<p>Chlorite is a ferrous silicate mineral occurring as afracture filling mineral in the Swedish granite bedrock thatsurrounds the area of the candidate Swedish geologicalrepositories for nuclear waste.</p><p>To investigate the importance of chlorites as a naturalbarrier for radionuclide migration sorption of Ni(II) onto anatural chlorite was chosen as the studied system. The sorptionbehaviour was studied using batch technique under differentexperimental conditions by varying the concentration ofbackground electrolyte, pH and initial nickel concentration.Our experiments showed that sorption is dependent of pH; belowpH 4 no sorption occurs and in the pH range 7-11 the sorptionmaxima was found. The sorption shows no dependence of ionicstrength in our experiments and together with pH dependency weconclude that the sorption of nickel to chlorite is mostlyoccurring through surface complexation. The distributioncoefficient, K<i>d</i>, was determined for our results and in the range formaximal sorption the K<i>d</i>is approximately 10³cm³/g.</p><p>Our experimental data were described using a diffuse doublelayer model, including strong and weak surface sites, in thesoftware PHREECQ and the results obtained from PHREEQC werealso used for a fit of the data in the software FITEQL. Thesurface complexes that dominate the sorption of nickel tochlorite from our model are Chl_ONi⁺(weak) and for pH above 9 Chl_ONi(OH)^-(weak). Flow-through technique was used in ourinvestigations regarding the dissolution rate of a naturalchlorite and the experimental results show that the dissolutionrate of chlorite is strongly pH dependent and at pH 2 thehighest dissolution rate (R_Si) could be determined to 7• 10^-11mol/(m²s) based on silica data.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>chlorite, nickel, sorption, surfacecomplexation, dissolution rate.</p>

Chlorite is a ferrous silicate mineral occurring as afracture filling mineral in the Swedish granite bedrock thatsurrounds the area of the candidate Swedish geologicalrepositories for nuclear waste. To investigate the importance of chlorites as a naturalbarrier for radionuclide migration sorption of Ni(II) onto anatural chlorite was chosen as the studied system. The sorptionbehaviour was studied using batch technique under differentexperimental conditions by varying the concentration ofbackground electrolyte, pH and initial nickel concentration.Our experiments showed that sorption is dependent of pH; belowpH 4 no sorption occurs and in the pH range 7-11 the sorptionmaxima was found. The sorption shows no dependence of ionicstrength in our experiments and together with pH dependency weconclude that the sorption of nickel to chlorite is mostlyoccurring through surface complexation. The distributioncoefficient, Kd, was determined for our results and in the range formaximal sorption the Kdis approximately 103cm3/g. Our experimental data were described using a diffuse doublelayer model, including strong and weak surface sites, in thesoftware PHREECQ and the results obtained from PHREEQC werealso used for a fit of the data in the software FITEQL. Thesurface complexes that dominate the sorption of nickel tochlorite from our model are Chl_ONi+(weak) and for pH above 9 Chl_ONi(OH)-(weak). Flow-through technique was used in ourinvestigations regarding the dissolution rate of a naturalchlorite and the experimental results show that the dissolutionrate of chlorite is strongly pH dependent and at pH 2 thehighest dissolution rate (RSi) could be determined to 7• 10-11mol/(m2s) based on silica data. Keywords:chlorite, nickel, sorption, surfacecomplexation, dissolution rate.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Malaria remains one of the top mortality causes in the sub-Saharan African region, especially among pregnant women and infants. Despite several measures being implemented within the affected areas such as the use of treated mosquito nets, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (SULPYR) as an intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp-SP) is still considered the standard prophylactic regimen for pregnant women. Recently, the WHO increased the regimen of IPTp- SP from three to four doses on a monthly interval, this recommendation poses a potential risk of toxicity and resistance to the drugs. An improvement towards this challenge is under clinical trial and consists of the inclusion of azithromycin (AZI), a macrolide antibiotic, to the current IPTp-SP treatment regimen. This will not only aid in the prophylaxis of malaria in pregnant women but will also assist in other pregnancy related infections. All three these drugs exhibit poor aqueous solubility; requiring high concentrations for oral administration to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations. / 2024

SiO₂ is the most abundant oxide in the earth and its properties, behaviors and interactions are of immense scientific and technological importance. Of particular importance are the interactions of silica with aqueous fluids because these fluids are present in nearly every natural setting. The dissolution of silica and glass by HF plays a very important role in technology and is widely used for the etching of silica and silicate glasses in the glass industry, in the flint industry, in surface micromachining, in etching of glass fibers for near-field optical probes, in the creation of frosted surfaces for decorative applications like frosted glass and cosmetic vials. I performed 57 batch reactor experiments in acidic fluoride solutions to measure the dissolution rate of quartz. Quartz dissolution rate data from other published studies were combined with the rate data from my experiments and these 75 data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to produce an empirical rate law for quartz r_qz = 10^-4.53 (e^-18932/RT) a_HF^1.18 a_H⁺^-0.39 where -5.13 < a_HF < 1.60, -0.28 < pH < 7.18, and 25 < T < 100 °C. Similarly, 97 amorphous silica dissolution rate data from published studies were analyzed using multiple linear regression to develop an empirical rate law for amorphous silica r_as = 10^0.48 (e^-34243/RT) a_HF^1.50 a_H⁺^-0.46 where -5.13 < a_HF < 1.60, -0.28 < pH < 7.18 and 25 < T < 70 °C. An examination of the empirical rate laws suggests that the rate-determining step in the reaction mechanism involves a coordinated attack of HF and H⁺ on the Si-O bond where the H⁺ ion, acting as a Lewis acid, attacks the bridging O atom, while the F end of a HF molecule, acting as a Lewis base, attacks the Si atom. This allows a redistribution of electrons from the Si-O bond to form a O-H and a Si-FH bond, thus "breaking" the Si-O bond. In order to quantify the effect of fluoride on the dissolution of silica, I also performed a series of 81 quartz dissolution and 20 amorphous silica dissolution experiments in batch reactors over a pH range of 0 to 7 to investigate the effect of H⁺ on silica dissolution rates. Between pH 3.5 and 7 silica dissolution rates are independent of pH, but they increase significantly below pH 3.5, so that the dissolution rate of both quartz and amorphous silica at pH 0 is more than an order magnitude faster than the dissolution rate at pH 3.5. I found that the empirical rate law for the dissolution of the"disturbed surface" of quartz in the pH range of 0 to 3.5 is r_qz,pH = 10^-0.23 (e^-59392/RT) a_H⁺^0.28 where 0 < pH < 3.5 and 25 < T < 55°C. The empirical rate law for amorphous silica dissolution in the pH range 0 to 3.5 is r_qz,pH = 10^0.56 (e^-64754/RT) a_H⁺^0.40 where 0 < pH < 3.5 and 25 < T < 55°C. Based on the empirical rate laws I suggest that the rate-determining step in the reaction mechanism involves a coordinated attack of H₃O⁺, acting as a Lewis acid reacts, on a bridging O atom and the O end of a H₂O, acting as a Lewis base, on the Si atom. This results in a redistribution of electrons from the Si-O bridging bond to form two Si-OH surface species. / Ph. D.

Acid treatments have predominantly been conducted using HCl for its availability, high rock dissolving power and soluble reaction products. At high temperatures, rapid spending of the acid with carbonates prevents deeper penetration distance into the formations. Alternative fluids such as acetic and formic acid have lent themselves to retarded reaction rates, low corrosivity and reduced tendency to form acid/oil sludge in asphaltene-rich crudes but for high reaction rate problems. Chelating agents, with the added advantage of complexing with alkali-earth metals in carbonates to form water-soluble products that are thermally stable at high temperature, have been introduced as stimulation fluids. Glutamic acid diacetic acid (GLDA) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) are aminopolycarboxylic acids that were studied. To predict the spending of chelating agents relative to simple organic acids at temperatures between 150 and 250˚F, the chemical kinetics of dolomite dissolution in these acid solutions were investigated over different reaction conditions in a rotating disk apparatus. Samples of the reacted acids from the reactor were collected and then analyzed with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Analyses of the experimental data were carried out to determine kinetic parameters of the heterogeneous reactions needed for matrix stimulation of dolomitic reservoirs. Experimental results indicated that dolomite dissolution rates increased in all the acid solutions as the disk rotational speeds increased at 150, 200, and 250˚F. The dissolution of dolomite in 0.886 M GLDA was found to be surface-reaction limited at lower temperatures and mass-transfer limited at highest temperature. GLDA with the lowest reaction rates and relative diffusion coefficient demonstrated retardation before spending with deeper penetration capability for productivity and injectivity improvement.

no / The increasing prevalence of poorly soluble drugs in development provides notable risk of new products demonstrating low and erratic bioavailabilty with consequences for safety and efficacy, particularly for drugs delivered by the oral route of administration. Although numerous strategies exist for enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with low aqueous solubility, the success of these approaches is not yet able to be guaranteed and is greatly dependent on the physical and chemical nature of the molecules being developed. Crystal engineering offers a number of routes to improved solubility and dissolution rate, which can be adopted through an in-depth knowledge of crystallisation processes and the molecular properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This article covers the concept and theory of crystal engineering and discusses the potential benefits, disadvantages and methods of preparation of co-crystals, metastable polymorphs, high-energy amorphous forms and ultrafine particles. Also considered within this review is the influence of crystallisation conditions on crystal habit and particle morphology with potential implications for dissolution and oral absorption.

No description available.

MACHADO, M. O. Obtenção de micropartículas contendo dispersões sólidas de praziquantel por spray congealing. 2011. 120f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2011. A esquistossomose é uma verminose provocada pelo Schistosoma mansoni. Sua prevalência no Brasil é de aproximadamente 10 milhões de pessoas infectadas. O tratamento é feito com o praziquantel, um fármaco anti-helmíntico para uso tanto humano como veterinário. Está classificado no sistema de classificação biofarmacêutico como de classe II, dos fármacos que possuem baixa solubilidade e alta permeabilidade necessitando de um estudo para melhorar a sua solubilidade e consequentemente sua taxa de dissolução. Para isso, técnica escolhida nesse estudo foi a de obtenção de dispersões sólidas de praziquantel, microparticuladas, por spray congealing. Esta técnica prepara micropartículas atomizando-se a solução do fármaco em um carreador fundido, dispensando solventes orgânicos ou aquosos. Foram preparadas dispersões sólidas e misturas físicas com formulações de polietilenoglicol 6000:praziquantel nas proporções de 10, 15 e 20% de praziquantel e polietilenoglicol 6000:sorbitol:praziquantel nas proporções de 10, 15, 20 e 40% de praziquantel e determinou-se a sua solubilidade em todas as amostras. As dispersões sólidas preparadas obtiveram um aumento significativo na solubilidade do fármaco em relação ao praziquantel puro e as formulações com polietilenoglicol 6000 e sorbitol apresentaram uma melhoria significante de solubilidade em relação às que continham apenas polietilenoglicol, com p<0,05. Porém ao realizar a atomização no spray a formulação adquiriu características adesivas impossibilitando o sucesso da utilização da técnica de spray congealing. Com isso escolheu-se a formulação de polietilenoglicol 6000:praziquantel nas concentrações de 10, 15 e 20% de praziquantel e realizou-se um planejamento fatorial do tipo Box-Behnken, num total de 15 experimentos, estudando a vazão de atomização, a vazão de dispersão e a porcentagem de praziquantel. Para todas as amostras realizou-se as análises por calorimetria exploratória diferencial, termogravimetria, infravermelho e difração de raios-X. Estas análises mostraram que provavelmente não houve interações fármaco/polímero. Na análise das propriedades de escoabilidade as micropartículas apresentaram fluxo de excelente a tolerável. Estas tiveram um aumento da solubilidade do fármaco que variou de 62,6 a 79% em relação ao praziquantel puro. O diâmetro médio das partículas ficou entre 145 a 215µm. As micropartículas tiveram um aumento da taxa de dissolução de 3,18 vezes em comparação ao praziquantel puro, 2,3 vezes em relação mistura física de 10% e 2,14 vezes em relação à dispersão sólida de 10%. A análise morfológica mostrou partículas irregulares e com superfície rugosa apresentando pequenos cristais do fármaco. A técnica apresentou uma excelente eficiência de encapsulação que variou de 88 a 108%. Pela análise de variância dos dados tivemos que para a solubilidade quanto menor a porcentagem de praziquantel na amostra, maior o aumento da solubilidade e para o tamanho de partícula, quanto maior a vazão de dispersão, maior é a partícula. Com esses resultados pode-se concluir que a técnica de spray congealing apresentou resultados satisfatórios, sendo uma técnica eficiente, rápida e muito promissora para a preparação de dispersões sólidas. / Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the worm Schistosoma mansoni. Its prevalence in Brazil is around 10 million infected people. Treatment is done with praziquantel, an antihelmintic drug both for human and animal use. As it is a class II drug of low solubility and high permeability according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), it is highly valuable to perform a study to improve the solubility and dissolution rates of praziquantel. That is the aim of the present work. Spray congealing was the technique used to obtain solid dispersions of praziquantel. It consists of atomizing the solution or suspension containing the drug in a melting carrier without the need of organic or aqueous solvents. Solid dispersions and physical mixtures were prepared using polyethylene glycol 6000:praziquantel in proportions 10%, 15%, and 20% of praziquantel, and using polyethylene glycol 6000:sorbitol:praziquantel in proportions 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40% of praziquantel. Solubility tests were performed in each sample. Solid dispersions had a significant increase in solubility rate compared to pure praziquantel. The formulations containing polyethylene glycol 6000 and sorbitol had a significant improvement in solubility rate compared to the ones with polyethylene glycol only (p<0,05). However, during the atomization through spray congealing technique, the formulation acquired sticky characteristics, impairing the success of such technique. Thus, the formulation of polyethylene glycol 6000:praziquantel in concentrations 10%, 15% and 20% of praziquantel was chosen and a factorial design type Box-Behnken was planned, in a total of 15 experiments, to study the parameters: flow of the atomization, flow rate of the dispersion, and the percentage of praziquantel. It was carried out an analysis of the samples of physical mixtures, microparticles, and solid dispersions in each proportion through differential exploratory calorimetry, thermogravimetry, infrared ray and X-ray diffraction. The analysis showed that probably there were no interactions between the drug and the polymer. Flow rate analysis of microparticles presented a level from excellent to tolerable, showing an increase in solubility that ranged from 62.6% to 79% compared to pure praziquantel. The average diameter of the particles ranged from 145 to 215m, which is a reasonable size to improve solubility and properties of the flow. Microparticles had an increase in dissolution rate of 3.18 times compared to pure praziquantel, 2.3 times in relation to physical mixture of 10%, and 2.14 times in relation to solid dispersion of 10%. Morphological analysis revealed irregular particles with wrinkled surface with small crystals of the drug. Photomicrographs showed that there was agglomeration during spray congealing. The technique exhibited an excellent efficacy of encapsulation that ranged from 88% to 108%. Variance analysis for the studied factors showed that only solubility and particle size exhibited values with significant statistical difference. For solubility, the lower the percentage of praziquantel in the sample, the higher the increase in solubility. For particle size, the higher the flow of dispersion, the bigger the particle. From the study carried out, it can be concluded that spray congealing is an efficient, quick and promising technique for preparation of solid dispersions.

A fundamental characterization of hexafluoroalcohol substituted polynorbornene (HFAPNB) was completed to improve the final photoresist formulation using these materials. In this work, it was found that the dissolution behavior of these materials was controlled by the ability of polymer chains to form hydrogen bonds. This ability to form interchain hydrogen bonds was affected by stereochemical changes in the polynorbornene backbone as molecular weights increase. These observed changes in backbone polynorbornene stereochemistry were accurately modeled using the "helix-kink" theory, first described by Ahmed and Ludovice. It was found that several material properties altered the interchain hydrogen bonding within these materials, such as the polydispersity, polymerization catalyst, and the polymer film thickness. However, none of these material properties altered the unusual dissolution behavior observed in these materials. To improve the potential formulation of these materials, the interactions between HFAPNB and resist additives were studied. For all tested photoacid generators, it was found that some interchain hydrogen bonding occurred between resist additive molecules and HFA side groups, which retarded the dissolution rate in the formulated material. In particular, one can create a simple resist using unprotected HFAPNB polymer with an iodonium photoacid generator. Finally, a series of norbornene oligomers were evaluated as potential dissolution inhibitors for HFAPNB. It was found that the dissolution rate of HFAPNB can be completely inhibited with dissolution inhibitors at a loading of 15%.

MACHADO, M. O. Obtenção de micropartículas contendo dispersões sólidas de praziquantel por spray congealing. 2011. 120f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2011. A esquistossomose é uma verminose provocada pelo Schistosoma mansoni. Sua prevalência no Brasil é de aproximadamente 10 milhões de pessoas infectadas. O tratamento é feito com o praziquantel, um fármaco anti-helmíntico para uso tanto humano como veterinário. Está classificado no sistema de classificação biofarmacêutico como de classe II, dos fármacos que possuem baixa solubilidade e alta permeabilidade necessitando de um estudo para melhorar a sua solubilidade e consequentemente sua taxa de dissolução. Para isso, técnica escolhida nesse estudo foi a de obtenção de dispersões sólidas de praziquantel, microparticuladas, por spray congealing. Esta técnica prepara micropartículas atomizando-se a solução do fármaco em um carreador fundido, dispensando solventes orgânicos ou aquosos. Foram preparadas dispersões sólidas e misturas físicas com formulações de polietilenoglicol 6000:praziquantel nas proporções de 10, 15 e 20% de praziquantel e polietilenoglicol 6000:sorbitol:praziquantel nas proporções de 10, 15, 20 e 40% de praziquantel e determinou-se a sua solubilidade em todas as amostras. As dispersões sólidas preparadas obtiveram um aumento significativo na solubilidade do fármaco em relação ao praziquantel puro e as formulações com polietilenoglicol 6000 e sorbitol apresentaram uma melhoria significante de solubilidade em relação às que continham apenas polietilenoglicol, com p<0,05. Porém ao realizar a atomização no spray a formulação adquiriu características adesivas impossibilitando o sucesso da utilização da técnica de spray congealing. Com isso escolheu-se a formulação de polietilenoglicol 6000:praziquantel nas concentrações de 10, 15 e 20% de praziquantel e realizou-se um planejamento fatorial do tipo Box-Behnken, num total de 15 experimentos, estudando a vazão de atomização, a vazão de dispersão e a porcentagem de praziquantel. Para todas as amostras realizou-se as análises por calorimetria exploratória diferencial, termogravimetria, infravermelho e difração de raios-X. Estas análises mostraram que provavelmente não houve interações fármaco/polímero. Na análise das propriedades de escoabilidade as micropartículas apresentaram fluxo de excelente a tolerável. Estas tiveram um aumento da solubilidade do fármaco que variou de 62,6 a 79% em relação ao praziquantel puro. O diâmetro médio das partículas ficou entre 145 a 215µm. As micropartículas tiveram um aumento da taxa de dissolução de 3,18 vezes em comparação ao praziquantel puro, 2,3 vezes em relação mistura física de 10% e 2,14 vezes em relação à dispersão sólida de 10%. A análise morfológica mostrou partículas irregulares e com superfície rugosa apresentando pequenos cristais do fármaco. A técnica apresentou uma excelente eficiência de encapsulação que variou de 88 a 108%. Pela análise de variância dos dados tivemos que para a solubilidade quanto menor a porcentagem de praziquantel na amostra, maior o aumento da solubilidade e para o tamanho de partícula, quanto maior a vazão de dispersão, maior é a partícula. Com esses resultados pode-se concluir que a técnica de spray congealing apresentou resultados satisfatórios, sendo uma técnica eficiente, rápida e muito promissora para a preparação de dispersões sólidas. / Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the worm Schistosoma mansoni. Its prevalence in Brazil is around 10 million infected people. Treatment is done with praziquantel, an antihelmintic drug both for human and animal use. As it is a class II drug of low solubility and high permeability according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), it is highly valuable to perform a study to improve the solubility and dissolution rates of praziquantel. That is the aim of the present work. Spray congealing was the technique used to obtain solid dispersions of praziquantel. It consists of atomizing the solution or suspension containing the drug in a melting carrier without the need of organic or aqueous solvents. Solid dispersions and physical mixtures were prepared using polyethylene glycol 6000:praziquantel in proportions 10%, 15%, and 20% of praziquantel, and using polyethylene glycol 6000:sorbitol:praziquantel in proportions 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40% of praziquantel. Solubility tests were performed in each sample. Solid dispersions had a significant increase in solubility rate compared to pure praziquantel. The formulations containing polyethylene glycol 6000 and sorbitol had a significant improvement in solubility rate compared to the ones with polyethylene glycol only (p<0,05). However, during the atomization through spray congealing technique, the formulation acquired sticky characteristics, impairing the success of such technique. Thus, the formulation of polyethylene glycol 6000:praziquantel in concentrations 10%, 15% and 20% of praziquantel was chosen and a factorial design type Box-Behnken was planned, in a total of 15 experiments, to study the parameters: flow of the atomization, flow rate of the dispersion, and the percentage of praziquantel. It was carried out an analysis of the samples of physical mixtures, microparticles, and solid dispersions in each proportion through differential exploratory calorimetry, thermogravimetry, infrared ray and X-ray diffraction. The analysis showed that probably there were no interactions between the drug and the polymer. Flow rate analysis of microparticles presented a level from excellent to tolerable, showing an increase in solubility that ranged from 62.6% to 79% compared to pure praziquantel. The average diameter of the particles ranged from 145 to 215m, which is a reasonable size to improve solubility and properties of the flow. Microparticles had an increase in dissolution rate of 3.18 times compared to pure praziquantel, 2.3 times in relation to physical mixture of 10%, and 2.14 times in relation to solid dispersion of 10%. Morphological analysis revealed irregular particles with wrinkled surface with small crystals of the drug. Photomicrographs showed that there was agglomeration during spray congealing. The technique exhibited an excellent efficacy of encapsulation that ranged from 88% to 108%. Variance analysis for the studied factors showed that only solubility and particle size exhibited values with significant statistical difference. For solubility, the lower the percentage of praziquantel in the sample, the higher the increase in solubility. For particle size, the higher the flow of dispersion, the bigger the particle. From the study carried out, it can be concluded that spray congealing is an efficient, quick and promising technique for preparation of solid dispersions.