Empirically based lumped hydrologic models have an extensive track record of use where as physically based, multi-dimensional distributed models are evolving for various engineering applications. Despite the availability of high resolution data, better computational resources and robust numerical methods, the usage of distributed models is still limited. The purpose of this research is to establish the credibility and usability of distributed hydrologic modeling tools of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in order to promote the extended use of distributed models. Two of the USACE models were used as the modeling tools for the study, with Gridded Surface and Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) representing a distributed and with Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) representing a lumped model. Watershed Modeling System (WMS) was used as the pre- and post-processing tool. The credibility of distributed models has been established by validating that the distributed models are efficient in solving complex hydrologic problems. The distributed and lumped models in HEC-HMS were compared. Similarly, the capabilities of GSSHA and lumped models in HEC-HMS in simulating land use change scenario were compared. The results of these studies were published in peer-reviewed journals. Similarly, the usability of the distributed models was studied taking GSSHA-WMS modeling as a test case. Some of the major issues in GSSHA-modeling using WMS interface were investigated and solutions were proposed to solve such issues. Personal experience with GSSHA and feedback from the students in a graduate class (CE531) and from participants in the USACE GSSHA training course were used to identify such roadblocks. The project being partly funded by the USACE Engineering Research and Development Center (ERDC) and partly by Aquaveo LLC, the research was motivated in improving GSSHA modeling using the WMS interface.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la compréhension des phénomènes physiques sous-jacents à la production normale ou pathologique de la voix. Certaines formes de pathologies pouvant concerner des affections structurelles des cordes vocales (polypes, paralysie, ...) et altérer de façon plus ou moins conséquente la mise en vibration des cordes vocales. Une partie de ces travaux porte ainsi sur l'observation expérimentale de la production de parole pathologique, grâce notamment à la mise au point d'une maquette auto-oscillante de cordes vocales artificielles. Celle-ci reprend la structure de latex remplie d'eau sous pressions des maquettes déjà développées au Gipsa-lab mais permet une plus grande indépendance des paramètres de contrôle. Un accent particulier des manipulations expérimentales est également porté sur la caractérisation mécanique des structures vibrantes, dont la connaissance est indispensable à la reproductibilité et la répétabilité des mesures ultérieures sur la maquette, ainsi qu'à l'analyse des résultats expérimentaux avec couplage aéroacoustique et la validation de modèles numériques associés.D'un côté, un calcul du comportement vibratoire des maquettes basée sur une méthode éléments finis a été mise oeuvre. Le modèle numérique développé utilise ainsi une formulation du couplage hydro-élastique entre le latex et l'eau qui constituent les maquettes et offre la possibilité de prendre en compte les grandes déformations et les pré-contraintes liées au gonflement du latex soumis à une forte pression d'eau. Finalement, un modèle d'écoulement glottique couplé à un modèle mécanique distribué de type "masse-raideur" a été utilisé et étendu pour simuler des comportements pathologiques tels que des asymétries (entre les deux cordes vocales et au sein d'une corde) ou la présence d'une masse ajoutée (kyste, polype). Un procédure d'optimisation de ce modèle sur une configuration expérimentale de référence permet alors de comparer les calculs aux observations des seuils d'oscillation sur les maquettes en présence d'une masse ajoutée. / My PhD work has focused on understanding physical phenomena related to speech production in healthy and pathological conditions. Some pathologies affect the structure of the vocal folds which could lead to a more or less substantial alteration of their vibrations. Part of this work is experimental modeling of speech production applied to pathologies, with the development of a self-oscillating vocal fold replica. This replica is made of water-filled latex, such as have already been developed at Gipsa-lab, but it allows a larger independence within its control parameters and it can be used to reproduce pathological conditions. A particular interest is brought to mechanical characterization of these vibrating structures. This characterization is of primary importance when it comes to repeatability and reproducibility of measurements, as for the analysis of experimental results with aeroacoustic coupling and the validation and improvements of corresponding numerical models.Simulations of the vocal fold vibrating behavior based on the finite element method have been developed. The model uses a formulation of the hydro-elastic coupling between the latex and the water which the replica is made of. It also offers the possibility to take into account the large deformations and the prestress within the latex induced by water pressure. Another numerical approach is made using a theoretical laryngeal flow model coupled with a distributed mass-spring model and a set of resonators. Calculations of the dynamical system stability offer the possibility for comparisons with the experimental setup through a finite set of parameters. This model is adapted to simulate pathological conditions such as asymmetries and the presence of growths (cysts, polyps). Finally, an optimization calculation of this model on an experimental reference configuration of the replica allows us to compare the calculations with the measurements on this replica with the presence of a polyp.

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Les réseaux de transport se sont amplifiés par l’accroissement du nombre des véhicules et des stations ainsi que l’apparition de nouvelles notions essentiellement la multimodalité et l’intermodalité. Ainsi, la tâche de gestion des réseaux de transport collectif est devenue très complexe et difficile pour les régulateurs. Pour faire face à ces difficultés, on note le développement des systèmes d’aide à la décision comme solution efficace de régulation de la circulation. Ils permettent de transmettre en temps réel les informations concernant le trafic sur les réseaux de transport.Notre travail se base sur la conception d’un système de régulation des réseaux de transport multimodal. Il peut se révéler comme un outil primordial pour apporter des solutions efficaces et en temps réel à la problématique de la congestion routière. Il peut communiquer l’information nécessaire à l’usager afin de prendre sa décision de déplacement avec ou sans sa voiture. Le système proposé est une approche hybride entre une modélisation par graphes du réseau et un système multi-agents. Ceci sera appuyé par une approche évolutionniste pour la génération d’une solution de régulation optimale. Ce choix est justifié par le caractère ouvert, distribué et complexe des réseaux de transport multimodal / Transport networks have been amplified by the increasing number of vehicles and stations and the emergence of new concepts essentially multimodal and intermodal. Thus, the task of managing public transport systems has become very complex and difficult for regulators.To cope with these difficulties, there is the development of systems decision support as an effective solution to traffic control. They can transmit real-time traffic information on transport networks. Our work is based on designing a control system of multimodal transport networks. It may be as an essential tool for effective solutions and real-time to the problem of traffic congestion. It can provide the necessary information to the user in making its decision to move with or without his car. The proposed system is a hybrid between a graph modeling the network and a multi-agent system. This will be supported by an evolutionary approach for generating an optimal control solution. This is justified by the open, distributed and complex network of multimodal transport

An integrating approach, including knowledge about whole systems of processes, is essential in order to reach both development and environmental protection goals. In this thesis Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are suggested as a tool to realise such integrated models. The main hypothesis in this work is that several natural technical and social systems that share a time-space can be compared and analysed in a GIS. My first objective was to analyze how GIS can support research, planning, and, more specifically, bring a broad scattering of competence together in an interdisciplinary process. In this process GIS was ivestigated as a tool to achieve models that give us a better overview of a problem, a better understanding for the processes involved, aid in foreseeing conflicts between interests, find ecological limits and assist in choosing countermeasures and monitor the result of different programs. The second objective concerns the requirement that models should be comparable and possible to include in other models and that they can be communicated to planners, politicians and the public. For this reason the possibilities to communicate the result and model components of multidimensional and multi-temporal data are investigated. Four examples on the possibilities and problems when using GIS in interdisciplinary studies are presented. In the examples, water plays a central role as a component in questions about development, management and environmental impact. The first articles focus on non-point source pollutants as a problem under growing attention when the big industrial and municipal point sources are brought under control. To manage non-point source pollutants, detailed knowledge about local conditions is required to facilitate precise advices on land use. To estimate the flow of metals and N(itrogen) in an area it is important to identify the soil moisture. Soil moisture changes over time but also significantly in the landscape according to several factors. Here a method is presented that calculate soil moisture over large areas. Man as a hydrologie factor has to be assessed to also understand the relative importance of anthropogen processes. To offer a supplement to direct measurements and add anthropogen factors, a GIS model is presented that takes soil-type, topography, vegetation, land-use, agricultural drainage and relative position in the watershed into account. A method to analyse and visualise development over time and space in the same model is presented in the last empirical study. The development of agricultural drainage can be discussed as a product of several forces here analyzed together and visualized with help of colour coded "Hyper pixels" and maps. Finally a discussion concerning the physiological and psychological possibilities to communicate multidimensional phenomena with the help of pictures and maps is held. The main conclusions in this theses are that GIS offer the possibilities to develop distributed models, e.g., models that calculate effects from a vide range of factors in larger areas and with a much higher spatial resolution than has been possible earlier. GIS also offer a possibility to integrate and communicate information from different disciplines to scientists, decision makers and the public. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu