La végétation ligneuse implantée sur les digues et barrages est bien connue pour ses nombreux effets positifs tels que la stabilisation des berges, le maintien de la biodiversité, l’ombrage des pistes, etc. Ainsi, les gestionnaires ont laissé les arbres se développer sur leurs ouvrages. Mais de récentes études ont montré que les arbres et plus particulièrement leur système racinaire pouvaient causer divers dégâts comme des soulèvements, des fissurations et des destructurations pouvant entrainer différents risques pour les ouvrages hydrauliques (érosions internes et externes). Un renforcement des réglementations portant sur les digues et barrages a obligé les gestionnaires et propriétaires à assurer le contrôle, le suivi technique et l’entretien de leurs ouvrages. De plus, les réglementations portant sur l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires ont été renforcées, notamment avec l’arrêté du 4 mai 2017 (NOR : AGRG1632554A ; reprenant et remplaçant l’arrêté du 12 septembre 2006 ; NOR : AGRG0601345A) interdisant l’utilisation de tels produits (incluant les produits herbicides) à moins de 5 mètres des cours d’eau. Ces textes, en constante évolution, bouleversent les pratiques habituelles et les gestionnaires se trouvent donc confrontés à une problématique de contrôle des ligneux se développant sur les digues et barrages. Des plans de gestion doivent être élaborés afin de concilier les enjeux sécuritaires, environnementaux et paysagers. Mais les méthodes mécaniques traditionnelles (abattage, recepage, dessouchage) sont destructrices pour les ouvrages et le paysage. Il est donc urgent de mettre au point des techniques de gestion préventives appliquées aux jeunes ligneux à risque.Cette thèse porte sur la recherche de méthodes alternatives de gestion des jeunes ligneux générant des risques sur les ouvrages hydrauliques. Une première partie de cette étude, divisée en trois Phases, a consisté en un criblage et une optimisation en serre et en champ d’un éventail de méthodes adaptées et potentiellement efficaces sur la plupart des espèces les plus rencontrées sur les ouvrages hydrauliques français. Une seconde partie, aussi divisée en trois Phases, a eu pour objectif de mettre en place un criblage de méthodes sélectionnées sur sites en conditions réelles et, à la même occasion, d’optimiser les méthodes selon différents paramètres (la forme des arbres, la sécurité des opérateurs, …). Cette seconde partie, ciblant seulement des Peupliers noirs, a mis en évidence différentes contraintes et a révélé l’efficacité partielle de certaines méthodes. La dernière Phase en champ a montré l’efficacité de trois traitements sur des Peupliers à 6 mois après traitement (une méthode mécanique, une méthode mécanique couplée à une méthode biochimique et une méthode mécanique couplée à une méthode thermique). Les arbres traités en champ seront observés par l’équipe d’ARBEAUSOLutions en 2018 pour confirmer l’efficacité à 12 mois après traitement. En septembre 2017, deux de ces trois méthodes efficaces ont fait l’objet d’un dépôt de brevet qui permettra de poursuivre les essais in situ sans problème de propriété industrielle. Les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent que l’efficacité d’une méthode de dévitalisation dépend de l’agressivité et de la période d’application du traitement pour éviter que l’arbre ne réponde par la production de rejets et drageons pour garantir sa survie. / The woody vegetation implanted on dikes and dams is well known for its many positive effects including bank stabilization, biodiversity, shade, etc. Thus, managers have left trees growing on these sites. But, recent studies show that trees and their root systems in particular may cause a range of damage such as uprising, cracking and deconstruction leading to internal risks and external erosion risks for hydraulic structures. A strengthening of the regulations for dikes and dams has obliged managers and owners to ensure the control, the technical monitoring and maintenance of their structures. However, regulations about use of plant protection products have also been reinforced, particularly with the ministerial ruling of 4 may 2017 (NOR : AGRG1632554A) forbidding the use of such products (including chemical herbicides) less than 5 m from bodies of water. These regulations in constant evolution forced a change in the usual practices thereby leaving managers confronted with an important problem of vegetation developing on their dikes and dams. Management plans must be elaborated in order to conciliate security, environmental and landscape issues. But traditional mechanical methods (logging, cutting and root extraction) are destructive for hydraulic structures and landscapes. It is urgent to set up preventive management techniques on young trees which potentially could constitute a risk when they grow.This thesis focuses on the search of alternative methods of devitalization of young trees generating risks on dikes and dams. The first part of research, divided in three Phases, consisted of screening and optimizing in greenhouse and field a range of possible and effective methods on the most predominant tree species found on hydraulic structures in France. The second part, also divided in three Phases, aimed to put in place a screening of selected methods on field test methods, and, at the same time, optimize methods according to specific parameters (trees shape, security of workers…). This second part, only conducted on black Poplars, has highlighted various constraint and revealed partially effective methods. The last Phase in field, realized only on black Poplars, has shown the effectiveness of three methods (mechanical wounding, mechanical wounding coupled with biochemical, mechanical wounding coupled with thermal) at six months after treatment. The trees treated in the field will be observed by ARBEAUSOLutions staff in 2018 to confirm the efficiency twelve months after treatment. In September 2017, two potential effective methods have been submitted for patent protection in order to enable further tests in situ and ensure protection of industrial property rights. The results of this research suggest that the effectiveness of strategies for devitalization depends on the intensity and timing of treatments to avoid that the tree responds by initiating resprouts and suckers for its survival

The upper Bay of Fundy's Cumberland Basin contains an estimated 16,500 hectares of salt marsh, nearly all of which have been diked and converted to agricultural lands since the arrival of the Acadians in the late 17 th century. John Lusby Marsh is a 600 ha salt marsh that was diked and farmed for approximately 250 years, until dikes breached in the late 1940s and the marsh was restored to tidal conditions. A sediment core that contained the reclamation surface was extracted in John Lusby Marsh, and a trial set of eight fossil pollen spectra was compared to the modern analogues. Discriminant analysis classified the fossil samples into a plausible sequence of historic land uses which included phases when the marsh was diked and farmed. A comparison of the soil characteristics and pollen spectra from this study to those in a previously published study of a nearby salt marsh at Amherst N.S. suggest that flooding of a dikeland was misinterpreted as a sudden increase in the rate of sea level rise. Historical air photos support this conclusion by showing that the sampling location was indeed diked and farmed before the 1940s.

Bibliography: leaves 175-189 / xv, 189, [215] leaves, [4] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology, 1984

A técnica da Distribuição do Tamanho de Cristais - DTC (Crystal Size Distribution - CSD), que relaciona a densidade de cristais com a distribuição do tamanho, foi aplicada à população de plagioclásio de diques máficos do Enxame de Cabo Frio - Búzios (RJ). Os diques possuem larguras variáveis, de alguns centímetros a 20 metros, e orientação em torno de N45E. A textura dos diques é geralmente fina, localmente microporfirítica e intergranular no centro dos diques mais largos. Bordas resfriadas de alguns centímetros de largura são frequentes nos contatos com as rochas metamórficas encaixantes. Foram estudados dois diques na Praia das Conchas com espessura de 0,8m e 8,2m e, um outro na Praia da Lagoinha, com 2m de largura. As amostras foram coletadas junto às margens (~10 cm do contato) e no centro dos diques. O tamanho médio dos cristais de plagioclásio varia de 0,07 a 0,13 mm na borda dos diques mais finos (<= 2 m de largura) e de 0,09 a 0,20 mm na borda do dique mais largo. No centro do dique de Lagoinha e no dique largo de Praia das Conchas o tamanho de plagioclásio é da ordem de 0,19 ± 0,02 mm e 0,60 ± 0,07 mm, respectivamente. As DTCs nas bordas dos diques, independentemente de sua largura, mostraram um padrão tipicamente encurvado, e que tem sido atribuído na literatura como evidência para misturas de magmas com populações de cristais de tamanhos distintos. No entanto, no centro do dique largo (8,2m) de Praia das Conchas, a DTC é log-linear consistente com uma cristalização magmática simples. A química mineral mostrou que os cristais maiores (precoces) de plagioclásio apresentam um teor mais elevado em An (bytownita-labradorita) que os cristais menores (tardios) da matriz (labradorita-andesina). Além disso, a olivina é mais rica em Fo na borda que no centro do dique e, respectivamente, o piroxênio mais enriquecido em Ca. Esses resultados indicam que as margens resfriadas são mais máficas que o centro sugerindo uma evolução química normal com o resfriamento do magma. Portanto, as DTCs encurvadas provavelmente refletem taxas de cristalização heterogêneas possivelmente induzidas pela despressurização durante a ascensão do magma basáltico seguida de rápido resfriamento. O padrão da DTC log-linear no centro do dique de 8,2m de largura é atribuído ao maior tempo de residência do magma que favoreceria os processos de difusão química e re-equilíbrio textural. Os cálculos da taxa de resfriamento utilizando a inclinação da DTC permitiram estimar que o centro do dique largo da Praia das Conchas estaria completamente cristalizado (~ 900 °C) em torno de 73 dias. O estudo da Orientação Preferencial de Forma (OPF) de plagioclásio mostrou que a petrotrama tende a isotrópica nas margens dos diques com largura menor que 2 metros, o que poderia refletir uma rápida cristalização de plagioclásio por despressurização. Quando a trama é localmente definida, como no dique largo da Praia das Conchas, a lineação de plagioclásio é subhorizontal sugerindo que o fluxo magmático moveu-se predominantemente na lateral do dique. / The method of Crystal Size Distribution (CSD), which relates crystal density with size distribution, has been applied on the plagioclase population of the Mafic Dyke Swarm of Cabo Frio-Búzios (RJ). The dykes are NE-trending with widths from a few centimetres to 20m. The texture is generally fine grained and locally microporphyritic and intergranular at the center of the larger dykes. Chilled margins of a few centimetres in width are common at contacts with the metamorphic basement. Two dykes of 0.8m and 8.2m in width of the Conchas Beach and another of 2m in width at the Lagoinha Beach have been studied. Samples were collected at the margins (~10cm from the contact) and at the center of the dykes. The average characteristic size of the plagioclase crystals varies from 0.07 to 0.13mm at the margins of the narrow dykes (<=2m of width) and from 0.09 to 0.20mm at the margins of the large dyke. At the center of the Lagoinha and Conchas dykes the plagioclase size varies from 0.19 ±0.02mm and 0.60±0.07mm respectively. The CSDs at the dyke margins, irrespective of the dyke width, are typically concave-up, and in literature such patterns have been attributed as evidence of magma mixing with distinct crystal populations. However, at the center of the largest dyke (8.2m) of Conchas Beach, the CSD is log-linear, consistent with simple steady-state crystallization pattern. The mineral chemistry shows that the plagioclase phenocrysts have a high An content (bytownite-labradorite) than the groundmass grains (labradorite-andesine). At the margins olivine is richer in Fo than at the center, and respectively, pyroxene is richer in Ca. These results indicate that the chilled margin is more mafic than the center suggesting a normal chemical evolution in a cooling magma. Nevertheless, the concave-up CSDs probably depict heterogeneous crystallization rates possibly induced by depressurization during the ascent of the basaltic magma followed by rapid cooling. The log-linear CSD pattern at the center of the Conchas dyke (8.2m width) is attributed to a higher residence time of the magma which favors the processes of chemical diffusion and textural re-equilibration. The calculated cooling rates using the CSD slope enables us to estimate that the larger dyke of Conchas would be completely crystallized (at ~900oC) in 73 days. The study of the Shape Preferred Orientation (SPO) in plagioclase shows an isotropic petrofabric at the margins of the dykes <=2m, which could reflect a rapid crystallization of plagioclase by depressurization. When the fabric is defined, as in the larger Conchas Beach dyke, the plagioclase lineation is subhorizontal, suggesting that the magma flow was predominantly lateral to the dyke plane.

Le réseau de digues français s'étend sur 9000 km et protège moult enjeux humains et socio-économiques. Les surverses se produisent lorsque le niveau d'eau dépasse la crête de la digue et sont responsables de nombreuses ruptures d'ouvrages. La prévision des caractéristiques des brèches (vitesse de développement, taille finale et hydrogramme) reste délicate, d'autant que les effets de la dynamique de la rivière n'ont jamais été étudiés.Cette étude expérimentale est basée sur cinq essais réalisés en canal sur des modèles physiques de digue cohésifs. Les phases classiques du développement de brèches ainsi que le mécanisme de headcutting ont été observés. L'érosion s'est manifestée à trois échelles spatiales (grain, mm et cm) et la durée des essais a varié entre 1h30 et 10 jours selon les sols. Nous avons constaté que le développement d'une brèche et de la fosse d'érosion devient asymétrique en présence d'une vitesse longitudinale amont. Des essais géotechniques originaux menés à l'IRPHE ont permis de relever des différences importantes sur le mode et la cinétique d'érosion entre les sols testés, toujours en bon accord avec les observations menées sur les modèles de digues.Des essais en brèche de largeur fixe nous ont mis à jour l'émergence d'une hydraulique particulière dans la brèche lorsque le vitesse longitudinale incidente augmente (ressauts, recirculations) qui a un impact sur l'hydrogramme de brèche.Enfin, des simulations menées sous RUBAR20 ont permis de retrouver de nombreuses observations expérimentales tant sur le fonctionnement hydraulique des brèches que sur la sensibilité de la cinétique d'érosion à la contrainte critique d'érosion et à l'érodibilité. / France's embankment network stretches over 9000~km, protecting people and infrastructures. Overtopping occurs when water level rises above the embankment's crest, often leading to breach development. Reliable forecasting of breaches' characteristics (widening rate, final geometry and breach hydrograph) remains a challenging task. Furthermore, the effects of river dynamics have never been studied.This work is based on a campain of five overtopping tests performed on scaled homogeneous cohesive model embankments, carried out in an eight meters recirculated flume. The classical steps of dike breaching were observed, as wall as headcutting. Depending on soil type and water content, erosion occured at three distinct scales (sand grain, mm, cm) while the experiments' durations ranged from 1h30 to 250~h. Evidence was brought that river dynamics can result in a completely asymmetric development of both the breach and scour pit. Simple geotechnical tests showed notable differences on erosion modes and rates among tested soils, consistently with the flume experiments.The study of fixed-width breaches showed that distinguish hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic jumps and recirculations arise when lateral flow speed increases on the river side, which comes with an important drop in breach flow.In addition, bidimensional numerical simulations offered a practical and satisfying way of modelling breach hydraulics. In particular, the strong surface deformation and important velocity gradients in the vicinity of the breach were well-rendered. Elements relative to breach formation sensitivity to erosion parameters (threshold stress and erodibility coefficient) are also provided.

No description available.

Mid-Late Triassic-age alkali-basalt dikes were emplaced along the coast of New England between 240-200 Ma. Known as the Coastal New England (CNE) magmatic province, this dike swarm is the immediate magmatic predecessor to the formation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province large igneous province at 201 Ma and the breakup of Pangea. The intent of this study is to determine the melt source and mechanisms for melting which produced the Triassic coastal dikes. To achieve this goal, major and trace element compositions were analyzed for 53 CNE dikes from Maine and Nova Scotia. Radiogenic Nd-Sr-Pb-Hf ratios, representing some of the first 176Hf/177Hf data for CNE, are reported for 12 of the dikes. Taken together, the compositional data implicate melting of a deep mantle source that is relatively enriched in incompatible elements, such as a mantle-plume similar to those hypothesized as the source of melting in modern ocean-island basalts (i.e. Hawaii). Dike compositions are inconsistent with melts generated at typical spreading-center ridges (i.e. MORB). Modeling suggests that CNE melts ascended through thick continental crust, consistent with the incipient stages of rifting of Pangea, as evidenced by a heterogeneous mix of melting and crystallization depths, between 0-70km, with no clear geographic pattern. Radiogenic isotope data are relatively consistent and represent a mixture between HIMU, EMI and DMM mantle reservoirs, implying component consisting of relict subducted oceanic crust (or other similarly evolved material). CNE magmatism may have contributed to the breakup of Pangea by destabilizing the lower crust in the limited local area where it erupted, but its true relationship with the breakup of Pangea and later CAMP event requires more study. / Master of Science / Approximately 200-250 million years ago, hundreds of sheets of lava, called dikes, erupted along what is today the coast of New England. As these volcanic dikes rose up from the Earth’s mantle, they traveled along cracks and weak areas of the Earth’s crust. Today, these dikes are found along the New England coast as far south as Rhode Island and as far north as Nova Scotia, Canada. Based on the similarity of their geochemistry and petrology, as well as their geologic age and geography of their eruption, geologists group these dikes and similar volcanics together as a single, related magmatic event. This magmatic event produced the Coastal New England (CNE) magmatic province. 250 million years ago, the coast of New England was actually an interior part of the supercontinent known as Pangea. Around 250 m.yr. ago, Pangea slowly began rifting apart, which is when CNE volcanism began. By 200 m.yr. ago, Pangea had broken up, and CNE volcanism had ended. Further complicating the story, a large-igneous province (LIP) also erupted 200 m.yr. ago. Known as the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), this volcanism consisted of enormous volumes of lava that flooded over the entire east coast of the United States. The intent of this study is to determine what geological conditions led to the CNE volcanism. By learning which part of the Earth melted and why, CNE volcanism’s role in the breakup of Pangea, and the much larger CAMP eruptions that coincided with it, will become clearer. For instance, did the geologic events that resulted in CNE volcanism contribute to the breakup of Pangea, or did the breakup of Pangea cause CNE volcanism followed by CAMP volcanism? To achieve this goal, the geochemical compositions of 53 CNE dikes from Maine and Nova Scotia were analyzed. Radiogenic Nd-Sr-Pb-Hf ratios for a subset of the dikes (12) were also analyzed. This study presents some of the first radiogenic hafnium data for rocks from CNE. The data indicate that the melting which produced the CNE dikes began in the deep mantle, similar to the melting of mantle plumes beneath modern ocean-islands such as Hawaii. In contrast, shallow mantle melting, like the melting at mid-ocean ridges where oceanic crust is produced, is not consistent with the geochemical evidence presented for CNE in this study. Modeling suggests that CNE magmas rose through thick continental crust, which caused them to begin forming crystals at relatively high depths. Radiogenic isotope data suggests that part of the mantle that melted was old, recycled oceanic crust or similar mantle material. CNE magmatism may have contributed to the breakup of Pangea by destabilizing the lower crust in the limited local area where it erupted, but its true relationship with the breakup of Pangea and later CAMP event requires more study.

Na América do Sul, o Cráton Amazônico representa um componente essencial nas reconstruções de supercontinentes, entretanto, há uma grande escassez de dados paleomagnéticos de qualidade para esta unidade geotectônica, principalmente, para o Proterozóico. Com o intuito de esclarecer a participação do Cráton Amazônico na evolução do ciclo continental, este trabalho apresenta um estudo paleomagnético realizado em quatro unidades geológicas Paleo- a Mesoproterozóicas pertencentes ao Cráton Amazônico. As unidades escolhidas para este estudo foram às rochas vulcânicas do Grupo Surumu (1980-1960 Ma, U-Pb), as soleiras máficas Avanavero (ca. 1780 Ma, U-Pb) ambas situadas no norte do Estado de Roraima (Escudo das Guianas), os enxames de diques Nova Guarita e a intrusiva máfica Guadalupe ambas localizadas no norte do Estado do Mato Grosso (Escudo Brasil-Central). Determinações 40Ar/39Ar realizadas em biotitas de quatro diques de Nova Guarita mostraram resultados coerentes, fornecendo uma idade média de 1418,5 ± 3,5 Ma para a época de intrusão dos diques. Idades U-Pb obtidas em rochas da intrusiva máfica Guadalupe indicam uma idade mínima de 1530 Ma para estas amostras. As análises paleomagnéticas realizadas em mais de 1100 espécimes de rocha através dos tratamentos térmicos e por campos magnéticos alternados revelaram direções características coerentes para as quatro unidades de rochas estudadas: (1) as rochas do Grupo Surumu apresentaram direções noroeste com inclinações positivas. Foi calculada uma direção média Dm = 298,6°, Im = 39,4° (N = 20, alfa95 = 10,1°, K = 11,4), a qual foi interpretada como sendo de origem primária; (2) as rochas máficas Avanavero apresentaram direções sudeste com inclinações positivas/negativas baixas, sendo determinada uma direção média Dm = 135,6°, Im = -2,1° (N = 10, alfa95 = 15,9°, K = 10,2°). Um teste de contato cozido realizado para um dos sítios amostrados atesta o caráter primário da magnetização remanente isolada, a qual foi adquirida pelas rochas há ca.1780 Ma atrás; (3) os diques máficos Nova Guarita apresentaram polaridades reversas e normais, tendo sido isoladas direções sul/sudoeste com inclinações positivas e nordeste com inclinações negativas. Um teste de contato cozido positivo foi obtido para um dique que intrude o Granito Matupá, o qual confirma que a magnetização remanente (Dm = 220,5°, Im = 45,9°, N = 19, alfa95 = 6,5°, K = 27,7) isolada para estas rochas corresponde a uma magnetização termorremanente adquirida durante a formação da rocha há ca. 1419 Ma atrás; (4) rochas pertencentes a Intrusiva Máfica Guadalupe também apresentaram polaridades reversas e normais. Direções noroeste/nordeste com inclinações positivas ou sul/sudeste com inclinações negativas foram isoladas para estas rochas, para as quais foi calculada a direção média Dm = 356,6°, Im = 59,4°, (N = 10, alfa95 = 10,2°, K = 23,2). A idade desta componente, entretanto, ainda não está bem estabelecida, podendo representar uma remagnetização adquirida durante o evento Brasiliano, já que ela é similar às magnetizações adquiridas há 520 Ma, presentes em formações geológicas do Cráton Amazônico e do Cráton do São Francisco. A caracterização da mineralogia magnética de todas as amostras investigadas foi obtida através de curvas termomagnéticas, curvas de histerese e curvas de magnetização remanente isotérmica. Quatro pólos paleomagnéticos para o Cráton Amazônico foram determinados para estas componentes, os quais estão localizados em 234,8° E, 27,4°N (A95=9,8°) (pólo GS, Grupo Surumu), 27,5°E, -45,8°N (A95=11,5°) (pólo AV, Avanavero), 245,9°E, -47,9°N (A95=7,0°) (pólo NG, Nova Guarita) e 306,2°E, 38,9°N (A95=13,7°) (pólo GUA, Guadalupe). Os resultados paleomagnéticos obtidos para as rochas Surumu (pólo GS) contribuíram para um melhor ajuste da curva de deriva polar aparente (CDPA) para o Escudo das Guianas durante o Paleoproterozóico (2070-1960 Ma). A comparação desta CDPA com a construída para o Cráton Oeste-África para o mesmo período de tempo sugere que estes blocos cratônicos estavam unidos há 1970-2000 Ma atrás, em uma paleogeografia em que as zonas de cisalhamento Guri, no Escudo das Guianas, e Sassandra, no Cráton Oeste-África estavam alinhadas como sugerido em modelos anteriores. O pólo Avanavero de 1780 Ma é consistente com a paleogeografia do supercontinente Columbia em que o proto-Cráton Amazônico e a Báltica estavam unidos como no modelo SAMBA (South America-Baltica) proposto anteriormente com base em evidências geológicas. No cenário proposto aqui para o Supercontinente Columbia há 1780 Ma atrás, o Cráton Oeste-África estava unido ao proto-Cráton Amazônico na mesma configuração sugerida pelos dados paleomagnéticos de 1790-2000 Ma. O atual lado leste da Laurentia estava unido ao norte (atual) da Báltica. A Sibéria estava unida com a atual costa Ártica da Laurentia e a proto-Austrália, com a atual costa oeste da Laurentia, em posição similar ao modelo SWEAT. Embora os dados paleomagnéticos disponíveis para o Cráton Norte da China e Índia indiquem paleolatitudes equatorias para estes dois blocos, nesta época, suas posições no supercontinente Columbia são ainda incertas. No modelo do Columbia apresentado neste trabalho, o Norte da China foi colocado ao lado da Sibéria e a Índia, ao lado da proto-Austrália, em decorrência de evidências geológicas. Outros blocos cratônicos, tais como, Congo-São Francisco, Kalahari e Rio de La Plata não foram incluídos, pela ausência de pólos paleomagnéticos desta idade. Os dados paleomagnéticos atualmente existentes para a Báltica e a Laurentia mostram que estes dois blocos continentais permaneceram unidos desde 1830 Ma até, pelo menos, 1270 Ma atrás. Já o pólo paleomagnético obtido para os diques Nova Guarita de 1419 Ma e o pólo de mesma idade, recentemente obtido para a Intrusiva Indiavaí, quando comparados com pólos de mesma idade da Báltica e da Laurentia, sugerem que o proto-Craton Amazônico já havia iniciado sua ruptura no Supercontinente Columbia nessa época. De modo alternativo, porém, essa diferença na posição dos pólos do proto-Cráton Amazônico e da Báltica/Laurentia, pode ser explicada por movimentos transcorrentes dextrais que teriam ocorrido entre o Escudo das Guianas e a parte sul do Cráton Amazônico em tempos posteriores a 1420 Ma. Neste caso, esta grande massa continental do Supercontinente Columbia, composta pelo proto-Cráton Amazônico, Báltica e Laurentia, pode ter permanecida unida por, pelo menos, 400 Ma. / The Amazonian Craton is an important component in Paleoproterozoic reconstructions, however, paleomagnetic data for this craton are yet scarce. Aiming to decipher the involvement of the Amazonian Craton in the Contiental cycle evolution, paleomagnetic studies were carried out in four Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic geological units. The chosen units are the volcanic rocks from the Surumu Group (1,980-1,960 Ma, U-Pb), the Avanavero mafic sills (ca. 1,780 Ma, U-Pb), both from the northern Roraima State (Guyana Shield), and the Nova Guarita dyke swarm and Guadalupe mafic intrusive, both from the northern Mato Grosso State (Central- Brazil Shield). 40Ar/39Ar determinations on biotites from samples belonging to four Nova Guarita dykes yielded well-defined plateau ages whose mean 1,418.5 ± 3.5 Ma is interpreted as the age of dyke intrusion. U-Pb (SHRIMP) determinations on rocks from the Guadalupe mafic Intrusive indicate a minimum age of 1,530 Ma for this unit. Paleomagnetic analysis performed on more than 1,100 specimens by thermal and alternating magnetic field (AF) treatments revealed stable characteristic remanent magnetizions (ChRM) for all geological units: (1) northwestern directions with positive inclinations were isolated for samples from the Surumu Group (mean: Dm = 298.6°, Im = 39.4°, N = 20, alpha95 = 10.1°, K = 11.4), which were interpreted to be primary. (2) Southeastern directions with low downward/upward inclinations were isolated for the Avanavero rocks, for which a mean direction was calculated: Dm=135.6°, Im = -2.1° (N=10, alpha95 = 15.9°, K = 10.2°). A positive baked contact test attests for the primary origin of this ChRM direction, which was probably acquired at about 1,780 Ma ago; (3) both south/southwestern directions with downward inclinations or northeastern directions with upward inclinations were isolated for the Nova Guarita dykes. A positive baked contact test attests for the primary nature of the ChRM directions (Dm = 220.5°, Im = 45.9°, N=19, alpha95=6.5°, K = 27.7) which most probably correspond to a termo-remanent magnetization (TRM) acquired at ca. 1,419 Ma ago; 10 (4) both northwest/northeastern directions with downward inclinations or outhsoutheastern directions with upward inclinations were isolated for rocks from the Guadalupe intrusive, whose mean direction is: Dm=356.6°, Im=59.4°, (N =10, alpha95=10.2°, K = 23.2). The age of this component is yet uncertain. U-Pb geochronology suggests an age of (or older than) 1,530 Ma for these rocks, however, a remagnetization effect at Cambrian times (520 Ma) cannot be rolled out as these directions are very similar to those found for younger geological units in the Amazonian Craton and Sao Francisco Craton. Four new paleomagnetic poles for the Amazonian Craton were obtained from these magnetic components, which are located at: 234.8°E, 27.4°N (A95=9.8°) (GS pole, Surumu Group), 27.5°E, 45.8°S (A95=11.5°) (AV pole, Avanavero), 245.9°E, 47.9°S (A95=7.0°) (NG pole, Nova Guarita) and 306.2°E, 38.9°N (A95 = 13.7°) (GUA pole, Guadalupe). The 1,960 Ma Surumu pole contributes to better define the APW path traced for the Guyana Shield in the time interval between 2,070 Ma and 1,960 Ma. Comparison of this APW path with that traced for West-Africa Craton for the same time interval suggests that these two cratonic blocks were linked together, in a paleogeography where the Guri (Guyana Shield) and Sassandra (West-Africa Craton) shear zones are aligned, as suggested by previous models. The Avanavero pole is consistent with the proto-Amazonian Craton and Baltica link as in the SAMBA (South America-Baltica) model at ca. 1,780 Ma ago, as previously proposed based on geological evidence. In the scenario proposed here for the Columbia Supercontinent at 1,780 Ma ago, the West-Africa Craton was linked to the proto-Amazonian Craton in the same configuration as suggested by Paleoproterozoic (1,960-2,000 Ma) paleomagnetic data (see above). Actual eastern Laurentia was linked to northern Baltica. Siberia was located at the actual Arctic Coast of Laurentia, and proto-Australia at the western coast of Laurentia, in a position similar to that of SWEAT model. Although available 1,780 Ma paleomagnetic data from North China and India indicate low paleolatitudes for these two blocks, their positions in the supercontinent Columbia are yet uncertain. In our model, North China is located beside Siberia, and India beside proto-Australia, based on geological evidences. Other cratonic blocks, such as Congo-Sao Francisco, Kalahari and Rio de la Plata were not included as no 1,780 Ma paleomagnetic poles are presently available for them. The paleomagnetic poles presently available for Baltica and Laurentia, show that these two blocks remained as a single continental mass since 1,830 Ma up to at least 1,270 Ma. However, the 1,419 Ma Nova Guarita pole and the recently published 1,416 Ma Indiavai pole from the Amazonian Craton, when compared with poles of similar age from Baltica and Laurentia suggest that the proto-Amazonian Craton had already broke-up from the Columbia Supercontinent at that time. Alternatively, the difference in the position of the 1,420 Ma poles from the proto-Amazonian Craton and those from Baltica/Laurentia, may be explained by dextral transcurrent movements between the Guyana Shield and the southern part of the Amazonian Craton at times later than 1,420 Ma. If so, this great continental mass, formed by proto-Amazonian Craton, Baltica and Laurentia may have remained as a single continental block for at least 400 Ma.

Ce travail de thèse est basé sur des observations de terrain, sur une étude pétrographique et géochimique des roches formées à la base du complexe filonien dans l'ophiolite d'Oman et au niveau du Site IODP 1256, ainsi que sur une étude expérimentale. De nouvelles contraintes sont apportées sur les processus se produisant à la transition magma / système hydrothermal dans la croute océanique formée au niveau des dorsales à expansion rapide. L'intrusion de gabbros isotropes dans la base du complexe filonien a provoqué son réchauffement et sa recrystallization en « dikes granoblastiques » jusqu'à des températures de 1030°C. Des xénolites de microgabbro à orthopyroxene dérivées des dikes granoblastiques sont souvent observées dans le niveau de gabbros isotropes épais de 100 mètres environ qui est présent à la base du complexe filonien. Ces différentes caractéristiques sont à relier à des migrations verticales vers le haut du sommet de la lentille magmatique supérieure qui est observée aux dorsales rapides. Les nombreuses évidences d'assimilation (xénolites et patchs granoblastiques) dans le niveau des gabbros isotropes appuient l'hypothèse que ce niveau représente la fossilisation de la lentille magmatique supérieure. L'étude expérimentale a consisté à tester l'effet de la fusion partielle du complexe filonien préalablement hydrothermalisé. Les résultats montrent que la fusion commence à 850°C, confirment l'origine résiduelle des dikes granoblastiques et des xénolites associées, et attestent de l'origine anatectique des plagiogranites océaniques qui sont couramment observés à proximité de la base du complexe filonien. La composition en éléments majeurs et traces du liquide anatectique a été déterminée. Ce liquide représente le principal contaminant pour les MORBs primitifs émis au niveau des dorsales rapides. La lentille magmatique supérieure présente au niveau des dorsales médio-océaniques à expansion rapide est ici décrite comme un système dynamique qui peut migrer verticalement, et qui est fossilisée lorsqu'elle se déplace hors axe.

Na América do Sul, o Cráton Amazônico representa um componente essencial nas reconstruções de supercontinentes, entretanto, há uma grande escassez de dados paleomagnéticos de qualidade para esta unidade geotectônica, principalmente, para o Proterozóico. Com o intuito de esclarecer a participação do Cráton Amazônico na evolução do ciclo continental, este trabalho apresenta um estudo paleomagnético realizado em quatro unidades geológicas Paleo- a Mesoproterozóicas pertencentes ao Cráton Amazônico. As unidades escolhidas para este estudo foram às rochas vulcânicas do Grupo Surumu (1980-1960 Ma, U-Pb), as soleiras máficas Avanavero (ca. 1780 Ma, U-Pb) ambas situadas no norte do Estado de Roraima (Escudo das Guianas), os enxames de diques Nova Guarita e a intrusiva máfica Guadalupe ambas localizadas no norte do Estado do Mato Grosso (Escudo Brasil-Central). Determinações 40Ar/39Ar realizadas em biotitas de quatro diques de Nova Guarita mostraram resultados coerentes, fornecendo uma idade média de 1418,5 ± 3,5 Ma para a época de intrusão dos diques. Idades U-Pb obtidas em rochas da intrusiva máfica Guadalupe indicam uma idade mínima de 1530 Ma para estas amostras. As análises paleomagnéticas realizadas em mais de 1100 espécimes de rocha através dos tratamentos térmicos e por campos magnéticos alternados revelaram direções características coerentes para as quatro unidades de rochas estudadas: (1) as rochas do Grupo Surumu apresentaram direções noroeste com inclinações positivas. Foi calculada uma direção média Dm = 298,6°, Im = 39,4° (N = 20, alfa95 = 10,1°, K = 11,4), a qual foi interpretada como sendo de origem primária; (2) as rochas máficas Avanavero apresentaram direções sudeste com inclinações positivas/negativas baixas, sendo determinada uma direção média Dm = 135,6°, Im = -2,1° (N = 10, alfa95 = 15,9°, K = 10,2°). Um teste de contato cozido realizado para um dos sítios amostrados atesta o caráter primário da magnetização remanente isolada, a qual foi adquirida pelas rochas há ca.1780 Ma atrás; (3) os diques máficos Nova Guarita apresentaram polaridades reversas e normais, tendo sido isoladas direções sul/sudoeste com inclinações positivas e nordeste com inclinações negativas. Um teste de contato cozido positivo foi obtido para um dique que intrude o Granito Matupá, o qual confirma que a magnetização remanente (Dm = 220,5°, Im = 45,9°, N = 19, alfa95 = 6,5°, K = 27,7) isolada para estas rochas corresponde a uma magnetização termorremanente adquirida durante a formação da rocha há ca. 1419 Ma atrás; (4) rochas pertencentes a Intrusiva Máfica Guadalupe também apresentaram polaridades reversas e normais. Direções noroeste/nordeste com inclinações positivas ou sul/sudeste com inclinações negativas foram isoladas para estas rochas, para as quais foi calculada a direção média Dm = 356,6°, Im = 59,4°, (N = 10, alfa95 = 10,2°, K = 23,2). A idade desta componente, entretanto, ainda não está bem estabelecida, podendo representar uma remagnetização adquirida durante o evento Brasiliano, já que ela é similar às magnetizações adquiridas há 520 Ma, presentes em formações geológicas do Cráton Amazônico e do Cráton do São Francisco. A caracterização da mineralogia magnética de todas as amostras investigadas foi obtida através de curvas termomagnéticas, curvas de histerese e curvas de magnetização remanente isotérmica. Quatro pólos paleomagnéticos para o Cráton Amazônico foram determinados para estas componentes, os quais estão localizados em 234,8° E, 27,4°N (A95=9,8°) (pólo GS, Grupo Surumu), 27,5°E, -45,8°N (A95=11,5°) (pólo AV, Avanavero), 245,9°E, -47,9°N (A95=7,0°) (pólo NG, Nova Guarita) e 306,2°E, 38,9°N (A95=13,7°) (pólo GUA, Guadalupe). Os resultados paleomagnéticos obtidos para as rochas Surumu (pólo GS) contribuíram para um melhor ajuste da curva de deriva polar aparente (CDPA) para o Escudo das Guianas durante o Paleoproterozóico (2070-1960 Ma). A comparação desta CDPA com a construída para o Cráton Oeste-África para o mesmo período de tempo sugere que estes blocos cratônicos estavam unidos há 1970-2000 Ma atrás, em uma paleogeografia em que as zonas de cisalhamento Guri, no Escudo das Guianas, e Sassandra, no Cráton Oeste-África estavam alinhadas como sugerido em modelos anteriores. O pólo Avanavero de 1780 Ma é consistente com a paleogeografia do supercontinente Columbia em que o proto-Cráton Amazônico e a Báltica estavam unidos como no modelo SAMBA (South America-Baltica) proposto anteriormente com base em evidências geológicas. No cenário proposto aqui para o Supercontinente Columbia há 1780 Ma atrás, o Cráton Oeste-África estava unido ao proto-Cráton Amazônico na mesma configuração sugerida pelos dados paleomagnéticos de 1790-2000 Ma. O atual lado leste da Laurentia estava unido ao norte (atual) da Báltica. A Sibéria estava unida com a atual costa Ártica da Laurentia e a proto-Austrália, com a atual costa oeste da Laurentia, em posição similar ao modelo SWEAT. Embora os dados paleomagnéticos disponíveis para o Cráton Norte da China e Índia indiquem paleolatitudes equatorias para estes dois blocos, nesta época, suas posições no supercontinente Columbia são ainda incertas. No modelo do Columbia apresentado neste trabalho, o Norte da China foi colocado ao lado da Sibéria e a Índia, ao lado da proto-Austrália, em decorrência de evidências geológicas. Outros blocos cratônicos, tais como, Congo-São Francisco, Kalahari e Rio de La Plata não foram incluídos, pela ausência de pólos paleomagnéticos desta idade. Os dados paleomagnéticos atualmente existentes para a Báltica e a Laurentia mostram que estes dois blocos continentais permaneceram unidos desde 1830 Ma até, pelo menos, 1270 Ma atrás. Já o pólo paleomagnético obtido para os diques Nova Guarita de 1419 Ma e o pólo de mesma idade, recentemente obtido para a Intrusiva Indiavaí, quando comparados com pólos de mesma idade da Báltica e da Laurentia, sugerem que o proto-Craton Amazônico já havia iniciado sua ruptura no Supercontinente Columbia nessa época. De modo alternativo, porém, essa diferença na posição dos pólos do proto-Cráton Amazônico e da Báltica/Laurentia, pode ser explicada por movimentos transcorrentes dextrais que teriam ocorrido entre o Escudo das Guianas e a parte sul do Cráton Amazônico em tempos posteriores a 1420 Ma. Neste caso, esta grande massa continental do Supercontinente Columbia, composta pelo proto-Cráton Amazônico, Báltica e Laurentia, pode ter permanecida unida por, pelo menos, 400 Ma. / The Amazonian Craton is an important component in Paleoproterozoic reconstructions, however, paleomagnetic data for this craton are yet scarce. Aiming to decipher the involvement of the Amazonian Craton in the Contiental cycle evolution, paleomagnetic studies were carried out in four Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic geological units. The chosen units are the volcanic rocks from the Surumu Group (1,980-1,960 Ma, U-Pb), the Avanavero mafic sills (ca. 1,780 Ma, U-Pb), both from the northern Roraima State (Guyana Shield), and the Nova Guarita dyke swarm and Guadalupe mafic intrusive, both from the northern Mato Grosso State (Central- Brazil Shield). 40Ar/39Ar determinations on biotites from samples belonging to four Nova Guarita dykes yielded well-defined plateau ages whose mean 1,418.5 ± 3.5 Ma is interpreted as the age of dyke intrusion. U-Pb (SHRIMP) determinations on rocks from the Guadalupe mafic Intrusive indicate a minimum age of 1,530 Ma for this unit. Paleomagnetic analysis performed on more than 1,100 specimens by thermal and alternating magnetic field (AF) treatments revealed stable characteristic remanent magnetizions (ChRM) for all geological units: (1) northwestern directions with positive inclinations were isolated for samples from the Surumu Group (mean: Dm = 298.6°, Im = 39.4°, N = 20, alpha95 = 10.1°, K = 11.4), which were interpreted to be primary. (2) Southeastern directions with low downward/upward inclinations were isolated for the Avanavero rocks, for which a mean direction was calculated: Dm=135.6°, Im = -2.1° (N=10, alpha95 = 15.9°, K = 10.2°). A positive baked contact test attests for the primary origin of this ChRM direction, which was probably acquired at about 1,780 Ma ago; (3) both south/southwestern directions with downward inclinations or northeastern directions with upward inclinations were isolated for the Nova Guarita dykes. A positive baked contact test attests for the primary nature of the ChRM directions (Dm = 220.5°, Im = 45.9°, N=19, alpha95=6.5°, K = 27.7) which most probably correspond to a termo-remanent magnetization (TRM) acquired at ca. 1,419 Ma ago; 10 (4) both northwest/northeastern directions with downward inclinations or outhsoutheastern directions with upward inclinations were isolated for rocks from the Guadalupe intrusive, whose mean direction is: Dm=356.6°, Im=59.4°, (N =10, alpha95=10.2°, K = 23.2). The age of this component is yet uncertain. U-Pb geochronology suggests an age of (or older than) 1,530 Ma for these rocks, however, a remagnetization effect at Cambrian times (520 Ma) cannot be rolled out as these directions are very similar to those found for younger geological units in the Amazonian Craton and Sao Francisco Craton. Four new paleomagnetic poles for the Amazonian Craton were obtained from these magnetic components, which are located at: 234.8°E, 27.4°N (A95=9.8°) (GS pole, Surumu Group), 27.5°E, 45.8°S (A95=11.5°) (AV pole, Avanavero), 245.9°E, 47.9°S (A95=7.0°) (NG pole, Nova Guarita) and 306.2°E, 38.9°N (A95 = 13.7°) (GUA pole, Guadalupe). The 1,960 Ma Surumu pole contributes to better define the APW path traced for the Guyana Shield in the time interval between 2,070 Ma and 1,960 Ma. Comparison of this APW path with that traced for West-Africa Craton for the same time interval suggests that these two cratonic blocks were linked together, in a paleogeography where the Guri (Guyana Shield) and Sassandra (West-Africa Craton) shear zones are aligned, as suggested by previous models. The Avanavero pole is consistent with the proto-Amazonian Craton and Baltica link as in the SAMBA (South America-Baltica) model at ca. 1,780 Ma ago, as previously proposed based on geological evidence. In the scenario proposed here for the Columbia Supercontinent at 1,780 Ma ago, the West-Africa Craton was linked to the proto-Amazonian Craton in the same configuration as suggested by Paleoproterozoic (1,960-2,000 Ma) paleomagnetic data (see above). Actual eastern Laurentia was linked to northern Baltica. Siberia was located at the actual Arctic Coast of Laurentia, and proto-Australia at the western coast of Laurentia, in a position similar to that of SWEAT model. Although available 1,780 Ma paleomagnetic data from North China and India indicate low paleolatitudes for these two blocks, their positions in the supercontinent Columbia are yet uncertain. In our model, North China is located beside Siberia, and India beside proto-Australia, based on geological evidences. Other cratonic blocks, such as Congo-Sao Francisco, Kalahari and Rio de la Plata were not included as no 1,780 Ma paleomagnetic poles are presently available for them. The paleomagnetic poles presently available for Baltica and Laurentia, show that these two blocks remained as a single continental mass since 1,830 Ma up to at least 1,270 Ma. However, the 1,419 Ma Nova Guarita pole and the recently published 1,416 Ma Indiavai pole from the Amazonian Craton, when compared with poles of similar age from Baltica and Laurentia suggest that the proto-Amazonian Craton had already broke-up from the Columbia Supercontinent at that time. Alternatively, the difference in the position of the 1,420 Ma poles from the proto-Amazonian Craton and those from Baltica/Laurentia, may be explained by dextral transcurrent movements between the Guyana Shield and the southern part of the Amazonian Craton at times later than 1,420 Ma. If so, this great continental mass, formed by proto-Amazonian Craton, Baltica and Laurentia may have remained as a single continental block for at least 400 Ma.