This study is an attempted synthesis of dithienyl barbituric acid.

Benzophenone (BP) and substituted BPs constitute a major class of aromatic ketones and are of potential interest in various areas of excited state solution phase photochemistry and photobiology. High triplet state energy, faster rate of intersystem crossing (ISC) and higher triplet state quantum yield enables BP systems as potential photosensitizers via triplet energy transfer mechanism. The short lived triplet state of BP systems are highly reactive and acts as potential electron acceptor and interesting photochemical behavior have been observed for photoinduced electron transfer reactions in various solvent media, in particular for donor-bridgeacceptor (D-B-A) family. Though detailed spectroscopic studies of BP and substituted BP are documented, not much attention are given to its heterocyclic analogue. Substitution of aromatic ring carbon with one or more heteroatom (N and S) results in drastical change in photochemical properties and excited state reactivity. In solution phase and in nanosecond time domain heteroaromatic ketones form the triplet excited state that upon subsequent photoreactions, leads to formation of short lived species viz. radicals, ions and radical ions. Therefore exploring the trends in excited state reactivity with the variation with functional group and ring substitution and solvent medium is of considerable interest. The complete reaction mechanism of a photoreaction can be understood by studying reactivity of various short lived intermediates formed. In solution phase, the reactivity of a certain species or rate of a chemical reaction can be well understood by correlating to its structure. This approach requires accurate reproducible techniques for the excited state structural determination. Wide range of time resolved (TR) spectroscopies spanning over whole electromagnetic spectrum have been developed over decades and successfully applied to study excited state phenomena. In a typical two beam experiment, the pump pulse excites the molecular system to higher electronic state and the probe pulse records the spectrum of intermediate species at variable delay time with respect to the pump. The data from different TR techniques used to be complementary in nature and the combination helps in a deeper understanding of excited state reaction mechanism. Though time resolved absorption (TRA) is the most popular and oldest technique to study the excited state photoreactions, no structural information and the poor spectral resolution of the broad and overlapping absorption bands are the limitations towards predicting the reactive intermediates with accuracy. However time resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopy is a very sensitive technique to obtain vibrational structural information of short lived intermediates. The position and intensity of highly resolved Raman bands provide information about the structural and kinetics parameters respectively. From a set of Raman spectra along various delay time, structure of multiple intermediates evolved for parallel photoreactions can be predicted accurately. We have employed TRA, TR3 and density functional theoretical (DFT) calculation to address few fundamental questions about effect of solvent and ring substitution on the excited state structure and energetics of heterocyclic ketones, hence the reactivity. Comparing the experimental findings with the theoretical output not only makes the data more accurate but also several additional conclusions can be drawn that could not be performed only with the experimental modality. In chapter 1 of the thesis, we have presented a general summary of photophysical phenomena and measured properties and parameters of heterocyclic ketones. Typical photoreactions involving various related aromatic ketones obtained from literature are discussed. This is followed by a brief account of theory of resonance Raman spectroscopy and density functional theoretical calculation. The objectives of the present investigation are highlighted. The detailed assembly of experimental techniques employed for present investigation is discussed in chapter 2. The lasers, spectrometers, collection optics, detection systems and data collection and analysis procedures are briefly illustrated for individual set up. The theory of methods of DFT calculations is also discussed. The effect of substitution of N atom in the aromatic rings on excited state structure and reactivity (hydrogen abstraction reaction) for isomeric (2, 3, 4) benzoylpyridines (BzPy) in various solvents is studied using the above experimental and theoretical methodologies and is presented in Chapter 3. In neutral solvents viz. acetonitrile and carbon tetrachloride the photogenerated lowest triplet state (T1) is observed to be formed that follow monoexponetial decay. In the presence of hydrogen donating solvents like methanol and isopropanol the triplet state is found to undergo hydrogen abstraction reaction to form a ketyl radical and solvent radical. The lifetime and absorption and Raman features of triplet state and ketyl radicals are entirely different from each other and lack any overlapping characteristics. The observed enhanced reactivity of BzPy in comparison to BP is believed to be because of the introduction of the N hetero atom in one of the phenyl ring. From the theoretical data, it was clear that more planarity is attained in case of BzPy as compared to BP and contributes to the enhanced reactivity. The spin density calculation shows that one third of the spin is localized in the phenyl ring in case of BP. The total spin density on Phenyl ring is 0.62 and on carbonyl group is 1.45. In case of BzPy the spin density on phenyl ring is 0.45 and on carbonyl group is 1.59. This indicates that in the excited state the spin is localized more on the carbonyl group. Also from charge density calculation using DFT it is clear that in the triplet state of BzPy the oxygen atom of C=O group is more positive than in case of BP which makes it more electrophilic. Among the three isomeric BzPy the trend in charge density is dependent on the position of nitrogen and found to be in the order of 2-BzPy>3-BzPy>4-BzPy. This can be explained on the basis of -I and –M effect of N atom and the extent depends on its position. So the trend for case of photoreduction follows the order 2-BzPy>3-BzPy>4-BzPy. The hydrogen abstraction reaction used to be considerably fast that produces a substrate ketyl radical and solvent radical (donor radical). These radicals further can dimerise to form various photoproducts viz. Pinacols or can form a stable complex between them. The fate of the radicals formed as a result of hydrogen abstraction of 4-BzPy and the accurate characterization of the adduct is explained in Chapter 4. In the present case the cross coupling reaction of the radicals is observed at longer delay time to form a light absorbing transient (LAT) which is the dominant pathway over other parallel reactions. The exact position of the donor radical in the complex is predicted by correlating the experimental Raman bands and theoretically obtained structural parameters and vibrational frequency. The adduct formed as a result of cross coupling reaction was identified as p-LAT, 2-[4-(hydroxylpyridylmethylene)cyclohexa-2,5dienyl]propan-2-ol. In case of benzoylthiophenes (BzTh), the effect of substitution of S atom on the excited state structure and reactivity towards various hydrogen donors viz. phenol and indole in different solvents are presented in Chapter 5. The difference in rate and mechanism of photoreaction for both the hydrogen donors are compared. For TPK the T1 state is of ππ* character and the T2 state is of nπ* character as is confirmed by flash photolysis and low temperature phosphorescence spectra in EPA matrix. The CO bond length for the triplet state species is more than that of ground state. In case of the ππ* triplet prominent structural changes in thienyl ring are observed and the phenyl ring remains much unaltered. The reaction of the triplet state species with phenol in two different solvents shows a relatively faster rate of reaction. If only ππ* triplet has been taking part in reaction, it might have resulted in slow reaction rate. Because the reaction rate is fairly high, It is concluded that not only ππ* triplet is involved in reaction but there is a contribution from the little higher energy T2 state having nπ* character. The reactivity trends towards hydrogen transfer reaction for three isomeric dithienyl ketones with respect to the position of heteroatoms in the ring are presented in Chapter 6. Energetically close lying (ππ* and nπ*) triplet states are observed to undergo state switching with the change in position of heteroatom in the ring and thus define the characteristics of the triplet state and plays important role in predicting the reactivity trend. Brief summary of the present investigation along with important possible extensions of the present work in described in Chapter 7.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The compound 2,2 -dithienyl diselenide (DTDS), an organoselenium compound with thiophene moieties, has been proven to be a promising antioxidant in vitro and in vivo, as well as an antifungal and antimicrobial agent. However, its toxicity, an important point to be investigated, has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether DTDS has potential toxicity in vitro or in vivo. For this reason, sulfhydryl enzyme activities, such as δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) and Na+, K+-ATPase were assessed to predict in vitro DTDS toxicity in rat brain homogenate, in addition to its thiol oxidase-like activity. In other section of experiments, DTDS was administered to rats (50 or 100 mg/kg; per orally) in order to determine toxicological parameters in vivo. Plasma samples were collected in order to measure the biochemical parameters: alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase activities and urea and creatinine levels. Besides, in brain homogenates, it was determined the activity of the enzymes δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase, as well as lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant defenses (catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione levels). The compound DTDS inhibited in vitro both δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activities (IC50 2 μM and 17 μM, respectively). The DTDS inhibitory effect on δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activities was restored by dithiol dithiothreitol. In addition, DTDS (5-25 μM) showed a thiol oxidase-like activity. In vivo, DTDS (50 and 100 mg/kg) caused a decrease in food and water intakes and the loss of body weight, indicating systemic toxicity, even causing death of the animals. At a dose of 100 mg/kg, DTDS decreased urea levels and increased plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Lipid peroxidation was increased in both administered doses. Moreover, in the highest dose, DTDS inhibited δ-ALA-D activity. By contrast, neither Na+, K+-ATPase activity nor antioxidant defenses were altered in the brain of rats exposed to DTDS. In conclusion, the interaction with thiol groups of sulfhydryl enzymes seems to mediate the inhibitory effect of DTDS against δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activities in vitro. Furthermore, in the administered doses, DTDS causes cerebral and systemic toxicity in rats. Although other studies are necessary to give more information about this specific compound, our findings contribute to the knowledge on the toxicology of DTDS, a compound with pharmacological properties. / O composto 2,2 -disseleneto de ditienila (DSDT), um composto orgânico de selênio com grupamento tiofeno, fora comprovado como um promissor antioxidante in vitro e in vivo, assim como um agente antifúngico e antimicrobiano. Entretanto, sua toxicidade ainda não fora avaliada, representando um importante ponto a ser investigado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o DSDT apresenta potencial toxicidade in vitro ou in vivo. Para este fim, a atividade de enzimas sulfidrílicas, como δ-aminolevulato desidratase (δ-ALA-D) e Na+, K+-ATPase fora testada para predizer a toxicidade in vitro do DSDT em homogeneizado de cérebro de ratos, bem como a sua atividade tipo-tiol oxidase. Em outra seção de experimentos, o DSDT foi administrado em ratos (50 ou 100 mg/kg; oralmente) com o intuito de determinar parâmetros toxicológicos in vivo. Amostras de plasma foram retiradas para dosagem dos parâmetros bioquímicos: atividade das enzimas alanina (ALT) e aspartato (AST) aminotrasferase e níveis de ureia e creatinina. Além disso, em homogeneizado de cérebro foram dosadas a atividade das enzimas δ-ALA-D e Na+, K+-ATPase, assim como os níveis de peroxidação lipídica e as defesas antioxidantes (atividade das enzimas catalase e superóxido dismutase e níveis de ácido ascórbico e glutationa reduzida). O composto DSDT inibiu in vitro, tanto a atividade da δ-ALA-D quanto da Na+, K+-ATPase (IC50 2μM e 17μM, respectivamente). O efeito inibitório do DSDT sobre a atividade das enzimas δ-ALA-D e Na+, K+-ATPase foi restaurado pelo ditiol ditiotreitol. Adicionalmente, DSDT (5-25μM) apresentou atividade do tipo-tiol oxidase. In vivo, o DSDT (50 e 100 mg/kg) causou uma diminuição no consumo de comida e água e perda de peso corporal, evidenciando toxicidade sistêmica, causando inclusive morte de ratos. Quando administrado na dose de 100 mg/kg, DSDT diminui os níveis de ureia e aumentou a atividade plasmática da ALT e da AST. Os níveis de peroxidação lipídica encontraram-se aumentados em ambas as doses administradas. Na maior dose, o DSDT inibiu a atividade da δ-ALA-D. Em contrapartida, nem a atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase nem as defesas antioxidantes foram alteradas no cérebro de ratos expostos ao DSDT. Em conclusão, a interação com grupos tióis de enzimas sulfidrílicas parece mediar o efeito inibitório do DSDT em relação a atividade da δ-ALA-D e da Na+, K+-ATPase in vitro. Além disso, nas doses administradas, o DSDT induz toxicidade cerebral e sistêmica em ratos. Embora outros estudos sejam necessários para fornecer mais informações sobre este composto em específico, estes dados contribuem para o conhecimento sobre a toxicologia do DSDT, um composto com propriedades farmacológicas.