Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:06:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernabe_ga_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf: 244918 bytes, checksum: 3027ac3b68f5b1d3361e5bb414077b34 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-04-28T18:32:04Z: bernabe_ga_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-04-28T18:32:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000709031.pdf: 3079044 bytes, checksum: aa2760262f54c673ba2e5a2046e50390 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O crescimento na produção brasileira de cana-de-açúcar devido, principalmente, à obtenção de açúcar e álcool é motivado pelo aumento na exportação deste subproduto e produção de veículos bicombustíveis, respectivamente. Desta maneira, há maior geração de bagaço, embora possuindo inúmeras utilidades, muitas vezes existe um excesso remanescente do total gerado. Assim, são necessários estudos que viabilizem o uso deste resíduo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a modificação da fração lignocelulósica durante o processo de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Amostras foram coletadas em diferentes períodos para ambos os processos (0 (cru), 7; 45; 60; 90; 120; 272 dias; 1 ano e 1 ano e 2 meses) e acompanhadas por meio de parâmetros como: pH, umidade, temperatura, presença de metais e demanda química de oxigênio. A caracterização foi feita com o auxílio de técnicas termoanalíticas (TG/DTG/DTA e DSC) e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. As amostras provenientes dos processos aeróbios e anaeróbios foram submetidas às extrações de lignina, utilizando-se dioxano/HCl (9:1) e, de celulose e hemicelulose, as quais foram obtidas do resíduo sólido resultante da extração de lignina. O comportamento térmico e espectros de infravermelho dessas substâncias foram avaliados e, comparadas suas degradações e modificações na ausência e presença de oxigênio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a digestão anaeróbia é mais lenta que a compostagem na decomposição de seus constituintes, principalmente, lignina e celulose/hemicelulose, fato comprovado por suas respectivas curvas de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC); além da constatação de modificações nas estruturas de lignina e celulose ao longo dos dois processos, bem como, fortes evidências... / The growth in the Brazilian sugarcane production, mainly, due to obtain sugar and alcohol is motivated by the increase in export of this subproduct and production of flex-fuel vehicles, respectively. This way, there is a larger bagasse generation, although having many uses, often there is an excess remaining of the total generated. Thus, studies are needed that allow the use of this waste. The modification lignocellulosic fraction during composting and anaerobic biodigestion process of sugarcane bagasse was studied in this work. Samples were collected in different periods for both process (0 (raw); 7; 45; 60; 90; 120; 272 days and 1 year and 1 year and 2 months) and monitored by parameters, such as: pH, humidity, temperature, presence of metals and chemical oxygen demand. The characterization was made with help of thermoanalytical techniques (TG/DTG/DTA e DSC) and infrared spectroscopy. The samples from aerobic and anaerobic process were submitted to lignin extraction, using dioxane/ HCl (9:1), and hemicelluloses/cellulose extraction which were obtained from solid residue resulting of lignin extraction. The thermal behavior and infrared spectra from these substances were evaluated and then compared their degradation and changes in the oxygen presence and absence. The obtained results have showed that anaerobic digestion is slower than composting in its constituents decomposition, mainly, lignin and cellulose/hemicellulose, as demonstrated by their respective curves of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC); besides verifying changes in the cellulose and lignin structures through the two process, as well as, strong evidences of lignin in the cellulose extract and, rare assignments of cellulose to lignin extracted. Concerning to humification, a greater tendency for composting samples was observed, mainly... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Region specific foods in the Niger Delta like yam and cassava are consumed on a daily basis by at least 70% of the population. In addition to other commonly consumed foods, high volumes of unavoidable food wastes are generated. With 78% of the households in the region disposing their waste by burying, burning or in unauthorised heaps, environmental degradation is sustained. The region also suffers an infestation of Water Hyacinth (WH). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) presents a viable way of managing these wastes in addition to providing a clean source of energy. Limited research has been conducted on the characterisation and biogas potential of these exotic food wastes due to their localised availability, leading to a knowledge gap. My original contribution to knowledge is the Specific Waste Index (SWI), nutrient characterisation and biogas potential of the local food wastes and WH. Also novel is the design and optimisation of the AD process for mono and codigestion including the quarter hourly analysis of CH4 and CO2 content of the biogas composition over the complete duration of an AD test. The research approach was experimental and involved using conventional research methods in new fields of investigation. SWI was determined by replicating local food processing practices while nutrient composition was obtained using standard analytical methods. The Bio-Methane Potential (BMP) tests were carried out on the four most common food wastes, Yam Peel (YP), Cassava Peel (CP), Cocoyam Peel (CoP), Plantain Peel (PP), following VDI 4630 guidelines and using a newly designed cost-effective bioreactor. Laboratory scale batch reactors ran over 20 days at 37⁰C (310 K). The food wastes were anaerobically co-digested with WH in the ratio 2:1 g Volatile Solid (VS) with a total substrate mass of 8.4 g VS. The S:I ratio was 1:2 g VS and tests were carried out in duplicates to give an indication of repeatability. The results showed a wide range of SWI from 0.2-1.5. The Total Solid (TS) content varied from 7% for WH to 82% for Egusi Shell. Crude Protein and Crude Fibre were highest for Ugwu Stalk at 37% VS and Egusi Shell at 82% VS respectively. Cassava Peel had the highest oil content at 25% VS. NFE which was the major nutrient for 80% of the samples was highest for Yam Peel at 82% VS. YP+WH, CP+WH, CoP+WH and PP+WH had specific biogas yields of 0.42, 0.29, 0.39, and 0.38 m3/kg VS respectively. The yields represented 76%, 48%, 70% and 69% of their respective theoretical values. The samples had their highest methane content during the Technical Digestion Time (T80) period, which lasted up to the 8th day of digestion. The pH values ranged from 7.3 to 7.9 indicating that there was no inhibitory accumulation of organic acids. The results of the mono-digestion tests showed that co-digestion with WH reduced the biogas yields for YP, CP, CoP and PP by 16%, 22%, 7% and 7%. This drop in gas production was due to presence of complex molecules in the WH co-substrate, which cannot be digested by the anaerobic microbes. Further tests showed that fresh waste produced more biogas than dry samples, while a lower S:I produced more biogas due to increased microbial population. It was concluded that waste and nutrient content varied widely between different types of Niger Delta foods. In addition mesophilic digestion of food wastes have good biogas potentials which reduce when co-digested with water hyacinth. The methane content is shown to vary widely throughout an AD test. The findings of this research would provide valuable information to AD databases and its implementation would support clean energy production, environmental remediation and allow researchers in poor regions to perform BMP test on novel feedstock using cost-effective reactors. Key Words: Anaerobic Digestion, Co-Digestion, Water Hyacinth, Niger Delta, Yam, Cassava, Cocoyam, Food Waste, Specific Waste Index, Biogas.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Christopher D. Reinhardt / Two studies evaluated dry-rolled corn (DRC) manufacturing considerations in feedlot finishing diets. In study 1, feedlots (n = 35) participated in a survey to evaluate dry-rolled corn (DRC) processing practices, processed corn particle size distribution, and fecal starch content in finishing cattle. Average particle size of dry-processed corn, including DRC and hammermill-ground corn across all operations (n = 35) was 4,223 ± 1,265 µm with a range of 1,165 to 6,823 µm. Fecal starch content averaged 19.0 ± 6.5% with a range of 7.0 to 36.6%. Diet composition was evaluated for co-product [27.8 ± 13.4%] roughage concentration [8.9 ± 2.0%] and NDF concentration [19.3 ± 4.3%]. In study 2, cross-bred yearling steers (n = 360; initial BW = 395 ± 33.1 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of dry-rolled corn (DRC) particle size in diets containing 20% (DMB) wet distiller’s grains plus solubles (WDGS) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and starch digestibility. Treatments were Coarse DRC (4,882 µm; COARSE), Medium DRC (3,760 µm; MEDIUM), Fine DRC (2,359 µm; FINE), and Steam-flaked corn (SFC, 0.35 kg/L). Final BW and ADG were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake was greater and G:F was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed DRC vs. SFC. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in DMI in the final 5 weeks on feed with decreasing DRC particle size. Fecal starch decreased (linear, P < 0.01) as DRC particle size decreased. In situ starch disappearance was lower for DRC vs SFC (P < 0.05) and increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing particle size at 8 and 24-h. The final study evaluated steam-flaked corn (SFC) manufacturing practices implemented, equipment utilized, and methods used and parameters targeted to measure flake quality from commercial feedlots (n = 17). Significant variables contributing to the final multiple linear regression model using enzymatic starch availability (Enzymatic) as the dependent variable were: SFC Moisture, cooled flake density (CoolFD), throughput, roll diameter, steam cabinet temperature (Temperature), and temper time (Enzymatic = 19.4476 - (0.6927*SFCMoisture) - (2.1664*CoolFD) - (0.5060*Throughput) + (0.6281*Roll Diameter) + (0.4312*Temperature) – (0.1963*Temper Time; P < 0.15).

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Brian Lindshield / Fortified blended foods (FBFs), in particular, corn-soybean blend (CSB), are food aid commodities widely used in infant and young children supplementary feeding programs. A United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Food Aid Quality Review report recommended developing novel FBFs using local alternative commodities such as sorghum and improving the nutritional quality of FBFs using extrusion processing. Extruded sorghum-cowpea, sorghum-soy and corn-soy FBFs were developed and compared with the non-extruded FBFs corn-soy blend 13 (CSB13) and corn-soy blend plus (CSB+) using the in-vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Dry FBFs’ iron and vitamin A content ranged from 8.0 to 31.8 mg/100g and 0.54 to 1.67 mg/100g, respectively. Following in-vitro digestion, bioavailable iron and vitamin A levels were determined by measuring Caco-2 cell ferritin and vitamin A levels in response to 12-hour and 4-hour treatments, respectively, with aqueous fractions collected from digested FBFs. Most extruded FBFs’ aqueous fraction iron levels were 2- to 7-fold higher (p<0.05) than CSB13 and CSB+. However, Caco-2 cell ferritin and vitamin A levels were not significantly different among FBFs. These results suggest that consumption of newly developed extruded sorghum-cowpea, sorghum-soy and corn-soy FBFs will result in bioavailable iron and vitamin A levels comparable to traditional non-extruded CSB13 and CSB+. Thus, extruded sorghum-cowpea FBF may be a suitable alternative to corn-soybean based FBFs. Saw palmetto supplements are one of the most commonly consumed products by men with prostate cancer and/or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Some studies have found significant improvements in BPH with saw palmetto supplementation, whereas others found no benefits. The variation in the efficacy in these trials may be a result of differences in the putative active components, fatty acids and phytosterols, of the saw palmetto supplements. We quantified fatty acids and phytosterols in 20 commercially available liquid, powder, dried berry, and tincture saw palmetto supplements. Liquid saw palmetto supplements contained significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations of total fatty acids (908.5 mg/g), individual fatty acids, total phytosterols (2.04 mg/g), and individual phytosterols, than the other supplement categories. Our findings suggest that liquid saw palmetto supplements may be the best choice for individuals who want to take a saw palmetto supplement.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bruno_nmn_me_jabo.pdf: 1393793 bytes, checksum: b6969b3a0511e0625a390172ce1b229c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de três reatores anaeróbios horizontais instalados em série, em escala de bancada, com volume de 1,2 L cada, para o tratamento de águas residuárias do beneficamento do café por via úmida. Foi utilizado um reator anaeróbio horizontal com manta de lodo (R1) e dois de leito fixo, preenchidos com anéis de bambu (R2) e fibras da casca de coco (R3) como meio suporte. O reator R1 foi inoculado com lodo proveniente de reator UASB tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados aos reatores anaeróbios horizontais (R1+R2+R3) foram de 90, 72 e 54 h resultando em cargas orgânicas volumétricas médias (COV) de 12,8, 13,2 e 19,7 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios da DQO total do afluente foram de 16002, 13198 e 14774 mg L-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios da DQO total dos efluentes dos reatores R1, R2 e R3 foram 6424, 4067 e 2975 mg L-1 , 6807, 5232 e 4081 mg L-1 e 8154, 6871 e 5700 mg L-1 nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total no sistema de tratamento com os três reatores, foram de 76, 69 e 61%, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. A produção volumétrica média foi de 1,70, 1,25 e 0,70 L CH4 (L reator d)-1 no conjunto dos reatores, (R1+R2+R3), respectivamente. As eficiências médias de de remoção de DQOtotal, SST, e fenóis totais no conjunto de reatores (R1+R2+R3) não apresentaram diferença significativa e foram de 76, 69 e 61%, de 77, 81, 82% e de 58, 62 e 69% nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os valores médios de pH nos efluentes dos reatores variaram de 6,2 a 7,9. A concentração média de ácidos voláteis totais do afluente e efluente do R3 foram de 2206, 1630 e 1732 mg CH3COOH L-1 e de 168, 1269 e 1220 mg CH3COOH L-1, nos ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente... / In this work it was evaluated the efficiency of three horizontal anaerobic reactors installed in series, in bench scale (volume of 1,2 L each), one with sludge blanket (R1) and two of fixed bed filled out with bamboo rings (R2) and coconut fibers (R3) as it supports. The reactor R1 was inoculated with sludge originating from reactor UASB treating swine residual water. These reactors were fed whit wastewater from the coffee pulping originating by hand pulping of the dry coffee beans, simulating the wastewater of the mechanical pulping of the coffee beans. Each reactor was submitted at hydraulic detention time (HDT) of 30, 24 and 18 h resulting in organic load rate (OLR) of 12,8, 13,2 and 19,7 kg COD (m3 d)-1, in the rehearsals 1 and 2, respectively. The average values of total COD of the influent in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3 were of 16002, 13198 and 14774 mg L-1, respectively. The average values of total COD of the effluent of the reactors R1, R2 and R3 were 6424, 4067 and 2975 mg L-1, 6807, 5232 and 4081 mg L-1 and 8154, 6871 and 5700 mg L-1 in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The average efficiencies of removal of total COD in the treatment system with the three reactors, in the rehearsals 1, 2 and 3 were of 76, 69 and 61%, respectively. The content of methane in the biogas was of 76, 69 and 61% and the maximum volumetric methane production was of 1,7 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 in the system of treatment, with OLR of 12,8 kg DQO (m3 d)-1 and HDT of 30 h, in the second rehearsal the average content of methane was 71, 64 and 17% in the reactors R1, R2 and R3, respectively with volumetric methane production of 1,21 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 in the system of treatment. The average values of pH in the effluent of the reactors ranged from 6,2 to 7,9. In the rehearsal 1 the average concentration of total volatile acids of the influent was of 2206 mg CH3COOH L-1 and in the effluent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ortega_k_me_jabo.pdf: 428328 bytes, checksum: 24f278fc6b33340ccf4106abb5513435 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento do concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida (CVB) em relação à vinhaça in natura (VN), no crescimento e na nutrição de plantas de cana-de-açúcar, foi desenvolvido um experimento em vasos contendo a combinação de dois solos (latossolo e argissolo), com dois níveis de fertilidade (sem e com a correção da fertilidade) e com quatro tratamentos qualitativos em relação ao K (sem adição de K; com VN na dose de 100 m³ ha-1, com CVB ou KCl em dose de K igual à da VN). Os resultados revelaram que houve comportamento similar entre as vinhaças, tanto na ausência como na presença da correção da fertilidade do solo, sendo que para o concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida os valores tenderam a serem inferiores. O latossolo na ausência da correção da fertilidade induziu maiores resultados para crescimento e nutrição das plantas, em relação ao argissolo, por ter fertilidade original melhor. Porém na presença da correção da fertilidade o latossolo induziu menores resultados. A correção da fertilidade do solo é fundamental para se obter melhores respostas para o crescimento e nutrição da planta de cana-de-açucar, assim tanto o latossolo quanto o argissolo, bem manejados, podem proporcionar bons resultados / In order to study the effect of concentrated of biodigested vinasse (CVB) compared to in natura vinasse (VN) on the growth and nutrition of sugar cane plants, an experiment was conducted in pots containing a combination of two soils (Oxisol and Ultisol) with two fertility levels (with and without fertility correction) and with four qualitative treatments related to K (control = without addition of K; with VN in a dose of 100 m³ ha-1; with CVB or KCl at a dose of K equal to the VN). The results showed that with soil fertility correction, the CVB had similar behavior regarding to plant height, stem diameter, internodes number, leaf area, K and Mg content, and accumulation of P. The VN promoted higher values for P content, and accumulation of Cu and K, N, Ca, S and Cu. In the absence of soil fertility correction, CVB was similar to overall plant growth and accumulation of K, N, Ca, S and Cu; the highest values for VN on K content and higher values for CVB regardong to Mg, P and Cucontent, and accumulation of P. In the Oxisol, both vinasses induced similar values for content of K, S, Cu and Mn, and accumulation of S, N, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn. In the Ultisol vinasses had similar values for content of Mg, Cu and Mn, and Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn accumulation. The highest values of K and S levels, and S and N accumulation were found when plants were fertilized with VN. Both vinasses showed better results of K, Mg and Cu content in the Oxisol. The VN had similar behavior on both soils for S content, and induced higher values for Zn accumulation in Ultisol. The CVB induced higher values for S content and accumulation of Mg in both tested soils

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / At school today, teachers need not only to teach but also to be creative using educational resources to support teaching and especially to motivate students in the knowledge construction. The use of these resources must be appropriate with the purpose to help students learn. The report of experiences helps school teachers through alternative methods of education to bring together students from Science. This study aimed to check the student learning based on their spontaneous conceptions and help them to build the scientific knowledge about the theme proposed throughout the learning process. The study was carried out using questions and experimental activities. The topic chosen was digestion. Eight practical activities were done in order to diagnose the pre-existing knowledge of the students, which was then complemented with the scientific knowledge taught by the teacher aiming to motivate students to develop a taste for Science. This work was carried out with students from 6th to 9th grade of a public municipal school in Santa Maria, RS. The experiments performed at school were about the biochemical processes of digestion. All classes presented good performance in the practical classes, where a significant learning actually occurred according to the topic proposed. Our findings show that there was student enrichment in relation to the concepts taught, achieving a good understanding of the theme, i.e., the process of digestion. Although the students have demonstrated their understanding of the subject proposed, it is important to point out that they presented some difficulties to build the knowledge to new learning situations. / Na escola de hoje, o professor, além de ensinar, precisa ter criatividade, necessitando também utilizar de recursos didáticos de apoio pedagógico, principalmente no sentido de motivar os alunos na construção de conhecimento. O uso desses recursos deve ser apropriado com finalidade de que o aluno aprenda. O relato das experiências visa a ajudar os professores das escolas por meio de métodos alternativos para o ensino, aproximando os alunos da Ciência. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o aprendizado dos alunos baseado nas suas concepções espontâneas e ajudá-los a construir o conhecimento científico sobre o tema proposto ao longo da escolaridade. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de questionamentos e atividades experimentais. O tema escolhido foi digestão. Foram realizadas oito atividades práticas com a finalidade de diagnosticar os conhecimentos préexistentes dos alunos que então foram complementados com o conhecimento científico transmitido pelo professor objetivando estimular o aluno a desenvolver o gosto pela Ciência. Este trabalho foi realizado no 6º ao 9º ano de Ensino Fundamental de uma Escola Pública Municipal de Santa Maria, RS. Os experimentos realizados na escola foram os processos bioquímicos da digestão. Quanto aos conhecimentos das turmas, todas tiveram bom aproveitamento nas práticas, em que verificamos que realmente ocorreu aprendizagem significativa de acordo com o tema abordado. Em função dos resultados desse trabalho, é possível afirmar que houve enriquecimento dos alunos em relação às concepções, conseguindo compreender bem o processo da digestão. Embora os alunos tenham demonstrado sua compreensão de acordo com o tema estudado, é importante salientar que eles mantêm algumas dificuldades de construir o conhecimento, para novas situações de aprendizagem.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 portes_za_me_botfca.pdf: 650238 bytes, checksum: 5f0b05c83441fa5ab85c14bd88a0f89c (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Nos últimos anos, o setor agropecuário do Brasil vem se modernizando, e com isto provocando um aumento significativo na demanda de energia, no volume de dejetos animais e nos restos de cultura, ocasionando muitas vezes problemas de ordem sanitária, gerando desconforto e perigo à saúde devido o alto teor de substâncias patogênicas presentes nestes resíduos. Uma alternativa bastante eficiente para estes problemas é a reciclagem controlada destes resíduos em biodigestores, que podem converter os dejetos de animais de um problema em um benefício. Pois, a biodigestão resulta em dois subprodutos: um gás rico em metano denominado biogás e um fertilizante, uma espécie de lodo, que é o resíduo da matéria orgânica depois de fermentada, chamado biofertilizante. Desta forma, os biodigestores podem promover o suprimento de energia e fertilizante para os produtores rurais. Este trabalho enfoca a importância dos biodigestores em áreas rurais, apresenta técnicas que auxiliam tanto os projetistas como também os edificadores e operadores de biodigestores, discute os cálculos dos parâmetros para o projeto e construção de biodigestores, considerando os tipos e quantidades de resíduos presentes na propriedade rural e propõe um programa computacional para facilitar tais cálculos. / Lately, the Brazilian farming and cattle rising sector has been improving it self, and hereby, promoting a significant rising on energy demand, on animal screments mass, and a culture residues. It often causes problems of sanitary character, producing discomfort and danger to health due to the strong content of pathogenic substances that appear in these residues. A very efficient alternative is the controlled recycling of these residues in the biodigestors, inverting the problem into benefits, since the biodigestion results in two derivates: an abundant gas in methane, named biogas, and a fertilizer, with a mire aspect, which is the organic matter residue after fermented, named biofertilizer. Thus, the biodigestors may promote energy and fertilizer supply for the agricultural producers. This work focuses on the importance of biodigestors in the field, introduces techniques that help both designers and biodigestor builders and operators. Besides, it discusses the calculus of parameters for the design and building of biodigestors, considering the kind and amounts of residues, which are present at the home farm. Finally, it presents computational software for favoring such calculus.

Submitted by ALINE FERNANDES null (aline.nands@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-03T19:35:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO__repositorio.pdf: 1283943 bytes, checksum: 04c78f479f55ad56dd7a52f0a5254481 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-05T17:02:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_a_me_bot.pdf: 1283943 bytes, checksum: 04c78f479f55ad56dd7a52f0a5254481 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T17:02:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_a_me_bot.pdf: 1283943 bytes, checksum: 04c78f479f55ad56dd7a52f0a5254481 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A pecuária leiteira bem como a industrialização do leite produzem resíduos que podem impactar o meio se lançados de forma imprópria. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da co-digestão de água residuária de laticínio com dejetos bovinos em biodigestores do tipo batelada e contínuo sobre a produção de biogás e biofertilizante. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases. A primeira fase desenvolvida com biodigestores batelada e a segunda subdividida em dois períodos com biodigestores contínuos. Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de água residuária de laticínio (ARL) na primeira etapa: 0% de ARL, 50% de ARL, 77,5% de ARL, 100% de ARL e tratamento ARL. Para segunda fase no primeiro período tratamento com 0% de ARL e 50% de ARL. E no segundo período com tratamentos de 0% ARL e 63,5% ARL. Para análise dos dados considerou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se o programa SAS® com nível de significância de 5%. Para a primeira fase, observou–se que o tratamento ARL foi o que apresentou menor produção de biogás (0,00753 m3) em relação aos demais. Para os potenciais de produção o tratamento com 50% de ARL apresentou as menores médias. Nos dois períodos da segunda fase, ou seja, com biodigestores contínuos, os resultados demonstram que os tratamentos contendo água residuária foram eficientes sem diferença de produção de biogás entre os tratamentos. O aproveitamento da água residuária para compor substrato em co-digestão com dejetos bovinos leiteiros apresentou condições favoráveis de produção e qualidade de biogás e biofertilizante. / The dairy farming and industrialization of milk produce waste that may impact the environment if disposed improperly. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of co-digestion of dairy production wastewater with cattle manure in biodigesters in the batch and continuous type on the production of biogas and biofertilizers. The experiment was divided into two phases. The first phase developed with batch digesters and second divided in two periods with continuous digesters. We evaluated the effect of the inclusion of dairy wastewater (DW) in the first stage: 0% of DW, 50% of DW, 77,5% of DW, 100% of DW and DW treatment. For the second phase the first treatment period with 0% and 50% DW. And in the second period with treatments of 0% and 63.5% DW. Data analysis was considered a completely randomized design, using the SAS® program with 5% significance level. For the first phase, it was observed that the DW treatment showed the lower production of biogas (0.00753 m3) compared to the others treatments. For the production potential treatment with 50% of DW had the lowest means. In the second phase in both periods, with continuous digesters, the results show that the treatments containing wastewater were effective and there is no difference in biogas production between the treatments. The use of wastewater to form substrate co-digestion of dairy cattle manure showed favorable production conditions and quality of biogas and biofertilizers.

Orientador: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Selma de Fátima Grossi / Banca: Paulo de Figueiredo Vieira / Banca: Márcia Saladini Vieira Salles / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae na alimentação de vacas da raça Jersey e bovinos da raça Nelore canulados. No experimento 1, dezesseis vacas da raça Jersey distribuídas em quatro quadrados latino, receberam quatro tratamentos com diferentes quantidades de levedura S. cerevisiae (zero, 2, 4 e 6 g/anim.dia-1 - 1 x 1010 UFC/g), com silagem de milho e concentrado na proporção 50:50. Foram determinados o consumo dos nutrientes, o desempenho animal e os parâmetros sanguíneos. No experimento 2 verificou-se a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido das rações experimentais, determinadas por meio do delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (zero, 2, 4 e 6 g/anim.dia-1 - 1 x 1010 UFC/g), avaliados no Fermentador Ruminal Ankom®. No experimento 3, foi avaliada a digestibilidade in vivo com cinco bovinos canulados distribuídos em um quadrado latino 5 x 5, nos quais receberam cinco tratamentos com diferentes quantidades de levedura S. cerevisiae (zero, 2, 4, 6 e 8 g/anim.dia-1 - 1 x 1010 UFC/g) com silagem de milho e concentrado na proporção 50:50. Determinaram-se o consumo dos nutrientes, a digestibilidade aparente e os parâmetros ruminais (pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal e ácidos, graxos de cadeia curta). Todos os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, por ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This experiment aimed was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in feeding Jersey cows and cannulated bovine Nelore breed. In experiment 1, sixteen Jersey cows divided into four Latin Square, received four treatments with different amounts of S. cerevisiae yeast (zero, 2, 4 and 6 g/anim.dia-1 - 1 x 1010 CFU/g), corn silage and concentrate on 50:50. Were determined consumption of nutrients, animal performance and blood parameters. In experiment 2 analyzed the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of experimental diets, determined through a completely randomized design with four treatments (zero, 2, 4 and 6 g/anim.day-1 - 1 x 1010 CFU/g), evaluated in the fermenter Rumen Ankom®. In experiment 3, evaluated the in vivo digestibility with five cannulated bovine distributed in a Latin square 5 x 5, in which received five treatments with different amounts of yeast S. cerevisiae (zero, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/anim.day-1 - 1 x 1010 CFU/g) with corn silage and concentrate in the ratio 50:50. Determined the intake of nutrients, digestibility and ruminal parameters (ruminal pH, ammonia and short chain fatty acids). All data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, through the SAS 2001. The use of S. cerevisiae yeast, did not change the means intake of dry matter and nutrients, feed efficiency, production, chemical composition and quality of milk and bloo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor