Les balances manométriques sont utilisées en métrologie des pressions statiques.Des projets européens tel qu'Euromet 463 ont mis en évidence des écarts systématiques entreles mesures expérimentales et les calculs des paramètres nécessaires à la caractérisation desbalances de référence. La vitesse de chute du piston est l'un d'eux pourtant essentiel dans laprocédure d'étalonnage. L'objectif des travaux de thèse est l'ajustement des méthodesd'estimation de cette vitesse de chute. Cela permettra d'améliorer la caractérisation du jeuinterne de la balance, de déterminer plus précisément la section effective de ce jeu et parconséquent d'améliorer l'incertitude portant sur le coefficient de déformation, paramètre clé del'étalonnage par comparaison. Jusqu'à présent le modèle de calcul de l'écoulement du fluidedans la balance était quasi unidimensionnel. Il assimilait le jeu entre le piston et le cylindre àdeux parois parallèles. Dans cette étude, les équations de l'écoulement du flu ide sont modifiéespour évaluer l'influence du modèle dans un jeu annulaire. Les corrections dues à la vitesse dechute du piston sont également prises en compte. Les calculs des déformations des structuressont réalisés en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis. Les travaux expérimentaux portent surdes ensembles piston-cylindre 50, 200 et 1000 MPa du Laboratoire National de Métrologie etd'Essais (LNE). Une confrontation calcul-expérience est réalisée en prenant en compte lesparamètres de variabilités tels que la géométrie ou les propriétés du fluide. / The pressure balances are utilized in the metrology of the static pressure. TheEuropean project as "Euromet 463" has underlined the lack of agreement between experimentalmeasurements and calculations of the parameters necessary for the pressure balance. Thepiston fall rate is, in particular, an essential parameter in the calibration procedure. The aim ofthe thesis is the adjustment of methods for estimating the piston fall rate. This will improve thecharacterization of the gap, determine the effective area more precisely and consequentlyimprove the uncertainty on the pressure distortion coefficient, a key parameter for the calibrationby comparison. lndeed, the former quasi one-dimensional madel assimilates the gap betweenpiston and cylinder as formed by two parallel walls, which is an approximation. ln this study, theequations of the fluid flow are modified to evaluate the influence of the model in an annular gapmadel. ln addition, corrections due to the velocity of the piston wall are taken into account. Thisresearch work is applied on the piston-cylinder units 50, 200 and 1000 MPa of the Laboratoirenational de métrologie et d'essais (LNE). Taking into consideration the variability of parameterssuch as geometry or fluid properties, a comparison between the experiment and the calculationis carried out.

En la evaluación estructural y ampliación de niveles para el cambio de uso de la casa del adulto mayor a centro comercial en el distrito de la molina, se determina que tan factible puede ser darle un uso comercial a una casa del adulto mayor que con las modificaciones necesarias a nivel de estructura como la ampliación de la misma en 3 niveles, nos brinda un negocio potencialmente rentable, gracias a la zona comercial donde se encuentra ubicada avenida alameda del corregidor – Cuadra 5 y el área aproximada de 700m2. Por ello ,tenemos como objetivo general evaluar la estructura de una casa del adulto mayor para el cambio de uso a centro comercial en el distrito de La Molina y como consecuencia a la evaluación determinar si es factible ampliarlo en 3 niveles más con el fin de darle un mejor uso, acondicionándola como tiendas comerciales en todos sus niveles. La principal teoría utilizada para evaluar la estructura y ampliarla son el análisis sísmico estático y dinámico teniendo en cuenta las cargas puntuales y distribuidas de la estructura para el estático y el espectro de Pseudo-aceleraciones para el dinámico de acuerdo a la normatividad vigente, también el modelamiento estructural en el programa ETABS con el que mediante el análisis del programa nos proporcionara los desplazamiento en la estructura y con estos resultados de acuerdo a la norma sísmica vigente podremos determinar las distorsiones en cada nivel siendo estos valores para que cumpla con la norma menores a 0.07. El tipo de investigación utilizado es básico, cuantitativo, explicativo y el diseño es no experimental, transversal y descriptivo. Es prospectiva pues trata de un diseño sísmico donde trabajaremos con valores proporcionados por el programa. De los resultados que se calcularon tanto en la estructura original como en la ampliación se determinó que el cambio de uso para la estructura original teniendo en cuenta el retiro de las cargas adicionales y la ampliación es factible ya que ningún valor en las torsiones fueron mayores al 0.07 propuesto en la norma. In the structural evaluation and extension levels for the change of use of the house of the elderly to shopping center in the district of La Molina, it is determined to be feasible as a commercial use to give a house the elderly with amendments necessary level of structure and expanding the same into 3 levels, it offers a potentially profitable business, thanks to the commercial area where it is located mayor Avenue Mall - Cuadra 5 to the approximate area of 700m2. Therefore, we have as a general objective to evaluate the structure of a house of the elderly for change of use to a commercial center in the district of La Molina and consequently to determine the feasibility assessment extend over 3 levels more in order to give better use, renovating as commercial shops at all levels. The main theory used to evaluate the structure and expand are static and dynamic seismic analysis considering point loads and distributed structure for static and pseudo-acceleration spectrum for dynamic according to regulations, also the structural modeling in ETABS program that by analyzing the program we provide the shift in the structure and the results according to current seismic code can determine distortions at each level being these values to comply with the norm under 0.07. The research used is basic, quantitative and explanatory design is not experimental, transversal and descriptive. It is a prospective for seismic design where work with values provided by the program. From the results that were calculated in both the original structure and the extension was determined that change of use for the original structure considering the withdrawal of additional charges and the expansion it is feasible because no value was higher by twisting 0.07 proposed in the standard.

In this thesis a method to compensate camera distortion is developed for an FPGA platform as part of a complete vision system. Several methods and models is presented and described to give a good introduction to the complexity of the problems that is overcome with the developed method. The solution to the core problem is shown to have a good precision on a sub-pixel level.

Measuring masses of long-period planets around F, G, and K stars is necessary to characterize exoplanets and assess their habitability. Imaging stellar astrometry offers a unique opportunity to solve radial velocity system inclination ambiguity and determine exoplanet masses. The main limiting factor in sparse-field astrometry, besides photon noise, is the non-systematic dynamic distortions that arise from perturbations in the optical train. Even space optics suffer from dynamic distortions in the optical system at the sub-mu as level. To overcome this limitation we propose a diffractive pupil that uses an array of dots on the primary mirror creating polychromatic diffraction spikes in the focal plane, which are used to calibrate the distortions in the optical system. By combining this technology with a high-performance coronagraph, measurements of planetary systems orbits and masses can be obtained faster and more accurately than by applying traditional techniques separately. In this paper, we present the results of the combined astrometry and and high-contrast imaging experiments performed at NASA Ames Research Center as part of a Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions program. We demonstrated 2.38x10(-5) lambda/D astrometric accuracy per axis and 1.72x10(-7) raw contrast from 1.6 to 4.5 lambda/D. In addition, using a simple average subtraction post-processing we demonstrated no contamination of the coronagraph field down to 4.79x10(-9) raw contrast.

Selfish genes that bias their own transmission during gametogenesis can spread rapidly in populations, even if they contribute negatively to the fitness of their host. Driving X chromosomes provide a clear example of this type of selfish propagation. These chromosomes, which are found in a broad range of taxa including plants, mammals, and insects, can have important evolutionary and ecological consequences. In this thesis, I report a new case of X chromosome drive (X drive) in a widespread woodland fly, Drosophila testacea. I show that males carrying the driving X (SR males) sire 80-100% female offspring, and that the majority of sons produced by SR males are sterile and appear to lack a Y chromosome. This suggests that meiotic defects involving the Y chromosome may underlie X drive in this species. Abnormalities in sperm cysts of SR males reflect that some spermatids are failing to develop properly, confirming that drive is acting during gametogenesis. Further, I show that SR males possess a diagnostic X chromosome haplotype that is perfectly associated with the sex ratio distortion phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis of X-linked sequences from D. testacea and related species strongly suggests that the driving X arose prior to the split of D. testacea and its sister species, D. neotestacea and D. orientacea. Suppressed recombination between the XST and XSR due to inversions on the XSR likely explains their disparate evolutionary histories. By screening wild-caught flies using progeny sex ratios and a diagnostic X-linked marker, I demonstrate that the driving X is present in wild populations at a frequency of ~10% and that autosomal suppressors of drive are segregating in the same population. Both SR males and homozygous females for the driving X have reduced fertility, which helps to explain the persistence of the driving X over evolutionary timescales. The testacea species group appears to be a hotspot for X drive, and D. testacea is a promising model to compare driving X chromosomes in closely related species, some of which may even be younger than the chromosomes themselves. / Graduate / 2019-04-16

Abstract This thesis presents several novel improvements to video coding algorithms, including block-based motion estimation, quantization selection, and video filtering. Most of the presented improvements are fully compatible with the standards in general use, including MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263, and H.264. For quantization selection, new methods are developed based on the rate-distortion theory. The first method obtains locally optimal frame-level quantization parameter considering frame-wise dependencies. The method is applicable to generic optimization problems, including also motion estimation. The second method, aimed at real-time performance, heuristically modulates the quantization parameter in sequential frames improving significantly the rate-distortion performance. It also utilizes multiple reference frames when available, as in H.264. Finally, coding efficiency is improved by introducing a new matching criterion for motion estimation which can estimate the bit rate after transform coding more accurately, leading to better motion vectors. For fast motion estimation, several improvements on prior methods are proposed. First, fast matching, based on filtering and subsampling, is combined with a state-of-the-art search strategy to create a very quick and high-quality motion estimation method. The successive elimination algorithm (SEA) is also applied to the method and its performance is improved by deriving a new tighter lower bound and increasing it with a small constant, which eliminates a larger part of the candidate motion vectors, degrading quality only insignificantly. As an alternative, the multilevel SEA (MSEA) is applied to the H.264-compatible motion estimation utilizing efficiently the various available block sizes in the standard. Then, a new method is developed for refining the motion vector obtained from any fast and suboptimal motion estimation method. The resulting algorithm can be easily adjusted to have the desired tradeoff between computational complexity and rate-distortion performance. For refining integer motion vectors into half-pixel resolution, a new very quick but accurate method is developed based on the mathematical properties of bilinear interpolation. Finally, novel number theoretic transforms are developed which are best suited for two-dimensional image filtering, including image restoration and enhancement, but methods are developed with a view to the use of the transforms also for very reliable motion estimation.

The work in this thesis describes the development of new heteroarylation methodology based on transition metal-catalysed C-H functionalisation and the properties of organomain group compounds. The underlying reaction mechanisms and reactivity patterns of the (hetero)arene substrates are also investigated. The selective C2-H arylation indoles, which are key pharmaceutically-relevant units, was achieved using N-pyrimidyl directing groups, RuII catalysis and arylboronic acids as the coupling reagents (paper I). The use of this set of conditions enabled a remarkable functional group tolerance, highlighted by the preservation of halide substituents on both coupling partners. Mechanistic experiments suggest that cleavage of the C2-H bond occurs through an electrophilic aromatic substitution type pathway. The dehydrogenative C2-H silylation of unprotected gramine and tryptamine alkaloids and other related heteroarenes using hydrosilanes under Ru0 catalysis is described in paper II. The protocol does not require protecting groups and undirected C2-H silylation of heteroarenes is possible at higher temperatures. Significantly, H/D-exchange studies revealed deuterium incorporation at the C4 and C7 positions of the indole unit, apart from C2-H silylation. This study represents the first account of C4-H activation using an electron-rich metal catalyst. Paper III describes an unexpected and profound influence of boronate substituents on the regioselectivity of aryne trapping reactions. The boronates may be introduced easily to the backbone of established fluoride-activated precursors via Ir-catalysed C-H functionalisation. Optimisation and mechanistic studies on the unprecedented level of regioselectivity control these substituents permit using external additives is presented.

[pt] A dissertação tem como objetivo principal demonstrar, através de estudos de caso, o impacto distorcivo das atuais regras tributárias vigentes no Brasil sobre o ideal teórico- logístico de localização. São estudadas, neste trabalho, as principais regras tributárias brasileiras. Posteriormente é apresentado um conjunto de ferramentas teóricas, difundidas pela literatura acadêmica, que permitem analisar, sob o ponto de vista logístico, o processo decisório das indústrias no que se refere ao melhor posicionamento de suas unidades produtivas e centros de distribuição. Finalizando, são apresentados casos de empresas que têm vivenciado decisões sobre localização de fábricas e pontos de armazenagem, em cujo processo decisório verifica-se forte influência do impacto da carga tributária local. / [en] The main objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate, based on the study of cases, the distorted impact of the present tributary rules of taxes in Brazil over the Logistic Theory at Location Decisions. Included in this work are the main rules of Brazilian Federal and State tributary taxes. A study of the logistic theories available among the academic literary references supports the analyses of how do the local industries find the best location for their production and distribution centers, being the study developed over the analyses of a few real cases in order to demonstrate how the decision process on logistic location are strongly influenced by the impact of the tributary rules.

In this thesis a mathematical description and analysis of the Cumulative Prospect Theory is presented. Conditions that ensure well-posedness of the problem are provided, as well as existence results concerning optimal policies for discrete-time incomplete market models and for a family of diffusion market models. A brief outline of how this work is organised follows. In Chapter 2 important results on weak convergence and discrete time finance models are described, these facts form the main background to introduce in Chapter 3 the problem of optimal investment under the CPT theorem in a discrete time setting. We describe our model, present some assumptions and main results are derived. The second part of this work comprises the description of the martingale problem formulation of diffusion processes in Chapter 4. A key result on the limits and topological properties of the set of laws of a class of Itô processes is described in Chapter 5. Finally, we introduce a factor model that includes a class of stochastic volatility models, possibly with path-depending coefficients. Under this model, the problem of optimal investment with a behavioural investor is analysed and our main results on well-posedness and existence of optimal strategies are described under the framework of weak solutions. Further research and challenges when applying the techniques developed in this work are described.

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