Addition of alkalinity to acid mine drainage (AMD) results in the neutralisation of acidity and precipitation of dissolved metals as insoluble hydroxides. Two aspects of the current AMD treatment practice at the Stockton Mine could be enhanced. Firstly, residual water quality may be poor due to unreacted alkalinity reagents, particularly CaCO3, resulting in poor water clarity and elevated suspended solids (SS). Secondly, neutralisation to circum-neutral pH may not avoid the discharge of residual metals (Ni and Zn) due to incomplete adsorption and hydroxide precipitation. The aim of this project was to enhance the conventional neutralisation of AMD through addition of humic substances (HS) to reduce residual SS and trace metal concentrations. Humic substances are organically derived and have a high molecular weight. Functional groups on the surface of HS are capable of binding dissolved metals, forming HS-metal complexes. Incorporation of HS complexed metals into settling floc could result in increased metal removal from the dissolved phase. Modified jar testing was used to investigate the effects of HS addition before, after and during (pH 4.5) neutralisation of AMD in two treatment scenarios at the Stockton Mine; the Blackwater Treatment Plant (BTP) using NaOH and Ca(OH)2 and the Mangatini Stream-sump System (MSS) using CaCO3. Supernatant samples collected during the sedimentation period were analysed for basic water quality parameters (turbidity and suspended solids) and dissolved (< 0.45 µm) metal concentrations. The addition of HS to the BTP process before (pH 2.8) and during (pH 4.5) neutralisation resulted in HS precipitation. Precipitated HS subsequently acted as a nucleation site, triggering flocculation of precipitating metal hydroxides, resulting in low turbidity and suspended solids (SS) of less than 2 NTU and 5 mg/L, respectively. The addition of HS after neutralisation (pH 7) did not result in HS precipitation. Intermolecular bridging of HS by the divalent Ca resulted in incorporation of HS into floc when neutralised by Ca(OH)2, resulting in low turbidity and SS. However, in NaOH neutralised conditions, the monovalent Na was unable to bridge HS molecules, resulting in HS remaining dissolved and contributing to elevated turbidity and SS of up to 24.4 NTU and 18.4, respectively. The neutralisation efficiency of CaCO3 is relatively low, thus approximately 1000 mg/L CaCO3 remained unreacted in MSS scenarios, resulting in elevated turbidity and SS. When added after neutralisation, dissolved Solid Energy Humic Acid (SEHA) facilitated flocculation of residual CaCO3 SS, resulting in an up to 75% lower suspended solids than CaCO3 neutralisation alone conditions. Although the results are good, the efficiency of SEHA as a polymer compared unfavorably in a cost: benefit analysis to two commercially available polymers for the removal of residual CaCO3. Neutralisation of AMD in control samples resulted in decreased concentrations of the target metal group (Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) by hydroxide precipitation, co-precipitation, and adsorption. Equilibrium speciation modeling showed that the HS-metal binding affinity controlled the effectiveness of HS addition for metal removal. The low HS complexation affinity of Ni and Zn resulted in no additional metal removal by HS dosing. The removal of Cu was enhanced by over 50% for SEHA 20 during-neutralisation conditions neutralised by both NaOH and Ca(OH)2. Up to 80% lower Cd concentrations were observed for all HS dose conditions when neutralised by Ca(OH)2. Data for CaCO3 HS dosed metal removal was statistically indeterminate. The high detection limit for Pb made any HS dosed removal enhancement difficult to identify, which was unfortunate as Pb has a high HS complexation affinity (Čežı́ková, Kozler et al. 2001; Milne, Kinniburgh et al. 2003). A simple cost: benefit analysis showed that the additional removal of metals by HS dosing was less efficient than conventional neutralisation alone, on a cost basis. Overall, incorporation of HS into AMD treatment results in improved water quality for CaCO3 neutralisation and lower concentrations of metals with a high HS binding affinity, for some conditions. However, further investigation is required to improve the feasibility of HS incorporation into the AMD neutralisation process.

Dagvatten från urbana områden för med sig metaller och andra föroreningar orsakat av bl. a. fordonstrafik och korrosion av metallbärande konstruktioner. Sedan 90-talet har det varit vanligt med dagvattenbehandling för högtrafikerade vägar. Vissa kommuner har även utvecklat riktvärden som begränsar hur höga metallkoncentrationerna som tillförs dess recipienter får vara. Metaller i dagvattnet kan förekomma antingen i löst form eller i partikulär form. För att avlägsna den partikulära formen används konventionellt sett sedimentering men då den lösta formen är mer biologiskt upptagbar är det viktigt att även den avskiljs. Användningen av reaktiva filter som behandlingsmetod är ett sätt att fastlägga både metallpartiklar och lösta metaller, genom fysisk avskiljning respektive kemisk fastläggning. I denna studie undersöktes i en pilotanläggning förmågan att avskilja metaller från vägdagvatten hos ett referensmaterial (filtersand) samt fyra reaktiva filter. Resultaten visade att det var möjligt att uppnå god fastläggning av de 11 metaller som studerades. Inkommande vatten visade höga koncentrationer av Cu och Zn relativt till utvalda riktvärden. Lägst genomsnittlig avskiljning av dessa, sett över provperioden, hade Råda filtersand (62%), referensmaterialet, medan högst uppnåddes av Petrit T-S (99%), en filterprodukt från Höganäs AB. Fortsatta försök behövs för att få en uppfattning om filtermaterialens långsiktiga avskiljningseffektivitet och funktionella livslängd. / Stormwater from urban areas contains metals and other pollutants released from for example vehicle traffic, wearing of the road surface, and corrosion of metallic construction. Treatment of storm water from highly trafficked roads has been common since the nineties. Some municipalities have also developed regulations to control the concentrations of metal discharges to their recipient waters. Metals in stormwater can be in either particulate form or in dissolved form. Sedimentation has conventionally been employed to remove particulate metals. However, it’s important to also remove dissolved metals since these are more bioavailable. One way of removing both particulate and dissolved metals is by using reactive filters, since these can physically trap particulates and chemically bind dissolved matter. In this study, that took place in a stormwater treatment pilot plant, the abilities to remove metals from stormwater by one reference material (filter sand) and four reactive filter materials were studied. The results showed that it was possible to achieve a high percentual removal of the 11 metals studied. The incoming water contained high concentrations of Cu and Zn, compared to the municipal guideline concentrations considered. The lowest removal efficiency of these two metals (calculated by averaging the removal efficiency across the test period) was seen in the reference material Råda filter sand (62%), while Petrit T-S, an electric arc furnace slag, showed the highest average removal efficiency (99%). Further studies are needed to gain better understanding of the long-term removal efficiency and functional life span of the analyzed filter materials.

No description available.

Dagvatten från urbana områden utgör en ökande utmaning för växande städer, eftersom det för med sig metallpartiklar och andra föroreningar från hårdgjorda ytor till närliggande vattenförekomster. Dessa föroreningar kan härstamma från källor som fordonstrafik och korrosion av metallstrukturer. Detta utgör även ett framtida bekymmer för Stockholm, eftersom staden prognostiserar en betydande befolkningsökning fram till 2040. För att möta behoven kommer Stockholm behöva konstruera fler bostäder och utöka sin infrastruktur, vilket i sin tur kommer att resultera i ökade föroreningar och hårdgjorda ytor.  Ett antal kommuner i Sverige har fastställt riktvärden för att reglera metallkoncentrationerna i dagvatten som släpps till olika recipienter. Traditionellt utförs rening av dagvatten huvudsakligen genom användning av dagvattendammar, som använder sig av sedimentering för att rena partikulära föroreningar. Eftersom metallföroreningar även kan förekomma i löst form, uppstår en utmaning då lösta metaller inte kan sedimentera. Det är också viktigt att fånga upp just den lösta delen av föroreningarna, eftersom den är mer biologiskt tillgänglig. En möjlig metod för att rena dagvatten från både metallpartiklar och lösta metaller är användningen av filter, specifikt reaktiva filter.  Detta arbete ingår i det övergripande projektet "Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar", som initierades av Trafikverket i samarbete med KTH. Denna studie bygger vidare på tidigare projekt och har som syfte att undersöka reningsförmågan hos filtersand och fyra reaktiva filter i en pilotanläggning belägen i Fredhäll, Stockholm, Sverige. Dagvattnet som renades i anläggningen kom från Essingeleden, och studien genomfördes under vinterförhållanden, med faktorer som höga salthalter och låga temperaturer. Resultaten visade över lag en god total reningsförmåga för alla filter för större delen av de 11 undersökta metallerna. I det inkommande vattnet observerades relativt höga metallkoncentrationer av Cr, Cu och Zn jämfört med riktvärdena som fastställts av Järfälla, Linköping och Göteborg kommun samt de förslagna riktvärdena från Stockholms län. I förhållande till alla riktvärden (även fysikaliska parametrar) var det enbart Filtralite P som klarade dessa men om man bortser från pH framgick det att filtermaterialet Petrit TS gav den sammantaget bästa reningen i förhållande till samtliga riktvärden. / Stormwater from urban areas poses a growing challenge for expanding cities as it carries metal particles and other pollutants from impervious surfaces into nearby water bodies. These pollutants can originate from factors such as vehicular traffic and corrosion of metal structures. This also presents a future concern for Stockholm as the city expects a significant increase of its population by 2040. To meet the demands, Stockholm will need to construct more housing and expand its infrastructure, which will result in increased pollutants that need to be addressed and more impervious surfaces.  A few municipalities in Sweden have established guidelines for allowed metal concentrations in stormwater that is discharged into nature. Traditionally, stormwater treatment is primarily carried out using stormwater ponds, which utilize sedimentation to remove particulate pollutants. However, a challenge arises because metal pollutants can also occur in dissolved form, and dissolved metals cannot be removed through sedimentation. It is of importance to capture the dissolved fraction as it is more biologically available. One possible method for treating stormwater and removing both metal particles and dissolved metals is the use of filters, specifically reactive filters.  This work is part of the larger project "Reliable and Sustainable Stormwater Treatment for Dissolved Pollutants," initiated by the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) in collaboration with KTH Royal Institute of Technology. This study builds upon previous projects and this study objective is to examines the treatment effectiveness of a sandfilter and four reactive filters in a pilot facility located in Fredhäll, Stockholm, Sweden. The stormwater used in the facility is sourced from Essingeleden, and the study was conducted under winter conditions, including high salt concentrations and low temperatures. The results generally demonstrated good overall total metal removal by all filters for the 11 metals investigated. Additionally, in relation to the guidelines set by Järfälla, Linköping and Göteborg municipalities and Stockholm County, it was observed that the influent water had a relatively high metal concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Zn. Furthermore, out of all the filters tested it was only Filtralite P met the stormwater guidelines (including physical parameters), however, if the criteria concerning pH is disregarded then the filter material Petrit TS provided the highest metal removal efficiency for all of the guideline metals.