This paper deals with two-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the End Notched Flexure (ENF) specimen. The specimen is known to be unstable if the crack length is shorter than some critical crack length acr. A geometric linear two-dimensional Finite Element (FE) analysis of the ENF specimen is performed to evaluate acr for isotropic and orthotropic elastic materials, respectively. Moreover, the Mode II Energy Release Rate (ERR) JII and the compliance of the specimen are calculated. The influence of anisotropy is studied. Comparisons are made with the results from beam theory. This work is an extension of previous work.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om bedömning av negativa beteenden, tortyr och mobbing, påverkas av mekanismerna moraliskt rättfärdigande, språklig omskrivning samt förskjutning av ansvar enligt Banduras (1986) teori om moraliskt frikopplande. Ett flerfaktoriellt experiment utfördes på 195 deltagare. Deltagarna ombads bedöma hur acceptabla negativa beteenden var, genom att läsa texter där det förekom skriftliga manipulationer av studiens oberoende variabler moraliskt rättfärdigande, språklig omskrivning samt förskjutning av ansvar. Resultatet visade att moraliskt rättfärdigande samt förskjutning av ansvar hade en effekt. Tortyr bedömdes mer acceptabelt då texten manipulerats med moraliskt rättfärdigande samt förskjutning av ansvar. Även mobbing bedömdes mer acceptabelt vid manipulation av moraliskt rättfärdigande. Dock bedömdes mobbing mindre acceptabelt vid förskjutning av ansvar än vid ingen manipulation i texten. En interaktionseffekt visades i tortyrfallet, tortyr blev mer acceptabelt när moraliskt rättfärdigande och språklig omskrivning kombinerades, än vid manipulation var för sig.

In this study, settlement and seepage behavior of Muratli Dam, which is the first asphalt faced rockfill dam in Turkey, is investigated for the &ldquo / end of construction&rdquo / and &ldquo / reservoir impoundment&rdquo / loading conditions. Two dimensional plane strain finite element analyses are carried out in order to determine the total stresses, displacements and pore water pressures. Hardening soil model is used in order to represent the non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent behavior of rockfill material. Material model parameters are selected mainly referring to the previous studies on the dams consisting of similar materials and then back analyses are done to find the best fit. Calculated stresses, displacements and pore water pressures are compared with the observed values for both end of construction and reservoir filling conditions.

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the mixed-mode fracture behavior of orthotropic functionally graded material (FGM) coatings bonded to a homogeneous substrate through a homogeneous bond-coat. Analytical and computational methods are used to solve the embedded cracking problems under mechanical or thermal loading conditions. It is assumed that the material property gradation of the FGM coating is in the thickness direction and cracks are parallel to the boundaries. The principal axes of orthotropy are parallel and perpendicular to the boundaries. A single embedded crack in the orthotropic FGM coating is investigated analytically assuming that crack surfaces are subjected to either uniform normal or uniform shear stresses. Using Fourier transformations, the problem is reduced to a couple of singular integral equations that are solved numerically to obtain the mixed-mode stress intensity factors, energy release rate and crack opening displacements. To investigate the analytically untractable problems without restrictive assumptions, a computational approach is employed. The adopted computational approach is based on finite element method and displacement correlation technique. Using the computational approach, fracture parameters are obtained considering single and periodic embedded cracking conditions in the orthotropic FGM coatings under mechanical or thermal loads. The results obtained in this study show the effects of material nonhomogeneity, material orthotropy and geometric variables on the fracture behavior of the structure.

DIRECT USE OF PGV FOR ESTIMATING PEAK NONLINEAR OSCILLATOR DISPLACEMENTS K&Uuml / &Ccedil / &Uuml / KDOGAN, Bilge Recently established approximate methods for estimating the lateral deformation demands on structures are based on the prediction of nonlinear oscillator displacements (Sd,ie). In this study, a predictive model is proposed to estimate the inelastic spectral displacement as a function of peak ground velocity (PGV). Prior to the generation of the proposed model, nonlinear response history analysis is conducted on several building models of wide fundamental period range and hysteretic behavior to observe the performance of selected demands and the chosen ground-motion intensity measures (peak ground acceleration, PGA, peak ground velocity, PGV and elastic pseudo spectral acceleration at the fundamental period (PSa(T1)). Confined to the building models used and ground motion dataset, the correlation studies revealed the superiority of PGV with respect to the other intensity measures while identifying the variation in global deformation demands of structural systems (i.e., maximum roof and maximum interstory drift ratio). This rational is the deriving force for proposing the PGV based prediction model. The proposed model accounts for the variation of Sd,ie for bilinear hysteretic behavior under constant ductility (&micro / ) and normalized strength ratio (R) associated with postyield stiffness ratios of = 0% and = 5%. Confined to the limitations imposed by the ground-motion database, the predictive model can estimate Sd,ie by employing the PGV predictions obtained from the attenuation relationships. This way the influence of important seismological parameters can be incorporated to the variation of Sd,ie in a fairly rationale manner. Various case studies are presented to show the consistent estimations of Sd,ie by the proposed model using the PGV values obtained from recent ground motion prediction equations.

The objective of this study is to model and analyze a three dimensional single riveted lap joint (with and without a crack). By using finite element method, stress and fracture analyses are carried out under both the residual stress field and external tensile loading. Using a two step simulation, riveting process and subsequent tensile loading of the lap joint are simulated to determine the residual and overall stress state. Residual stress state due to riveting is obtained by interference and clamping misfit method. By employing different interference and clamping misfit values, the effects of riveting process parameters on stress state are examined. Two cracks namely the semi elliptical surface crack at faying surfaces of plates and the quarter elliptical corner crack at rivet hole are the most widely observed crack types in riveted joints. Fracture analysis of cracked riveted joints is carried out by introducing these two crack types to the outer plate at a plane perpendicular to the loading. The mixed mode stress intensity factors (SIFs) and energy release rates (G) around the crack front are obtained by using displacement correlation technique (DCT). Effects riveting process parameters (interference and clamping ratios) and geometrical parameters (crack shape and size) on fracture parameters are studied. The stress intensity factor solutions presented herein could be useful for correlating fatigue crack growth rates, fracture toughness computation, and multiple site damage (MSD) analysis in aircraft bodies.

Seismic design of highway bridges has improved as a result of the experience gained from large earthquakes of the last thirty years. Ductility demand and reserved capacity are extremely important response measures used in new bridge designs to assess target damage levels. However, the application of practical design approaches specified in bridge design codes is not well-defined for bridges over flexible foundations. Within the scope of this research, thirty two bridge models having varying column aspect ratio, amount of column longitudinal reinforcement and foundation flexibility parameters are investigated through a series of analyses such as response spectrum analysis and inelastic time-history analysis under &ldquo / safety evaluation earthquake&rdquo / hazard level with a return period of 1000 years, and push-over analysis. Using the results of analyses, seismic response of the investigated bridges are identified with several measures such as displacement capacity over demand ratio, global displacement ductility demand, and response modification factor, along with maximum concrete and steel strains of columns. A correlation between concrete and steel strains and seismic response measure values is constructed to estimate damage levels with commonly used response measures. The findings of this research revealed that global displacement ductility demand is not a favorable response measure for assessing damage levels. On the other hand, displacement capacity over demand ratios can be suggested for estimation of damage levels especially where foundation flexibility effects are extensive as system yielding is not taken into consideration.

Design recommendations for steel plate shear wall (SPSW) systems have recently been introduced into seismic provisions for steel buildings. Response modification, overstrength, and displacement amplification factors for SPSW systems presented in the design codes were based on professional experience and judgment. A numerical study has been undertaken to evaluate these factors for SPSW systems. Forty four unstiffened SPSWs possessing different geometrical characteristics were designed based on the recommendations given in the AISC Seismic Provisions. Bay width, number of stories, story mass, and steel plate thickness were considered as the prime variables that influence the response. Twenty records were selected to include the variability in ground motion characteristics. In order to provide a detailed analysis of the post-buckling response, three-dimensional finite element analyses were conducted for the 44 structures subjected to the selected suite of earthquake records. For each structure and earthquake record two analyses were conducted in which the first one includes geometrical nonlinearities and the other one includes both geometrical and material nonlinearities, resulting in a total of 1760 time history analysis. In this thesis, the details of the design and analysis methodology are given. Based on the analysis results response modification, overstrength and displacement amplification factors for SPSW systems are evaluated.

Most of the older reinforced concrete (RC) buildings have columns that are deficient when the current code requirements are considered. Therefore, performance of the columns determines the performance of the structure under the effects of earthquake induced lateral loads. It is recognized that no provision is proposed in TEC2007 to estimate the failure type called flexure-shear. Behavior of columns having probability of failing in flexure-shear failure mode is mostly underestimated by TEC2007 procedures. In addition, failure type classification of columns performed according to the linear and nonlinear procedures of TEC2007 needs to be examined with respect to the test results to cover all failure types including flexure-shear failure in order to lead the engineers develop economical and realistic retrofit solutions. In this study, different methods are explored to obtain reliable estimates for the performance of code deficient shear critical RC columns. Special considerations are given to Axial-Shear-Flexure interaction (ASFI) approach due to its mechanical background. After examination of different approaches, ASFI method with proposed modifications was selected as the most reliable model and lateral load-displacement analyses were performed on a database of shear critical columns. Findings were compared with the estimations of the nonlinear procedure given in Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC2007) for database columns. In addition, drift capacity equations and simplified safe drift capacity equations are proposed in light of statistical studies on the selected column specimens. In the last part of the study, performance evaluation of columns according to nonlinear procedures of FEMA 356, TEC2007, ASCE/SEI 41 update supplement, and EUROCODE 8 were conducted.

This study is focusing on the conflict-induced internally displaced Kurdish women&rsquo / s experiences. There has been an ongoing internal armed conflict in Turkey since 1984 and one of the consequences of this conflict is the internal displacement that occured in 1990s. In the displacement process, women and other family members were victimized. They did not only loose their homelands, but they also had to struggle in the city centers with poverty and discrimination. After they started to live in the city centers, women may become both marginalized and empowered. The aim of the study is to understand the situations that lead Kurdish women to be marginalized and/or empowered in the cities to which they have been forced to migrate. After the displacement process, which is one of the major victimization processes for these women, some of them may be trapped in ethnic and gender-based discrimination and may become more marginalized in the city centers. But marginalization and empowerment are not fixed categories and there is always a possibility for these women to transform their marginalized position into empowerment. By political engagement, working outside house and/or being head of the househod these women may break the cycle of their marginalization and becomes empowered in the city centers.