This thesis presents a comprehensive study on the thermal modelling aspects of laser transmission welding of thermoplastics (LTW), a technology for joining of plastic parts. In the LTW technique, a laser beam passes through the laser-transmitting part and is absorbed within a thin layer in the laser-absorbing part. The heat generated at the interface of the two parts melts a thin layer of the plastic and, with applying appropriate clamping pressure, joining occurs. Transient thermal models for the LTW process were developed and solved by the finite element method (FEM). Input to the models included temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties that were adopted from well-known sources, material suppliers, or obtained by conducting experiments. In addition, experimental and theoretical studies were conducted to estimate the optical properties of the materials such as the absorption coefficient of the laser-absorbing part and light scattering by the laser-transmitting part. Lap-joint geometry was modelled for semi crystalline (polyamide - PA6) and amorphous (polycarbonate - PC) materials. The thermal models addressed the heating and cooling stages in a laser welding process with a stationary and moving laser beam. An automated ANSYS® script and MATLAB® codes made it possible to input a three-dimensional (3D), time-varying volumetric heat-generation term to model the absorption of a moving diode-laser beam. The result was a 3D time-transient, model of the laser transmission welding process implemented in the ANSYS® FEM environment. In the thermal imaging experiments, a stationary or moving laser beam was located in the proximity of the side surface of the two parts being joined in a lap-joint configuration. The side surface was then observed by the thermal imaging camera. For the case of the stationary beam, the laser was activated for 10 s while operating at a low power setting. For the case of the moving beam, the beam was translated parallel to the surface observed by the camera. The temperature distribution of a lap joint geometry exposed to a stationary and moving diode-laser beam, obtained from 3D thermal modelling was then compared with the thermal imaging observations. The predicted temperature distribution on the surface of the laser-absorbing part observed by the thermal camera agreed within 3C with that of the experimental results. Predicted temperatures on the laser-transmitting part surface were generally higher by 15C to 20C. This was attributed to absorption coefficient being set too high in the model for this part. Thermal imaging of the soot-coated laser-transmitting part surface indicated that significantly more scattering and less absorption takes place in this part than originally assumed. For the moving laser beam, good model match with the experiments (peak temperatures predicted within 1C) was obtained for some of the process conditions modelled for PA6 parts. In addition, a novel methodology was developed to extract the scattered laser beam power distribution from the thermal imaging observations of the moving laser beam. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-10-08 10:39:30.952

Le phénomène d'interférométrie par réinjection optique, ou effet self-mixing dans un laser permet de concevoir des capteurs non-invasifs, auto-alignés, ne nécessitant que peu d'éléments optiques et simples à implémenter. Ce type de capteur permet de mesurer avec la précision propre à l'interférométrie laser le déplacement, la vitesse ou la position de cibles dite coopératives (cibles réfléchissantes ou fortement diffusantes). Dans cette étude, ce type de capteurs est appliqué à la mesure de profil d'écoulement des fluides dans des microcanaux. Le faible coût et la polyvalence des capteurs à réinjection optique sont d'un grand intérêt dans l'industrie biomédicale et chimique, ainsi que pour la recherche en mécanique des fluides. Dans un premier temps, et en se basant sur les études réalisées dans des macro-canaux, nous avons proposé un modèle d'interferométrie par réinjection optique dans une diode laser lorsque la cible est constitué de particules en mouvement, en suspension dans un liquide. A partir de ce modèle, nous avons étudié expérimentalement l'impact du volume de mesure ainsi que du type de particules (taille et concentration) sur le signal mesuré. Nous avons ensuite proposé des méthodes de traitement du signal permettant de calculer le calcul du débit du fluide, ainsi que sous certaines conditions identifiées, la vitesse locale en tout point d'un microcanal. Ces études préliminaires nous ont permis de reconstruire le profil d'écoulement de différents liquides dans des canaux de 320µm de diamètre. Enfin, nous avons comparé les performances du capteur développé dans cette thèse avec un capteur basé sur la technique du Dual-Slit, technique déjà validée pour la microfluidique, en mesurant le profil d'écoulement dans un canal à section rectangulaire de 100x20µm.

Leur grande efficacité et leur directivité font des lasers des sources optiques extrêmement dangereuses pour l' oeil humain. Cependant il existe une bande spectrale s'étendant de 1,5 à 1,55 µm où le seuil d'endommagement de l'oeil est plus élevé et où les risques encourus sont moins importants. Cette bande spectrale est dite à " sécurité oculaire ". Un laser solide pompé par diode laser émettant dans cette bande spectrale doit trouver de nombreuses applications dans les domaines de la détection d' obstacles et de la télémétrie. Ce travail a donc pour objectif d' étudier théoriquement et de valider expérimentalement un tel laser à sécurité oculaire pompé par diode laser de puissance fondé sur l'utilisation d'un verre codopé erbium et ytterbium. Ce laser fonctionne en régime continu et déclenché mécaniquement. En régime continu une puissance de 100 mW avec un faisceau gaussien parfait a été obtenue pour une puissance de pompe absorbée de 650 mW. En régime déclenché par insertion dans la cavité d'un disque tournant, nous avons obtenu une puissance crête de 120W sur une impulsion de 35 ns de largeur à mi-hauteur et en régime déclenché par insertion d'un diapason dans la cavité, nous avons obtenu une puissance crête de 50 W sur une impulsion de 60 ns de largeur à mi-hauteur. Les résultats intéressants obtenus en régime déclenché nous ont permis de réaliser un télémètre à sécurité oculaire.

Le phénomène d’interférométrie par réinjection optique, ou effet self-mixing dans un laser permet de concevoir des capteurs non-invasifs, auto-alignés, ne nécessitant que peu d’éléments optiques et simples à implémenter. Ce type de capteur permet de mesurer avec la précision propre à l’interférométrie laser le déplacement, la vitesse ou la position de cibles dite coopératives (cibles réfléchissantes ou fortement diffusantes). Dans cette étude, ce type de capteurs est appliqué à la mesure de profil d’écoulement des fluides dans des microcanaux. Le faible coût et la polyvalence des capteurs à réinjection optique sont d’un grand intérêt dans l’industrie biomédicale et chimique, ainsi que pour la recherche en mécanique des fluides. Dans un premier temps, et en se basant sur les études réalisées dans des macro-canaux, nous avons proposé un modèle d’interferométrie par réinjection optique dans une diode laser lorsque la cible est constitué de particules en mouvement, en suspension dans un liquide. A partir de ce modèle, nous avons étudié expérimentalement l’impact du volume de mesure ainsi que du type de particules (taille et concentration) sur le signal mesuré. Nous avons ensuite proposé des méthodes de traitement du signal permettant de calculer le calcul du débit du fluide, ainsi que sous certaines conditions identifiées, la vitesse locale en tout point d’un microcanal. Ces études préliminaires nous ont permis de reconstruire le profil d’écoulement de différents liquides dans des canaux de 320µm de diamètre. Enfin, nous avons comparé les performances du capteur développé dans cette thèse avec un capteur basé sur la technique du Dual-Slit, technique déjà validée pour la microfluidique, en mesurant le profil d’écoulement dans un canal à section rectangulaire de 100x20µm. / The phenomenon of optical feedback interferometry (OFI) or self-mixing effect in a laser is used to design non-invasive and self-aligned sensors, requiring only few optical elements and simple to implement. This type of sensor is used to measure the displacement, velocity or position of cooperative targets (reflective or strongly scattering targets). In this study, this phenomenom is applied to the measurement of fluid flow profile in microchannels. The low cost and versatility of optical feedback sensors are of great interest in biomedical and chemical industry as well as research in fluid mechanics. Based on studies in macro-channels, we proposed first a theoretical model of OFI in a laser diode when the target consists of moving particles suspended in a liquid. Based on this model, we then studied experimentally the impact of the sensor’s sensing volume and the type of particles (size and concentration) on the OFI signal. We then proposed signal processing methods for calculating the fluid flow rate, as well as the local velocity at any point in a microchannel. These preliminary studies allowed us to reconstruct the flow profile of different liquids flowing in a circular channel of 320μm diameter. Finally, we compared the performance of the sensor developed in this thesis with a sensor based on the Dual-Slit technique, which has been already validated for microchannels, by measuring the flow profile in a rectangular shaped channel (100x20µm).

Laser joining processes, such as brazing and welding, are a common application in industry, especially in the automotive industry. These processes are the key to lightweight and efficient design with regard to the automotive industry. There, laser brazing is used mainly for visible joints due to the superior paint adhesion and surface roughness of brazed joints compared to welds. As laser brazing is applied in the automotive industry without using any fluxes or shielding gas, this leads to a difficulty in maintaining and ensuring the quality of brazed joints.

A presença de microrganismos no interior do sistema de canais radiculares é a principal causa do fracasso na terapia endodôntica. A importância da sanificação durante o preparo do canal fica clara, portanto. Dentre os microrganismos isolados nos casos de insucesso o Enterococcus faecalis é comumente encontrado. O E. faecalis é um microrganismo resistente à terapia endodôntica, à medicação intracanal de hidróxido de cálcio e sua presença contribui para o insucesso em Endodontia. A radiação laser apresenta características antimicrobianas que podem auxiliar no tratamento endodôntico. Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o grau de descontaminação provocado pelo uso do laser de diodo de alta potência na dentina radicular em profundidade, após preparo químico-cirúrgico in vitro. Foram utilizadas 30 raízes de dentes unirradiculares ? esterilizadas em autoclave - que depois de inoculadas por E. faecalis cepa ATCC 29212 durante 4 semanas, foram divididas em 3 grupos: grupo 1 instrumentação rotatória - K3 (Sybron Endo, Orange, CA, EUA) com hipoclorito de sódio 0,5 % e creme Endo PTC, irrigação final com EDTA-T 17 % e posterior irradiação com laser de diodo de alta potência com comprimento de onda 830 nm na potência de 3 W por 5 s com 4 repetições segundo Gutknecht; grupo 2 instrumentação, como grupo 1, sem irradiação e grupo 3 apenas irrigação com 20 mL de solução fisiológica estéril. Os espécimes foram divididos em três terços (cervical, médio e apical), tiveram suas paredes dentinárias desgastadas por brocas Batt e as raspas, bem como o cilindro externo restante de dentina foram imersos em 1 mL de água peptonada. Assim alíquotas foram semeadas em meio seletivo mEnterococcus, em triplicata para contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias. Os resultados foram tratados estatisticamente pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis com método de comparação Dunn e apresentaram as seguintes médias: Grupo 1 ? 0, Grupo 2 ? 2,77 X 102, Grupo 3 ? 171 X 102 u.f.c./mL; com diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os 3 grupos (p<0,05). Em porcentagens, a redução da microbiota provocada pelo Grupo 1 foi de 100% e do Grupo 2 de 98,39% ambas em relação ao Grupo 3 (controle). A irradiação do laser de diodo nos parâmetros e amostras testadas foi eficaz na redução da contaminação em profundidade da dentina radicular frente ao Enterococcus faecalis. / The main cause for failure in Endodontics is the presence of microorganisms in root canal system. Enterococcus faecalis is a resistant microorganism presents in failure endodontic treatment. Therefore the disinfection plays fundamental rule in endodontic therapy. The laser irradiation presents properties that may improve the treatment success rates, reducing the microbial contamination. The aim of this study is evaluate the disinfection degree in depth caused by diode laser irradiation after chemomechanical procedures in vitro. Thirty extracted dental roots were sterilized by autoclave, inoculated by strain of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 during 4 weeks, and then randomly divided in 3 groups. Group 1: 10 specimens were instrumented by rotary files K3 (Sybron Endo, Orange, CA, USA) with 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite and urea peroxide (Endo PTC cream, Oficinalis Farmácia de Manipulação, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). At the end irrigation by 17 % EDTA-T was performed. The specimens were irradiated intracanal by diode laser 830 nm wavelength 3 W during 5 seconds, four times. Group 2: same procedures of group 1 without laser irradiation. Group 3: irrigation by saline solution. The specimens were divided in three thirds (apical, middle and cervical). Samples of dentin were obtained with carbide burs from inner canal walls of each third. The samples were immersed in 1 mL of peptonic water, and then aliquots were sowed to count viable cells in mEnterococcus agar (Difco?, Becton Drive, NJ, USA). The groups showed the following means: Group 1 ? 0, Group 2 ? 2,77 X 102 and Group 3 ? 171 X 102 CFU/mL. The disinfection degree achieved was 100 % in group 1, 98,39 % in group 2 both compared with group 3. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis with Dunn method of comparison shows better results in group with diode laser irradiation (p<0.05), followed by group 2 and 3. Irradiation by diode laser in that samples and parameters achieved disinfection improvement in root dentin depth.

A espectroscopia de emissão atômica de plasma induzido por laser (LIBS, do inglês Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) é uma técnica multi-elementar que tem ganhado destaque recentemente devido à sua facilidade de uso em diversas aplicações. Entretanto, o limite de detecção da técnica é alto para alguns elementos se comparada com outras técnicas (e.g. ICP). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é aperfeiçoar a sensibilidade de um sistema LIBS na configuração de pulso único, através da integração com a técnica de fluorescência induzida por laser (LIF). Isso é feito por meio da inserção de um laser com um comprimento de onda em uma transição ressonante do elemento cuja intensidade de emissão deseja-se ter elevada, visando a redução dos efeitos de matriz das amostras. Para este fim, foram desenvolvidos um laser de diodo contínuo de cavidade estendida e sua eletrônica de controle, almejando um sistema robusto, estável em frequência, com baixo ruído espectral e resistente a estresses mecânicos, elétricos e térmicos. Os mesmos foram integrados a um sistema LIBS para ser feita a comprovação da eficiência da técnica LIBS-LIF. / The laser-induced breakdown plasma spectroscopy (LIBS) is a multi-elemental technique that has been gainning prominence recently due to its easy usability in various applications. However, the limit of detection of this technique is high for some elements compared to other techniques (e.g. ICP). Thus, the objective of this work is to improve the sensitivity of LIBS on the single pulse configuration, through integration with the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. This is done adding a laser with a wavelength in a resonant transition of the element whose emission intensity needs to be improved, focusing on reducing the matrix effects of samples. To achieve this purpose, a continuous external cavity diode laser was developed and its control driver, aiming to create a robust system, stable in frequency, with low spectral noise and resistant to adverse mechanical, electrical and thermal stresses. Both were integrated with a LIBS system for the evaluation of the LIBS-LIF technique efficiency.

Orientador: Luis Eduardo Evangelista de Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandezApolinario_Ulices_M.pdf: 3294486 bytes, checksum: d7134abb4e7c7345ce3358e57af0e8db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nesta tese, descrevemos o desenvolvimento de um sistema laser simplificado que opera em 423 nm (baseado em um laser de diodo) e a construção de uma célula de vapor de cálcio com potencial uso em espectroscopia de alta resolução. Nosso trabalho começou com a construção de um laser de diodo em cavidade estendida operando em 846 nm e com uma potência útil de 158 mW que foi montado em configuração Littrow. Em seguida, foi duplicada a freqüência deste laser para 423 nm através de um cristal BIBO (BiB3O6), utilizado dentro de uma cavidade óptica de amplificação. A estabilização da cavidade óptica duplicadora de freqüência foi feita pela técnica de Hänsch-Couillaud para travar uma ressonância da cavidade ao laser infravermelho de entrada. Um máximo de potência de 20 mW no azul foi obtido, mas problemas relacionados ao travamento da cavidade duplicadora dificultam seu uso. Por isto, um segundo laser de diodo em cavidade estendia, similar ao anterior, mas com uma potência útil de 75 mW, foi usado com uma potência máxima de 4 mW no azul e apresentado similares dificuldades ao sistema desenvolvido anteriormente. Uma célula de vapor de cálcio foi construída tendo como fonte de átomos de cálcio um dispensador ¿Alvasource¿ da empresa ¿Alvatec¿. Uma primeira caracterização da célula através de espectroscopia de absorção foi realizada demonstrando seu potencial uso para experimentos em Física Atômica / Abstract: In this thesis, we describe the development of a simplified laser system that operates at 423 nm (based on a diode laser) and the construction of calcium vapor cell with potential use in high resolution spectroscopy. Our work began with the construction of a extended-cavity diode laser operating at 846 nm with an output of 158 mW that was mounted in Littrow configuration. Then, the laser¿s frequency was doubled to 423 nm through a BIBO (BiB3O6) crystal used within a power enhancement cavity. The stabilization of the frequency doubling cavity was made by Hänsch-Couillaud technique to lock a cavity resonance to the input infrared laser. A maximum power of 20 mW was obtained in the blue, but problems related to locking the doubling cavity hamper its use. Therefore, a second extended-cavity diode laser, similar to the above but with an output of 75 mW was tried, reaching a maximum power of 4 mW in the blue. However, it presented similar difficulties to the system developed earlier. A calcium vapor cell was constructed based on Ca ¿Alvasource¿ dispenser by ¿Alvatec¿. A first characterization of the cell by absorption spectroscopy was performed demonstrating its potential use for experiments in atomic physics / Mestrado / Ótica / Mestre em Física

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interação entre o laser de diodo de alta potência e a superfície radicular através da análise de: variação de temperatura (Fase A), morfologia superficial das raízes dentárias (Fase B), adesão e a proliferação de fibroblastos cultivados sobre estas superfícies (Fase C). Vinte e um dentes unirradiculares foram utilizados nas 3 fases dos experimentos. Os grupos experimentais foram: Grupo controle - só recebeu o tratamento inicial de raspagem e alisamento radicular; Grupo INT - recebeu o mesmo tratamento do controle seguido de irradiação com o laser de diodo de alta potência, com comprimento de onda de 808 nm e fibra óptica de 400 µm de diâmetro, posicionada paralela à superfície radicular no parâmetro de 1,5 W (597,1 W/cm 2 na ponta da fibra) durante 30 s no modo interrompido; e Grupo CW - onde foi usado o mesmo tratamento do grupo INT, porém com o laser no modo contínuo. Na fase A utilizaram-se termopares para monitorar a temperatura intrapulpar; na Fase B, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) das superfícies tratadas dos 3 grupos experimentais, e na Fase C, fibroblastos foram plaqueados sobre as superfícies tratadas e em eletromicrografias de varredura as células foram contadas em 24 (adesão), 48 e 72 h (proliferação) após o plaqueamento. A monitoração de temperatura demonstrou que, com os parâmetros utilizados, houve aumento de temperatura dentro dos limites biocompatíveis e que esse aumento foi significantemente maior no grupo CW do que no grupo INT. Nos grupos irradiados observou-se presença de smear-layer modificada, exibindo uma superfície com áreas de aspecto mais liso correspondendo às áreas de fusão e ressolidificação, entremeadas por zonas de aspecto mais corrugado. Túbulos dentinários abertos não foram observados. Os fibroblastos plaqueados sobre as superfícies irradiadas aderiram e aumentaram em número no decorrer do tempo experimental. As curvas de crescimento celular sobre as superfícies irradiadas com os dois modos do laser apresentaram comportamento biológico similar entre si e com o controle. Pode-se concluir, nas condições deste estudo, que o uso do laser de diodo de alta potência é seguro do ponto de vista térmico, e causa alterações morfológicas superficiais similares, independentemente dos modos de irradiação. Adicionalmente, essas superfícies radiculares irradiadas são biocompatíveis, possibilitando a adesão e a proliferação celular / The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between the high power diode laser and the dental root surface through the temperature variation analysis (Step A), root surface morphological observation (Step B), adhesion and proliferation of fibroblasts cultured on the top of the root surfaces (Step C). Twenty-one uniradicular teeth were used in the 3 steps of the experiments. The experimental groups were, as follows: Control group - root planning and scaling using Gracey curets; INT group - the root surfaces received the same treatment as control group followed by laser irradiation (high power diode laser, wavelength 808 nm, 400 µm optical fiber used parallel to the root surface, 1,5 W for 30 s, 597,1 W/cm 2 ), and CW - treated as the INT group however in a continuous wave. For the step A thermocouples were used; for step B, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the treated root surfaces of the 3 experimental groups, and at the Step C, fibroblasts were plated on the top of the root surfaces, and in scanning electronmicrographs the attached cells were counted 24 (adhesion), 48 e 72 h (proliferation) after plating. The temperature monitorization showed that, with the parameters used, there was an increase in temperature within the biological safety limits and, this increase was significantly higher for the CW group. At the root surfaces of irradiated groups a modified smear-layer was observed exhibiting rough areas intermingled to smooth areas corresponding to areas of fusion and resolidification of dental hard tissues. Open dentinal tubules were not observed. The fibroblasts plated on the top of the irradiated surfaces adhered and proliferated throughout the experimental time (0 to 3 days). The growth curves of the irradiated groups, independently of the irradiation mode, showed biological behavior similar between them and with the control group. At the conditions of this study, we concluded that the use of high power diode laser for root surface conditioning is thermically safe and causes similar superficial morphological changes independently of the irradiation mode used. Additionally, these root surfaces are biocompatible because did not impair the cell adhesion and growth

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver uma nova fonte de laser de diodo compacta e robusta, além de um novo drive de controle para serem utilizados em padrões primário de tempo e frequência tipo chafariz de átomo de Césio e padrões compacto baseados em átomos frios. Um dos requisitos para utilização de laser de diodo em padrões primários de tempo e frequência é sua estabilidade em frequência e baixíssimo ruído espectral. Além disto, dada à aplicação embarcada, o laser deve ser extremamente robusto com relação às condições adversas: mecânicas, térmicas e elétricas. Tanto a parte optomecânica, quanto os controles eletrônicos do novo laser foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho. Vale salientar que tal sistema, em sua concepção, é de grande interesse para diversos outros tipos de aplicação, como espectroscopia de gases (LIDAR), referências em outras frequências e experimentos de física atômica e molecular, que possuem elevados níveis de exigência com relação a ruídos espectrais. / This work has as main objective to develop a new source of diode laser compact and robust, beyond a new drive control for use in primary of time and frequency standards type cesium atom fountain and compact standards-based cold atoms. One of the requirements for the use of diode laser in primary of time and frequency standards are their stability in frequency and are very low spectral noise. Furthermore, given the embedded application, the laser must be extremely robust with respect to adverse conditions: mechanical, thermal and electrical. Both opto-mechanical part, as the electronic controls of the new laser were developed in this work. It is noteworthy that such a system, in its conception, is of great interest to many other types of applications such as spectroscopy of gases (LIDAR), references in other frequencies and experiments of atomic and molecular physics, which have high levels of demand with respect to spectral noise.