Em lavra a céu aberto, a diluição nem sempre é um fator analisado e calculado sistematicamente, muitas vezes é apenas um número ajustado para atender necessidades de auditorias, por exemplo. A diluição, assim como a perda, são fatores que devem ser sempre considerados nas estimativas de teores e massas para quantificação de reservas. Estes fatores andam sempre conjugados e são determinados considerando diversas particularidades do depósito (complexidade geológica, geometria do corpo de minério, dureza da rocha, etc.) e características da operação (equipamentos, geometria de cava, habilidade dos operadores, entre outros). O principal objetivo deste estudo é a determinação de um fator de diluição que possa ser utilizado no planejamento de lavra (modelo de estimativas), levando em consideração diversas particularidades do depósito e da operação, além de considerar fatores objetivos relacionados à geometria. A reconciliação pode ser definida como uma comparação entre teores e massas estimados no modelo de blocos com as medidas reais dos teores e massas produzidos, dentro de um mesmo volume. O processo de reconciliação de teor e massa entre o planejamento e o executado atua como uma maneira para verificar se o planejamento está adequado, e se não estiver, identificar onde se encontram os problemas de falta de aderência. Além de verificar a confiabilidade dos procedimentos de construção do modelo utilizado, a reconciliação permite definir medidas corretivas e priorizá-las para aproximar os resultados entre produção e o planejamento. Para saber se o fator de diluição utilizado está correto e adequado às necessidades do depósito é necessário primeiramente, saber se existe uma boa aderência na reconciliação entre planejado e executado. Com o resultado, é possível saber quais fatores estão sendo causadores de diluição e/ou perdas de minério e onde estes estão ocorrendo. O fator de diluição pode ser uma ferramenta muito positiva se aplicado de maneira correta, já que este varia a partir de diferentes etapas ao longo do planejamento de mina, influenciando áreas a serem mineradas, orçamentos, eficiência da produção e também melhora do resultado financeiro do projeto. / In open pit mining, not always the dilution is a factor analyzed and systematically calculated, often is only a number adjusted for attending the needs of audits, for example. The dilution, as well as loss, are factors that should be always considered for tonnage and grade estimates during mine planning. These factors are always associated and can be determined considering several particularities of the deposit (like geology complexity, orebody geometry, rock hardness, etc.) and the operation itself (e.g. mining equipment, pit design, experience, among others). The main objective of this study is to determine a dilution factor that can be used in mine planning (estimation model), taking into consideration those particularities of the deposit and operation, besides considering objective factors related to the geometry. Reconciliation could be defined as a comparison of predicted grade and tonnage from the block model estimates against the effective measures of mined mass and produced ore, within a block. The reconciliation process of grade and mass of planning against executed is a way to check if planning is appropriate, and if not, identify where the problems of lack of adherence are. In addition to checking the reliability of the procedures used in the block model creation, reconciliation allows one to define corrective measures and prioritize them to optimize production and planning. To understand if the dilution factor used is correct and appropriate to the needs of the deposit it is first required knowing if there is a good adherence in reconciliation between planned and executed. With the results, is possible to know which factors are causing dilution and/or losses of ore and where they are occurring. The dilution factor can become a very positive tool if better assessed, because it varies from different locations along the mine planning, influencing areas to be mined; budgets; production efficiency and also profit increase.

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Orientador: Elizabeth Romagosa / Banca: Antonio Fernando Gervásio Lenardo / Banca: Newton Castagnolli / Resumo: A motilidade espermática é um fator chave para a determinação da qualidade do sêmen e sua capacidade de fertilização. Vários fatores influenciam a motilidade espermática como: espécie estudada, qualidade dos gametas, tipo, volume, temperatura e pH da solução ativadora. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito que a temperatura da solução ativadora e, a relação volume de sêmen:água exercem sob a duração da motilidade espermática. Foram utilizados 12 machos de curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus com peso e comprimento padrão médio de 405,83 ± 134,20 g, 25,63 ± 3,19cm, respectivamente. Os reprodutores receberam duas doses de extrato de hipófise de carpa (dose inicial de 0,5 mg.kg-1 e final de 5,0 mg.kg-1). Do sêmen dos 12 machos foi realizado um "pool" e, analisada a concentração e o índice de sobrevivência espermática, bem como, a duração da motilidade espermática. Para o primeiro ensaio foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram compostos pelos volumes de sêmen provenientes do "pool" e a água nas proporções de: 1:1, 1:2, 1:20, 1:200, 1:2000, 1:20000 e 1:100000SL, respectivamente. O segundo ensaio utilizou um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado os tratamentos foram constituídos por alíquotas de 5μL do "pool" de sêmen e, adicionadas a 200μL de solução ativadora nas seguintes temperaturas: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 e 50°C. A duração da motilidade espermática do curimbatá, P. lineatus teve um comportamento linear ascendente em função do aumento da diluição a partir de 1:2SL sêmen:água (23,04s), até atingir o valor máximo estudado que foi de 1:100.000SL sêmen:água, com a duração da motilidade espermática de 28,83s Os melhores resultados de duração da motilidade espermática em função da temperatura da solução ativadora foram obtidos ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sperm motility is a key element to qualify semen and its fertilization capacity. Several factors act on sperm motility such as studied species, gametes quality, kind, volume, temperature and pH of activation swimming solution. That way, this study had as a goal evaluate the efect that the temperature of active solution and semen:water volume roll exert on the sperm motility duration. Twelve male curimbatás, Prochilodus lineatus with average weight and medium standard length of 405,83 ± 134,20 g, 25,63 ± 3,19cm, respectively were used. Reproducers got two doses of pituitary extract from carp (initial dose of 0,5 mg.kg-1 and final of 5,0 mg.kg- 1). Whit the semen of those 12 male animals was made a pool and analysed its concentration and spermatic survival index and also sperm motility duration. For the first analysis it was utilized an experimental design entirely randomized and treatments were compound by semen volume deriving from that pool and the water on the proportion of 1:1, 1:2, 1:20, 1:200, 1:2000, 1:20000 e 1:100000SL, respectively. The second analysis utilized an experimental delineation entirely randomized, treatment were composed by 5μL from the pool of the semen and added to a 200μL active solution on the following temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 e 50°C. Sperm motility duration of "curimbatá", P. lineatus had an ascendent linear behavior in function of dilution increasing from 1:2SL semen:water (23,04s), until it gets the maximum studied value that was 1:100.000SL semen:water with the sperm motility duration of 28,83s. Best results of sperm motility duration in function of active solution temperature were gotten in temperature of 20°C wich provided a medium duration of motility of 22,51 ± 0,79 seconds. / Mestre

Em lavra a céu aberto, a diluição nem sempre é um fator analisado e calculado sistematicamente, muitas vezes é apenas um número ajustado para atender necessidades de auditorias, por exemplo. A diluição, assim como a perda, são fatores que devem ser sempre considerados nas estimativas de teores e massas para quantificação de reservas. Estes fatores andam sempre conjugados e são determinados considerando diversas particularidades do depósito (complexidade geológica, geometria do corpo de minério, dureza da rocha, etc.) e características da operação (equipamentos, geometria de cava, habilidade dos operadores, entre outros). O principal objetivo deste estudo é a determinação de um fator de diluição que possa ser utilizado no planejamento de lavra (modelo de estimativas), levando em consideração diversas particularidades do depósito e da operação, além de considerar fatores objetivos relacionados à geometria. A reconciliação pode ser definida como uma comparação entre teores e massas estimados no modelo de blocos com as medidas reais dos teores e massas produzidos, dentro de um mesmo volume. O processo de reconciliação de teor e massa entre o planejamento e o executado atua como uma maneira para verificar se o planejamento está adequado, e se não estiver, identificar onde se encontram os problemas de falta de aderência. Além de verificar a confiabilidade dos procedimentos de construção do modelo utilizado, a reconciliação permite definir medidas corretivas e priorizá-las para aproximar os resultados entre produção e o planejamento. Para saber se o fator de diluição utilizado está correto e adequado às necessidades do depósito é necessário primeiramente, saber se existe uma boa aderência na reconciliação entre planejado e executado. Com o resultado, é possível saber quais fatores estão sendo causadores de diluição e/ou perdas de minério e onde estes estão ocorrendo. O fator de diluição pode ser uma ferramenta muito positiva se aplicado de maneira correta, já que este varia a partir de diferentes etapas ao longo do planejamento de mina, influenciando áreas a serem mineradas, orçamentos, eficiência da produção e também melhora do resultado financeiro do projeto. / In open pit mining, not always the dilution is a factor analyzed and systematically calculated, often is only a number adjusted for attending the needs of audits, for example. The dilution, as well as loss, are factors that should be always considered for tonnage and grade estimates during mine planning. These factors are always associated and can be determined considering several particularities of the deposit (like geology complexity, orebody geometry, rock hardness, etc.) and the operation itself (e.g. mining equipment, pit design, experience, among others). The main objective of this study is to determine a dilution factor that can be used in mine planning (estimation model), taking into consideration those particularities of the deposit and operation, besides considering objective factors related to the geometry. Reconciliation could be defined as a comparison of predicted grade and tonnage from the block model estimates against the effective measures of mined mass and produced ore, within a block. The reconciliation process of grade and mass of planning against executed is a way to check if planning is appropriate, and if not, identify where the problems of lack of adherence are. In addition to checking the reliability of the procedures used in the block model creation, reconciliation allows one to define corrective measures and prioritize them to optimize production and planning. To understand if the dilution factor used is correct and appropriate to the needs of the deposit it is first required knowing if there is a good adherence in reconciliation between planned and executed. With the results, is possible to know which factors are causing dilution and/or losses of ore and where they are occurring. The dilution factor can become a very positive tool if better assessed, because it varies from different locations along the mine planning, influencing areas to be mined; budgets; production efficiency and also profit increase.

Em lavra a céu aberto, a diluição nem sempre é um fator analisado e calculado sistematicamente, muitas vezes é apenas um número ajustado para atender necessidades de auditorias, por exemplo. A diluição, assim como a perda, são fatores que devem ser sempre considerados nas estimativas de teores e massas para quantificação de reservas. Estes fatores andam sempre conjugados e são determinados considerando diversas particularidades do depósito (complexidade geológica, geometria do corpo de minério, dureza da rocha, etc.) e características da operação (equipamentos, geometria de cava, habilidade dos operadores, entre outros). O principal objetivo deste estudo é a determinação de um fator de diluição que possa ser utilizado no planejamento de lavra (modelo de estimativas), levando em consideração diversas particularidades do depósito e da operação, além de considerar fatores objetivos relacionados à geometria. A reconciliação pode ser definida como uma comparação entre teores e massas estimados no modelo de blocos com as medidas reais dos teores e massas produzidos, dentro de um mesmo volume. O processo de reconciliação de teor e massa entre o planejamento e o executado atua como uma maneira para verificar se o planejamento está adequado, e se não estiver, identificar onde se encontram os problemas de falta de aderência. Além de verificar a confiabilidade dos procedimentos de construção do modelo utilizado, a reconciliação permite definir medidas corretivas e priorizá-las para aproximar os resultados entre produção e o planejamento. Para saber se o fator de diluição utilizado está correto e adequado às necessidades do depósito é necessário primeiramente, saber se existe uma boa aderência na reconciliação entre planejado e executado. Com o resultado, é possível saber quais fatores estão sendo causadores de diluição e/ou perdas de minério e onde estes estão ocorrendo. O fator de diluição pode ser uma ferramenta muito positiva se aplicado de maneira correta, já que este varia a partir de diferentes etapas ao longo do planejamento de mina, influenciando áreas a serem mineradas, orçamentos, eficiência da produção e também melhora do resultado financeiro do projeto. / In open pit mining, not always the dilution is a factor analyzed and systematically calculated, often is only a number adjusted for attending the needs of audits, for example. The dilution, as well as loss, are factors that should be always considered for tonnage and grade estimates during mine planning. These factors are always associated and can be determined considering several particularities of the deposit (like geology complexity, orebody geometry, rock hardness, etc.) and the operation itself (e.g. mining equipment, pit design, experience, among others). The main objective of this study is to determine a dilution factor that can be used in mine planning (estimation model), taking into consideration those particularities of the deposit and operation, besides considering objective factors related to the geometry. Reconciliation could be defined as a comparison of predicted grade and tonnage from the block model estimates against the effective measures of mined mass and produced ore, within a block. The reconciliation process of grade and mass of planning against executed is a way to check if planning is appropriate, and if not, identify where the problems of lack of adherence are. In addition to checking the reliability of the procedures used in the block model creation, reconciliation allows one to define corrective measures and prioritize them to optimize production and planning. To understand if the dilution factor used is correct and appropriate to the needs of the deposit it is first required knowing if there is a good adherence in reconciliation between planned and executed. With the results, is possible to know which factors are causing dilution and/or losses of ore and where they are occurring. The dilution factor can become a very positive tool if better assessed, because it varies from different locations along the mine planning, influencing areas to be mined; budgets; production efficiency and also profit increase.

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The aim of thesis was to establish a methodology for 210Pb measurements by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The potential application is to measure 210Pb in people who have been exposed to radon. This will better our understanding of radon toxicity, which is not possible now with current radiometric and mass spectrometry techniques. The determination of 210Pb by AMS was done in two major studies 1) Studying Pb chemistry in a Cs+ sputter source used in AMS and 2) Evaluating 204,205 & 208Pb spikes for the quantification of 210Pb by isotope dilution. Pb chemistry was investigated using an 834 SIMS-type and a SO-110 Cs+ sputter source at the IsoTrace Laboratory and A.E Lalonde AMS facility, respectively. Different molecular anions of Pb were studied with the 834 SIMS-type Cs+ sputter source and the strongest molecular anion current of Pb and thus greatest ionization efficiency was achieved form the superhalogen PbF3-. The average 208PbF3- current was unaffected by varying the ratio of the fluorinating compounds (AgF2 and CsF) packed into a target. The average current of 208PbF3- was reproducibly increased by chemically mixing the targets of AgF2, CsF and PbF2 in concentrated HF rather than mechanically mixing them the powders with a stir rod. The count rate of 210Pb reproducibly increased by a factor of 20 when μg quantities of PbF2 were present in mg AMS targets compared to AMS targets that had pg quantities of PbF2. The average current of 208PbF3- for pure PbF2 targets in an SO-100 Cs+ sputter source was reproducibly increased when the Cs+ flux was decreased by a factor of 10. This phase of my work maximized the overall efficiency of PbF3-, to a value of 1.8x10-10 ±8x10-11s-, which was a key first step in the measurement by AMS. Then isotope dilution was tested to quantify 210Pb and the next stage of my work evaluated the use of 204,205 & 208Pb spikes. 210Pb was measured in the +3 charge state by isotope dilution assays using 204,205 & 208Pb spikes. 204Pb+3 reproducibly suffered from the molecular interference from 68Zn3+3, which could not be easily removed without negatively impacting the detection limit for 210Pb. 205Pb+3 continually suffered from 205Tl+3 interference which could be readily be removed but not without negatively affecting the II detection limit for 210Pb. 208Pb+3 suffers from no molecular interferences but if a large amount of 208Pb is needed to swamp the Pb in a sample, this could limit the detection limit for 210Pb as the abundance sensitivity is 210Pb/208Pb=1.3×10-12. A calibration curve is required when 208Pb is used as a spike due to a difference in collection efficiency of a Faraday cup, where 208Pb+3 is detected and the gas ionization chamber, where 210Pb+3 is detected. The quantification of 210Pb with 208Pb as a spike yielded a detection limit of 4.4mBq at the IsoTrace facility. A theoretical detection limit of ≤0.11mBq is expected at the A.E Lalonde AMS facility. The expected detection limit at the A.E Lalonde AMS facility is on par with α-spectroscopy but AMS samples can be counted in less than 1 hour whereas alpha spectrometry samples must be counted for about 1 day.

The ability to generate a range of concentrations of various solutions rapidly and conveniently is an ongoing need in biotechnology. In this thesis we demonstrate how we took advantage of the full process control afforded by our recent custom high resolution 3D printer and resin advances to realize highly integrated and miniaturized microfluidic components for simultaneous on-chip serial dilution for dose-response assays. With judicious selection of mixed layer thicknesses and pixel-by-pixel dose control, we show that the diameter of 3D printed membrane valves can be reduced from 300 µm to 46 µm. We further introduce an entirely new kind of 3D printed valve, termed a squeeze valve, in which the active area is reduced still further to 15 µm x 15 µm. We demonstrate and characterize pumps based on each type of valve and introduce a short (<1 mm long) high aspect ratio channel that enables rapid diffusion-based mixing. We show that combining two pumps with this diffusion mixing channel results in a highly compact 1:1 mixer component. Connecting 10 of these components in series yields a miniature 10 stage 2-fold microfluidic serial dilution module that from two solution inputs simultaneously generates 10 output concentrations that cover three orders of magnitude. We show the efficacy of our serial dilution approach by demonstrating an assay for dose-dependent permeabilization of A549 cells in different concentrations of digitonin integrated into a single device. Our demonstration of component miniaturization in conjunction with a high degree of integration illustrates the promise of 3D printing to enable highly functional and compact microfluidic devices for a variety of biomolecular applications.

Life in oceans originated about 3.5 billion years ago where microbes were the only life form for two thirds of the planet’s existence. Apart from being abundant and diverse, marine microbes are involved in nearly all biogeochemical processes and are vital to sustain all life forms. With the overgrowing number of data arising from culture-independent studies, it became necessary to improve culturing techniques in order to obtain pure cultures of the environmentally significant bacteria to back up the findings and test hypotheses. Particularly in the ultra-oligotrophic Red Sea, the ubiquitous SAR11 bacteria has been reported to account for more than half of the surface bacterioplankton community. It is therefore highly likely that SAR11, and other microbial life that exists have developed special adaptations that enabled them to thrive successfully. Advances in conventional culturing have made it possible for abundant, unculturable marine bacteria to be grown in the lab. In this study, we analyzed the effectiveness of the media LNHM and AMS1 in isolating marine bacteria from the Red Sea, particularly members of the SAR11 clade. SAR11 strains obtained from this study AMS1, and belonged to subgroup 1a and phylotype 1a.3. We also obtained other interesting strains which should be followed up with in the future. In the long run, results from this study will enhance our knowledge of the pelagic ecosystem and allow the impacts of rising temperatures on marine life to be understood.

Magister Legum - LLM / The rights relating to a trademark are said to be found in the fact that proprietors have acquired goodwill and a repute in their mark. Trademark law has always protected that aspect of what a trademark embodied, inter alia, to serve as a symbol of where a product originates from and guarantee quality by the setting the registered trademark proprietor’s goods apart from those of his competitor. The dilution of a trademark is one of the most challenging issues facing the sphere of trademark law in South Africa. Trademark proprietors have in the past relied successfully on primary and secondary or extended infringement. There has, however, been a dearth of cases on infringement by dilution thus far. The research in this study will primarily take the form of an evaluation of the development of the anti-dilution action and why there is dearth of successful cases in South Africa. Trademark proprietors are at risk of suffering financial loss if they are not able to protect their marks from dilution. The thesis will make recommendations whether the dilution provision contained in the Act need reform or whether the approach to the application of the anti-dilution provisions by our judiciary needs to change.