M.A. (Afrikaans) / A comparison between the narrative-fictive discourse situation and the canonical discourse situation reveals differences as well as similarities between the two modes of discourse. Every act of utterance occurs in a spatio-temporal context whose centre or zero point coincides with the speaker's here and now. The literary discourse is conducted on more than one level and this introduces more than one context into the universe of discourse. The existence of two contexts has marked implications for the use of deictic terms in the narrative text. In the first chapter of this study the deictic categories of person, time and place in the canonical situation-of-utterance is placed alongside the same categories in the narrative-fictive discourse situation. It is established that a primary as well as a fictive deictic centre exists in the latter. The second chapter deals with the structural function of the deictic categories in the narrative text of Die kremetartekspedisie. There is a continual shift between the narrating-self (the origo of the primary deictic centre) and the experiencing-self (origo of the fictive deictic centre). The pronominal reference remains in the first person and it is at the spatio-temporal level that the shift between the two selves is effected...

The aim of this dissertation is to describe the language choice among Saamis in Övre Soppero, and to relate their language choice to social and cultural factors in order to establish whetheror not there exist systematic connections. The population studied (55 informants) consists of trilingual Saamis living in the village of Övre Soppero in the far north of Sweden. The informants all speak Saami, Swedish and Finnish. The study is based on interviews and observations, i.e. partly on information provided by the informants themselves concerning language choice in different discourse situations, and partly on my own observations of their language behaviour in different contexts. Language choice has been related both to domains and discourse situations and to the social backgrounds and attitudes of the informants. A description is given of the linguistic uncertainty in different discourse situations. A discourse situation comprises the following elements: interlocutors, the role relationship between them, and the scene and/or activity. The term "domain" is an abstraction of concrete discourse situations. By linguistic uncertainty, I mean the individual's use of more than one language in one and the same discourse situation. Discourse situations are divided into the following domains: family, circle of friends, casual acquaintances, religion, free time, social participation, consumer activity and public matters. All three languages occur in all domains. In the majority of domains, there is great variation in language choice depending on the discourse situation at hand. The degree of linguistic uncertainty also varies. Discourse situations have also been divided into groups according to the degree of linguistic uncertainty, and according to whether the situation is personal or transactional. Linguistic uncertainty is low, for example, when the interlocutors' roles are unambiguous and clearly established, whereas it is high when, for example, the interlocutors' roles are ambiguous and varied. Language choice has also been related to the age, profession, education and geographic mobility of the informants. The thing that most separates the different categories of informants from each other is the fact that the youngest group and those with unspecified professional category more often speak Swedish than the other groups. The former groups have a comparatively higher level of education and are socially and geographically mobile. The group that most often uses Saami is the professional category "reindeer herders". For this group, the Saami language is primarily a means of communication, whereas the youngest informants use the Saami language as an ethnic marker. The factors that seem to have the greatest influence on language choice are, for example, whether the discourse situation is public or private, and whether the relationship between the interlocutors is intimate or not, and whether it is intra- or inter-ethnic. Of crucial importance are also the sender's age, profession, social and geographical mobility, and the sender's degree of ethnic consciousness. / digitalisering@umu