Revised; Originally Published: 2006 / 2 pp.

Ο λόγος που πραγματοποιήθηκε αυτή η έρευνα ήταν για να παρατηρήσουμε τη συμπεριφορά των καταναλωτών απέναντι στα συμπληρώματα διατροφής αλλά και για την ολοκλήρωση του Μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος «ΜΒΑ στη Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων Τροφίμων». Σκοπός της έρευνας είναι η καταγραφή των προτιμήσεων των καταναλωτών όσον αφορά τα συμπληρώματα διατροφής αλλά και την «σχέση» τους με τη γυμναστική. Η μεθοδολογία που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν πρωτογενής έρευνα σε σημαντικό δείγμα καταναλωτών, που πραγματοποιήθηκε σαν συνέντευξη αλλά και μέσω διαδικτύου όπου αναρτήθηκε σε σελίδες κοινωνικής δικτύωσης. Το δείγμα των ερωτηθέντων ήταν 101 άτομα άντρες και γυναίκες από όλη την Ελλάδα. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό των ερωτηθέντων ήταν μεταξύ 18-25 ετών και αμέσως μετά 26-35 ετών. Οι περισσότεροι είχαν μηνιαίο εισόδημα έως 500 ευρώ. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό των ερωτηθέντων είναι άνεργοι, κάτι προφανές στις μέρες μας με τη δεδομένη κρίση. Αφήνοντας το προφίλ του δείγματος περνάμε στη συμπεριφορά του καταναλωτή, αρχικά όσον αφορά τη γυμναστική και μετά όσον αφορά τα συμπληρώματα διατροφής. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό του δείγματος γυμνάζεται 3 μέρες τη βδομάδα περίπου 1 ώρα τη κάθε φορά στο γυμναστήριο. Οι περισσότεροι γυμνάζονται για χομπυ και δεν ασχολούνται με κάποιο άθλημα. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό του δείγματος χρησιμοποιεί συμπληρώματα διατροφής και μας απήντησε ότι έχει παρατηρήσει μεγαλύτερη ευεξία αλλά και απώλεια βάρους. Στην ερώτηση για το αν γνωρίζουν ποια είναι συμπληρώματα διατροφής από μια λίστα που τους παρατέθηκε παρατηρήσαμε ότι οι καταναλωτές γνωρίζουν ποια είναι όντως συμπληρώματα και ποια όχι. Οι περισσότεροι ξεκίνησαν τη χρήση συμπληρωμάτων διατροφής για απώλεια βάρους αλλά και λόγω κόπωσης και είχαν τα επιθυμητά αποτελέσματα. Πληροφορήθηκαν για τα συμπληρώματα από την τηλεόραση αλλά εμπιστεύονται τα φαρμακεία για την αγορά τους έτσι ώστε να είναι ασφαλείς γιατί με την υγεία μας δε μπορούμε να ρισκάρουμε. / The reason that was realised this research was in order to we observe the behavior of consumers toward the supplements of diet but also for the completion of Postgraduate program “MBA in the Administration of Enterprises of Foods”. Aim of research is the recording of preferences of consumers with regard to the supplements of diet but also their “relation” with the gymnastics. The methodology that was used was primary research in important sample of consumers, that was realised as interview but also via internet where anartithike in pages of social networking. The sample asking was 101 individuals men and women from all Greece. The bigger percentage asking was between 18-25 years and immediately afterwards 26-35 years. Most had monthly income until 500 Euros. The bigger percentage asking is unemployeds, something obvious in our days with the given crisis. Leaving the profile of sample we pass in the behavior of consumer, initially with regard to the gymnastics and afterwards with regard to the supplements of diet. The bigger percentage of sample exercises 3 days week roughly 1 hour each time in the gym. Most exercise for chompy and do not deal with some sport. The bigger percentage of sample uses supplements of diet and us apintise that it has observed bigger well-being but also loss of weight. In the question for whether they know who they are supplements of diet from a list that was mentioned to them we observed that the consumers know who are indeed supplements and who no. Most began the use of supplements of diet for loss of weight but also because lassitude and had the desirable results. They were informed for the supplements by the television but are entrusted the drugstores for their purchase so as to they are sure because with our health we can't risk.

This study profiles the usual dietary habits of independent-living elderly from alternative methodological perspectives. The primary objective was to validate a comprehensive dietary questionnaire developed for use in epidemiology against the results of household refuse analysis, an independent, continuous measure of dietary behavior. Members of 44 one-and two-person households residing in a retirement community in southern Arizona completed a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Subsequently, all refuse discarded by participating households during the following six weeks was collected and recorded by researchers. During the final week, respondents completed a recall questionnaire asking them to report their dietary habits during the study period. Analysis compared the results of survey and material measures of monthly household consumption at the levels of total intake, food group, and food item. Primary indices of agreement or association between measures included tests of mean difference, correlation coefficients, and percentage of subjects misclassified in tertile comparisons. Agreement between the results of measures was very good, with significant exceptions. Survey and refuse estimates of mean monthly quantity of total intake differed by less than one percent. Significant differences between mean estimates of consumption produced by each measure were found for three of 10 food group categories, and 19 of 73 food items compared. The correlation coefficient for comparisons between survey and refuse estimates of total intake was .72, and positive associations were also evident for the large majority of other items examined. Fifty-seven percent of subjects were classified into equivalent tertiles by both survey and refuse estimates of total intake. Percentages classified into equivalent tertiles in food group comparisons ranged from 48 to 70 percent. Potential effects of sources of error in refuse were also examined. Significant differences between results of the measures clustered among food items commonly associated with health risk or benefit, or items which serve as accessory elements in meals. These results suggest that, although brief food frequency questionnaires can provide valid estimates of usual diet for the majority of food categories, social desirability response effects may significantly affect reported consumption of some items.

Six dietary fiber sources, wheat bran, corn bran, soy bran, oat hulls, rice bran, and cellulose were examined with regard to their abilities to bind copper, zinc, and iron. Their chemical composition, some of their physical properties, and their in vivo action on mineral status in tissues of chicks were investigated. Also, a comparison of the physicochemical properties of neutral detergent treated (NDF) and pepsin-pancreatin treated (EIR) residues was made. The release of endogenous copper, zinc, and iron from the fiber sources was pH dependent. Greater amounts of minerals were released into solution at pH 0.65 than into solution at pH 6.8. After a sequential treatment of pH 0.65 solution, neutralization, then pH 6.8 buffer, the mineral levels in the residues were similar to those remaining in the residues after the near neutral treatment. This indicated that the minerals were rebound after the pH of the solution was raised from acidic to near neutral. The amount of zinc in the residues from the sequential treatment correlated positively to protein and phytic acid contents and negatively to NDF and EIR contents. Neither copper nor iron showed any significant correlations. Hydrogen ion buffering capacities were determined for three preparations of the six fiber sources: (1) untreated, original material; (2) NDF-treated; and (3) EIR-treated materials. The buffering capacities were expressed as functions of the slopes of titration curves, where the smaller the slope, the greater the buffering capacity. The treated preparations had lower buffering capacities than did the untreated preparation. The treatments reduced the amounts of digestible/soluble components, especially protein in the fiber sources. Protein content was strongly correlated to buffering capacity for the untreated and the EIR-treated preparations but not for the NDF-treated preparation. Wheat bran, soy bran, oat hulls, and cellulose were subjected to NDF and EIR treatments, and the residues were used as column material for cation exchange experiments. A factorial experiment was performed using fibers by treatments by three solutions. The solutions were copper alone, zinc alone, and copper-zinc in combination. Cation exchange capacities (CEC) and protein contents were also determined. The CEC values for the residues from the two treatments for wheat bran and cellulose were similar but were very different for the soy bran (EIR-treated CEC was higher than NDF-treated) and oat hulls (NDF much greater than EIR). More mmoles of copper were bound than zinc whether presented alone or in equimolar combination. Protein content correlated to mmoles mineral bound for only the NDF-treated residues and only when the minerals were presented singly. These in vitro experiments demonstrated the intrinsic differences of the fiber sources. One fiber source may be beneficial to nutritional status while another may be detrimental. The fiber isolation technique produced residues with different compositions and different physical properties. Future biochemical investigations of dietary fiber must acknowledge the possible divergence from physiological reality which results from the isolation methodology. The chick feeding study used diets which had the fiber sources added to be equivalent to the addition of 6% dietary fiber (as NDF). At this level, all the fiber sources, except rice bran, resulted in adequate growth and adequate deposition of tissue minerals. The chicks on the rice bran diet had lowered feed intakes, significantly reduced growth and significantly lower tibia zinc, iron, and manganese levels. One factor in the rice bran diet, which may have influenced the status of the chicks, was its phytic acid content which was the highest of the fiber sources. This in vivo experiment again indicates the dissimilarity in effects of the dietary fiber sources.

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Bakgrund: Runt 5-10 % av kvinnor i fertil ålder har en diagnos av polycystiskt ovariesyndrom men ännu fler lider av syndromet utan en diagnos. Polycystiskt ovariesyndrom innebär att en kvinnas ena eller båda äggstockar är fyllda med cystor och att hon har en hormonstörning. Kosthållning har en betydande effekt på hur syndromet visar sig. Syfte: Se vad olika kostmetoder har för effekter på kvinnor med polycystiskt ovariesyndrom och vilken metod som är bäst. Metod: En litteraturstudie som analyserar tio vetenskapliga artiklar i fyra olika teman. Resultat: En hög-proteinkost, en kosthållning med lågt GI och ökad fysisk aktivitet ger alla tre positiva effekter på syndromet. En fettsnål kost ger mer negativa effekter än vad en fettrik kost ger. Studien visar att viktminskning också förbättrar syndromet. Slutsats: Mer forskning behövs om olika kostmetoders effekter på kvinnor med polycystiskt ovariesyndrom i större studiepopulationer och olika kostmetoder har olika effekter på hur polycystiskt ovariesyndrom visar sig. / Background: About 5-10 % of women in fertile age have been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis with many other women also having polycystic ovary syndrome without diagnoses. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a disease where a woman’s ovaries are filled with cysts, along with related hormonal disorders. Diets can help reduce the symptoms of this syndrome. Aim: See how various dietary approaches impacts on women with polycystic ovary syndrome and to see which approach is the best. Method: A literature review that analyzes ten different scientific articles. Four major themes were extracted from this review. Results: A high-protein diet, a diet with low GI and increased physical activity are three different approaches that are show to provide positive effects in people who suffer from this syndrome. Low-fat diets did not show positive effects. The study shows that the syndrome also becomes better with a weight loss. Conclusion: More research is needed on the various dietary approaches effects on women with polycystic ovary syndrome in larger study populations to identify the effects of different dietary approaches.

The effects of maternal dietary glucose restriction on reproductive performance were investigated by feeding pregnant rats isocaloric diets containing graded levels of dietary glucose (0, 12, 24 and 60%) during pregnancy and during pregnancy and lactation, and by measuring the effects of glucose restriction on (1) maternal, fetal and neonatal metabolism, on (2) growth and composition of the mammary glands and placentas, and (3) on milk composition. Carbohydrate restriction induced maternal metabolic adaptations that were proportional to the severity of the glucose restriction. Placental growth and composition as well as mammary gland composition were not affected by dietary glucose restriction, whereas fetal growth and development and milk composition were significantly impaired when glucose was limited in the maternal diet. This suggests that the effects of dietary glucose on the fetus and on milk composition were not mediated by changes in placenta and mammary gland DNA, protein or glycogen concentrations. Complete dietary glucose restriction significantly depressed fetal liver, lung and heart glycogen concentrations; repletion of the maternal diets with 12 and 24% glucose restored cardiac glycogen to normal but not fetal lung glycogen and liver glycogen. Pups born to dams fed a glucose-free diet failed to survive longer than 24 h postpartum and that was associated with the low levels of tissue glycogen at birth in these pups. At birth, lung and liver glycogen concentration of pups of the 12 and 24% glucose diets was similar to pups of the control diet despite the fact that these reserves were depressed in utero; and these pups efficiently corrected the transient hypoglycemia observed following parturition. The effects of glucose restriction on fetal liver glycogen were not reflected by similar changes in fetal plasma insulin, glucagon and glucose levels or in glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities. Maternal dietary glucose was an important determinant

Understanding wolf (Canis lupus) food habits provides critical information for boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou; forest-dwelling ecotype) recovery strategies. By incorporating the stable isotope ratios of different caribou ecotypes into a stable isotope mixing model, I determined the relative importance of boreal woodland caribou in the summer diet of wolves in northern Manitoba, Canada. Boreal woodland caribou were primary summer prey for wolves collected in winter in registered trapline (RTL) districts where these caribou are considered rare, suggesting migratory behaviour in some wolves. Moose were primary prey in other RTL districts, followed by boreal woodland caribou, with beaver providing important contributions. Recovery strategies for woodland caribou should investigate annual wolf, caribou, and moose movement in the region to complement these findings and gain a better insight into this complex ecosystem.