A proposta desta dissertação consiste em discutir as expressões educação inclusiva e necessidades educacionais especiais, de uso corrente no campo educacional, tendo em vista a suposição de representarem conceitos ambíguos, cuja elucidação pode ter importância para a estruturação de referências práticas para o trabalho de escolas regulares inclusivas. Pareceram noções ambíguas por não apresentarem com clareza os espaços escolares onde se realizar (se especiais ou comuns, no caso das noções sobre educação inclusiva) e público-alvo preferencial de atendimento escolar (no caso das noções sobre necessidades educacionais especiais e sua relação com a educação de deficientes e de não deficientes). Foram analisadas algumas passagens de documentos oficiais brasileiros e internacionais sobre educação escolar, especial e inclusiva, referentes a apresentação de conceitos sobre educação, aprender e ensinar, objetos de estudo principais dessa pesquisa. Definiu-se como objetivo de pesquisa analisar as noções de educação, aprender e ensinar à luz das propostas e definições encontradas nos documento estudados. Foram realizadas análises de discursos inspiradas nas proposições de Scheffler (1974), inclusive no que se refere às considerações dos discursos sobre educação como discursos gerais de base programática, cuja análise deve considerar as suas funções práticas e ético-políticas. Abordou-se também alguns autores como: Rousseau (2004), Durkheim (1952), Arendt (2005), Dewey (1959), Ryle (1968), Oakeshott (1968), Passmore (1980), Lefort (1999), Mazzotta (2001), entre outros de expressão nacional, utilizando-os como contrapondo para a discussão das noções destacadas dos documentos oficiais estudados. Entre os resultados produzidos, destacou-se a análise da expressão necessidades educacionais especiais e a possibilidade de funcionar como referência positiva para a busca de soluções para os problemas de aprendizagem e de ensino nas escolas regulares inclusivas. / It was proposed for this thesis to discuss the expressions inclusive education and special educational needs, of current use in the educational field, having in mind the supposition that they represent ambiguous concepts, whose elucidation may have importance for the structure of practical references for the work of regular inclusive schools. They may seem ambiguous ideas due to the fact that they do not clearly represent the schools where they happen (if special or common, in case of the notions about inclusive education) and the target audience of school system (in case of the notions about special educational needs and its relation with the education of handicapped and of non handicapped). Some passages of official Brazilian documents as well as international documents were analized about school education, special and inclusive, reffered to the presentation of concepts about education, learning and teaching, main objects of study of this research. It was definined as the purpose of this research to analize the notions of education, learning and teaching based on the proposals and definitions found in the documents that were studied. Discourse analisys were done based on the propositions of Scheffler (1974), also in relation to the considerations of the discourses about education as general discourse of programmatic basis, whose analysis may consider its practical as well as ethical-political functions. Some other writers were used such as: Rousseau (2004), Durkheim (1952), Arendt (2005), Dewey (1959), Ryle (1968), Oakeshott (1968), Passmore (1980), Lefort (1999), Mazzotta (2001), among others of national recognition using them as an opposition for the discussion of the notions mentioned in the official documents studied. Among the results obtained, the expression special educational needs and the possibility to use it as a positive refference to the search of solutions for the learning teaching problems at schools.

A proposta desta dissertação consiste em discutir as expressões educação inclusiva e necessidades educacionais especiais, de uso corrente no campo educacional, tendo em vista a suposição de representarem conceitos ambíguos, cuja elucidação pode ter importância para a estruturação de referências práticas para o trabalho de escolas regulares inclusivas. Pareceram noções ambíguas por não apresentarem com clareza os espaços escolares onde se realizar (se especiais ou comuns, no caso das noções sobre educação inclusiva) e público-alvo preferencial de atendimento escolar (no caso das noções sobre necessidades educacionais especiais e sua relação com a educação de deficientes e de não deficientes). Foram analisadas algumas passagens de documentos oficiais brasileiros e internacionais sobre educação escolar, especial e inclusiva, referentes a apresentação de conceitos sobre educação, aprender e ensinar, objetos de estudo principais dessa pesquisa. Definiu-se como objetivo de pesquisa analisar as noções de educação, aprender e ensinar à luz das propostas e definições encontradas nos documento estudados. Foram realizadas análises de discursos inspiradas nas proposições de Scheffler (1974), inclusive no que se refere às considerações dos discursos sobre educação como discursos gerais de base programática, cuja análise deve considerar as suas funções práticas e ético-políticas. Abordou-se também alguns autores como: Rousseau (2004), Durkheim (1952), Arendt (2005), Dewey (1959), Ryle (1968), Oakeshott (1968), Passmore (1980), Lefort (1999), Mazzotta (2001), entre outros de expressão nacional, utilizando-os como contrapondo para a discussão das noções destacadas dos documentos oficiais estudados. Entre os resultados produzidos, destacou-se a análise da expressão necessidades educacionais especiais e a possibilidade de funcionar como referência positiva para a busca de soluções para os problemas de aprendizagem e de ensino nas escolas regulares inclusivas. / It was proposed for this thesis to discuss the expressions inclusive education and special educational needs, of current use in the educational field, having in mind the supposition that they represent ambiguous concepts, whose elucidation may have importance for the structure of practical references for the work of regular inclusive schools. They may seem ambiguous ideas due to the fact that they do not clearly represent the schools where they happen (if special or common, in case of the notions about inclusive education) and the target audience of school system (in case of the notions about special educational needs and its relation with the education of handicapped and of non handicapped). Some passages of official Brazilian documents as well as international documents were analized about school education, special and inclusive, reffered to the presentation of concepts about education, learning and teaching, main objects of study of this research. It was definined as the purpose of this research to analize the notions of education, learning and teaching based on the proposals and definitions found in the documents that were studied. Discourse analisys were done based on the propositions of Scheffler (1974), also in relation to the considerations of the discourses about education as general discourse of programmatic basis, whose analysis may consider its practical as well as ethical-political functions. Some other writers were used such as: Rousseau (2004), Durkheim (1952), Arendt (2005), Dewey (1959), Ryle (1968), Oakeshott (1968), Passmore (1980), Lefort (1999), Mazzotta (2001), among others of national recognition using them as an opposition for the discussion of the notions mentioned in the official documents studied. Among the results obtained, the expression special educational needs and the possibility to use it as a positive refference to the search of solutions for the learning teaching problems at schools.

Millennials are often portrayed negatively. To better understand the role news media in perpetuating stereotypes about the generation, we surveyed articles from Sweden’s two major newspapers, Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter. Nineteen articles, published between January 2016 to April of 2017, were included in the sample. All were analysed using critical discourse analysis with Norman Fairclough’s three dimensional model. The analysis revealed several tendencies for negative depictions. For example, millennial attitudes towards work were often described as lazy and entitled. In comparisons with previous generations, reports claimed millennials were disproportionately impacted by the harmful effects of technological advancement. Importantly, when these articles contained interviews with millennials or if the writers themselves were millennials, they represented themselves and their generation’s values with the same negative, stereotypical categorisations. Although these themes were more frequent than others, other forms of interpretations of millennials are possible.