MHz for diesel and biodiesel was equal to 3.8 and 4.3, respectively. The electrical conductivity of diesel and biodiesel was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Com hipóteses de simetria plana e que a distribuição inicial de cargas, ocupa totalmente a amostra (tocando os dois eletródios), estudou-se o problema do movimento de carga espacial livre (M.C.E.L.) monopolar, em sólidos isolantes, submetidos à uma d.d.p. conhecida. Utilizando o método das características, reduziu-se o problema à um sistema de duas equações diferenciais ordinárias,de ia. ordem. O método foi aplicado para as distribuições linear, exponencial e p ~ x -1/2 , sob condições de curto circuito. são apresentados gráficos relativos à evolução temporal do perfil da densidade de cargas e da corrente externa. Estes resultados são comparados com outros obtidos por um cálculo aproximado, baseado em princípios variacionais . / Assuming planar symmetry and an arbitrary charge distribution that spreads through the sample, the one-carrier free - space-charge motion is studied in insulators solids. Using the method of characteristics we can reduce the problem t o the resolution of a system of two ordinary first order differential equations. Results are applied for linear, exponential and S.C.L. current charge distributions , under short-circuit conditions, The charge distribution for several times and the discharge currents are presented. The results are compared with those coming from an approximated method, based on variational principles.

Interfaces between graphene and dissimilar materials are needed for making devices, but those interfaces also modify the graphene properties due to charge transfer and/or symmetry breaking. In this dissertation we investigate the technology of preparing graphene on different substrates and how the substrate influences the electronic properties of graphene. Synthesizing large area graphene on late transition metals by chemical vapor deposition is a promising approach for many applications of graphene. Among the transition metals, nickel has advantages because the good lattice match and strong interaction between graphene/Ni(111) enables the synthesis of a single domain of graphene on Ni(111). However, the nickel substrate alters the electronic structure of graphene due to substrate induced symmetry breaking and chemical interaction of the metal d-band with graphene. Similar chemical interactions are observed for other transition metals with a d-band close to the Fermi-level. On the other hand, graphene mainly physisorbs on transition metals with a lower lying d-band center. In this thesis we investigate the growth of graphene on nickel by vacuum chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In particular, we present our studies of graphene synthesis on Ni(111) substrates. We demonstrate the self-limiting monolayer of single domain of graphene can be grown on single crystal Ni(111). Our studies also show that selective twisted bilayer graphene can be grown by carbon segregation on Ni(111)-films. To modify the interaction between graphene and the nickel substrate we investigated the intercalation of tin. In the case of graphene physisorbed on weakly interacting metals, some charge doping of graphene occurs due to work function differences between graphene and the metal. Using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) we correlate the charge doping of graphene on different metals with the C-1s binding energy. This study demonstrate that XPS can be used to determine the Fermi-level in graphene. While metal intercalation can alter the interaction with the substrate it does not avoid overlap of electronics states at the Fermi-level. Therefore a band gap material should be inserted between the graphene and the metal growth substrate (in this case Pt(111)). This is accomplished by oxidation of intercalated iron at elevated oxygen pressure. We demonstrate that a 2D-FeO layer can be formed in between graphene and the Pt(111) surface. We discuss the role of the 2D-FeO moiré-structure on the nanoscale electronic properties of graphene. To date good quality graphene can only be grown by CVD on late transition metals. To obtain graphene on other substrates the graphene can be transferred mechanically from a growth substrate to various other materials. We demonstrate that this transfer can also be achieved to tungsten, an early transition metal that easily forms a carbide. In our studies to avoid oxidation of the tungsten substrate and reaction of the graphene with the tungsten substrate under thermal treatment, protection of the W(110) surface with sulfur has been explored. For the integration of graphene into device architectures, graphene has to be interfaced with high-κ dielectrics. However, because of the inert nature of graphene, most high-κ do not wet graphene and thus preventing formation of contiguous dielectric layers. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) has been demonstrated to be an exception and we characterized the growth of Y2O3 on various metal supported graphene and graphene transferred to SiO2. We showed that such a Y2O3 layer can also act as seeding layer for the growth of alumina, which is the preferred dielectric material in many applications. Finally, we investigate the charge doping of graphene in a metal/graphene/dielectric stack and find that the charge doping of graphene is a function of both the work function of the metal as well as the covering dielectric. Thus the dielectric layer can modify the charge doping of graphene at a metal contact.

Compared to the history of science, spectroscopy at terahertz frequencies is a relatively recent development. Terahertz instruments were initially large and inefficient due to the characteristics of available technology. With progress in materials science and miniature circuit manufacturing techniques, we may fabricate micro-meter scale devices to generate and detect terahertz radiation. However, the complete spectroscope apparatus remains large due to the use of components such as lenses and mirrors designed in the far-field optical regime. A truly miniature terahertz spectroscope would be designed without lenses and mirrors to enable a wide range of inexpensive and pervasive applications in diverse fields such as medicine, materials identification, and security. We present detailed evaluation of some candidate structures for a quasi-optical device and design criteria for a quasi-TEM transmission-line based device. Quasi-TEM transmission lines are inherently broadband and therefore suited for use in a spectroscope. / Graduate

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Andrew Rys / Since its discovery in the 1940's, barium titanate has become one of the more popular dielectric materials for use in discrete capacitors due to its high relative permittivity. Recently, consumer electronics have decreased in size, driving the need for smaller electronic components. To fill this need, researchers have created polycrystalline barium titanate with individual grains in the nanometer scale. With this decrease in size, many problems arise. This paper will outline the effects on the dielectric properties due to shrinking the individual grains, as well as discuss techniques for dielectric measurement of this material.

No description available.

Radar backscatter intensity data from the ERS-1 and ERS-2 scatterometers are compared with daily rainfall data in two areas in the Free State province of South Africa. Knowledge of the relation between daily rainfall data and ERS C-band scatterometer data for a specific area can be useful to make reliable soil moisture measurements. The assumption is made that an increase in rainfall will lead to higher radar backscatter data values. This is based on the fact that moisture increases the dielectric properties of surfaces. This leads to higher backscatter intensities when incident radar energy is reflected back to the sensor. Various techniques are used to study the relationship between daily rainfall data and ERS scattrerometer data. It includes correlations, interpolations, visual interpretations, statistical analysis, and a simple model. Weak positive correlations were found between radar and rainfall data in arid areas. This is supported by literature regarding the Sahel. No correlation was found in agricultural areas receiving more rainfall. Vegetation also increases radar backscatter intensities, even in the absence of rain. There is thus a relationship between rainfall and radar data but it is more visible in arid areas and over longer periods of time. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MA / Unrestricted