No description available.

Dithiocarbamate-mediated nickel(II) uptake was studied in five cell lines: 1) cultured human B-lymphoblasts, 2) rabbit alveolar macrophages, 3) human peripheral lymphocytes, 4) human erythrocytes and 5) human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Two different incubation protocols were employed: concurrent incubation of nickel(II) with the ligand, and sequential incubation of ligand followed by nickel(II) incubation. The effects of various experimental parameters such as ligand concentration, cell number and available nickel(II) concentration on nickel (II) uptake were examined for most of the above cell types. During concurrent incubations, the effect of ligand concentration on nickel (II) was maximum at 10⁻⁶ M sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) or ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) for all cell types (except polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Enhanced uptake was evident at higher concentrations (≥ 10⁻³ M DDC or APDC) for sequential incubations. By contrast, ammonium dithiocarbamate (AD) had no enhancing effect on nickel(II) uptake in either protocol (tested only for human peripheral lymphocytes and human erythrocytes). Distribution studies indicated that enhanced cytosolic uptake of nickel(II) occurred for 10⁻⁷ - 10⁻⁵ M DDC. The observed effects on nickel (II) uptake of ligand concentration, Ni² concenration and cell number were interpreted on the basis of an 'Equilibrium Model' with several possible pathways. The nickel(II) uptake data were consistent with the possibility that ligand uptake precedes metal-ion uptake. The latter process may well involve the protonated form of the dithiocarbamate as an ionophore. As a means of enhancing cell-associated nickel(II), peripheral lymphocytes from nickel-sensitized and non-sensitized individuals were pretreated with APDC in veronal buffer. The transforming ability of these cells were then studied by use of a lymphocyte transformation (proliferation) test. This approach was not successful in enhancing the response to nickel (II) because of the inherent toxicities of the veronal buffer and APDC. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Os pesticidas etileno-bis-ditiocarbamatos da classe dos ditiocarbamatos estão entre os fungicidas mais empregados em todo o mundo para o controle de pragas. Muitos métodos para determinar ditiocarbamatos são baseados na hidrólise ácida em presença de cloreto estanoso e análise do CS2 gerado por diferentes técnicas. Nesse contexto, constituiram em objetivos do presente trabalho, como primeira etapa, o estudo de condições adequadas à estocagem de amostras de solo, e como segunda etapa, a avaliação das taxas de degradação e de lixiviação do fungicida mancozebe num cambissolo distrófico através do método espectrofotométrico. O sítio de estudo foi uma área delimitada de 36 m2, de uma cultura de couve, localizada em São Lourenço no 3 distrito do município de Nova Friburgo-RJ. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de tecnologia ambiental (LABTAM/UERJ). Na primeira etapa, duas sub-amostras de solo contaminadas com mancozebe foram submetidas a tratamento com cloridrato de L-cisteina e estocadas às temperaturas ambiente e de -20C, sendo posteriormente analisadas em intervalos de 1, 7, 15 e 35 dias após a aplicação do fungicida. Outras duas sub-amostras não tratadas com cloridrato de L-cisteina foram submetidas às mesmas condições de temperatura e analisadas nos mesmos intervalos de tempo. Na segunda etapa, foi efetuada a aplicação do fungicida MANZATE 800 (Dupont Brasil, 80% mancozebe) na dose recomendada de 3,0 Kg ha-1 e coletadas amostras do solo nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm em intervalos de 2,5,8,12,15,18 e 35 dias após aplicação. As amostras de cada profundidade foram tratadas com cloridrato de L-cisteina e acondicionadas sob temperatura de -20C. Através dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, pôde-se concluir que o tratamento com cisteina foi eficaz para conservação do analito, tanto para a amostra mantida a -20C quanto para a amostra mantida à temperatura ambiente. Os dados obtidos na segunda etapa do estudo mostraram que mancozebe apresentou comportamento semelhante ao descrito na literatura, para persistência no solo. Os resultados de lixiviação mostraram que nas condições pelas quais foi conduzido o experimento, resíduos de mancozebe foram detectados em profundidades de até 40 cm, porém através dos modelos de potencial de lixiviação, concluiu-se que o fungicida não oferece risco de contaminação de águas subterrâneas / Ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates pesticides of the class of dithiocarbamates fungicides are among the most widely used around the world to control pests. Many methods to determine dithiocarbamates are based on acid hydrolysis in the presence of stannous chloride and analysis of CS2 generated by different techniques. In this context, the aims of this study are to evaluate the appropriate conditions for storage of soil samples, and the rates of degradation and leaching of the fungicide mancozebe in a Cambisol by spectrophotometric method. The study site was an area of 36 m2, of a planting of cabbage, located in São Lourenço in the 3rd district of the city of Nova Friburgo-RJ. The analysis was conducted in the laboratory of environmental technology (LABTAM / UERJ). In the first step, two sub-samples of soil contaminated with mancozebe were treated with L-cysteine-HCl and stored at room temperature and -20C, then analyzed at intervals of 1,7,15 and 35 days after fungicide application. Other two sub-samples not treated with L-cysteine-HCl were subjected to the same conditions of temperature and analyzed at the same time intervals. In the second step, the fungicide MANZATE 800 (Dupont Brazil, 80% mancozeb) was applied at the recommended dose of 3.0 kg ha-1 and collected soil samples at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm at intervals of 2,5,8,12,15,18 and 35 days after application. Samples from each depth were divided into two parts, one being treated with L-cysteine-HCl and both under temperature of -20 C. The results obtained in the first step, indicate that treatment with cysteine was more effective for conservation of the analyte, both for the sample kept at -20 C and for the sample kept at room temperature. Data obtained in the second step of the study showed that mancozeb demonstrated a behavior similar to that one described in the literature to persistence in soil. The leaching results, showed that under condictions in which the experiment was conducted, mancozeb residues were detected at depths of up to 40 cm, but through the models of the potential for leaching, it was concluded that the fungicide is not liable for contamination of groundwater

Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2008

Os pesticidas etileno-bis-ditiocarbamatos da classe dos ditiocarbamatos estão entre os fungicidas mais empregados em todo o mundo para o controle de pragas. Muitos métodos para determinar ditiocarbamatos são baseados na hidrólise ácida em presença de cloreto estanoso e análise do CS2 gerado por diferentes técnicas. Nesse contexto, constituiram em objetivos do presente trabalho, como primeira etapa, o estudo de condições adequadas à estocagem de amostras de solo, e como segunda etapa, a avaliação das taxas de degradação e de lixiviação do fungicida mancozebe num cambissolo distrófico através do método espectrofotométrico. O sítio de estudo foi uma área delimitada de 36 m2, de uma cultura de couve, localizada em São Lourenço no 3 distrito do município de Nova Friburgo-RJ. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de tecnologia ambiental (LABTAM/UERJ). Na primeira etapa, duas sub-amostras de solo contaminadas com mancozebe foram submetidas a tratamento com cloridrato de L-cisteina e estocadas às temperaturas ambiente e de -20C, sendo posteriormente analisadas em intervalos de 1, 7, 15 e 35 dias após a aplicação do fungicida. Outras duas sub-amostras não tratadas com cloridrato de L-cisteina foram submetidas às mesmas condições de temperatura e analisadas nos mesmos intervalos de tempo. Na segunda etapa, foi efetuada a aplicação do fungicida MANZATE 800 (Dupont Brasil, 80% mancozebe) na dose recomendada de 3,0 Kg ha-1 e coletadas amostras do solo nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm em intervalos de 2,5,8,12,15,18 e 35 dias após aplicação. As amostras de cada profundidade foram tratadas com cloridrato de L-cisteina e acondicionadas sob temperatura de -20C. Através dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, pôde-se concluir que o tratamento com cisteina foi eficaz para conservação do analito, tanto para a amostra mantida a -20C quanto para a amostra mantida à temperatura ambiente. Os dados obtidos na segunda etapa do estudo mostraram que mancozebe apresentou comportamento semelhante ao descrito na literatura, para persistência no solo. Os resultados de lixiviação mostraram que nas condições pelas quais foi conduzido o experimento, resíduos de mancozebe foram detectados em profundidades de até 40 cm, porém através dos modelos de potencial de lixiviação, concluiu-se que o fungicida não oferece risco de contaminação de águas subterrâneas / Ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates pesticides of the class of dithiocarbamates fungicides are among the most widely used around the world to control pests. Many methods to determine dithiocarbamates are based on acid hydrolysis in the presence of stannous chloride and analysis of CS2 generated by different techniques. In this context, the aims of this study are to evaluate the appropriate conditions for storage of soil samples, and the rates of degradation and leaching of the fungicide mancozebe in a Cambisol by spectrophotometric method. The study site was an area of 36 m2, of a planting of cabbage, located in São Lourenço in the 3rd district of the city of Nova Friburgo-RJ. The analysis was conducted in the laboratory of environmental technology (LABTAM / UERJ). In the first step, two sub-samples of soil contaminated with mancozebe were treated with L-cysteine-HCl and stored at room temperature and -20C, then analyzed at intervals of 1,7,15 and 35 days after fungicide application. Other two sub-samples not treated with L-cysteine-HCl were subjected to the same conditions of temperature and analyzed at the same time intervals. In the second step, the fungicide MANZATE 800 (Dupont Brazil, 80% mancozeb) was applied at the recommended dose of 3.0 kg ha-1 and collected soil samples at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm at intervals of 2,5,8,12,15,18 and 35 days after application. Samples from each depth were divided into two parts, one being treated with L-cysteine-HCl and both under temperature of -20 C. The results obtained in the first step, indicate that treatment with cysteine was more effective for conservation of the analyte, both for the sample kept at -20 C and for the sample kept at room temperature. Data obtained in the second step of the study showed that mancozeb demonstrated a behavior similar to that one described in the literature to persistence in soil. The leaching results, showed that under condictions in which the experiment was conducted, mancozeb residues were detected at depths of up to 40 cm, but through the models of the potential for leaching, it was concluded that the fungicide is not liable for contamination of groundwater

M.Tech (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Dithiocarbamate ligands and their complexes has been a subject of interest in various fields but they found much interest in medical applications as potential anti-microbial agents. The dithiocarbamate ligands were used to prepare complexes of copper and zinc. All the prepared ligands and complexes were characterized using techniques such as IR and 13CNMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (complexes). The data obtained from the spectroscopies was consistent with the coordination of the ligand to the metal ion through the sulfur atoms of the dithiocarbamate or thioureide moiety. The thermal analysis of the prepared complexes gave a final residue of metal sulfide, thus indicating the potential of the prepared complexes as single molecular precursor for the synthesis of metal sulfide nanoparticles. The prepared complexes were then used to synthesize metal sulfide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were successfully prepared by thermal decomposition of a single-source precursor (dithiocarbamate complexes) in a solution of hexadecylamine (HDA) or tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO). The investigated parameters were the capping molecule (HDA and TOPO), and capping molecule concentration (3 g and 6 g) to see their effect on the shape and size of the synthesized nanomaterials. The synthesized metal sulfide nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The absorption study showed some interesting features in the prepared nanomaterials. The first was the red-shifted spectra of the ZnS nanoparticles which was attributed to the impurities and that assumption was further confirmed by the XRD analysis that showed a sulfur impurity and other amorphous peaks. The second was the localized surface plasmon resonances on the copper sulfide nanoparticles that suggested the formation of electron deficient copper sulfide stoichiometry that was further confirmed by XRD analysis that gave hexagonal phase copper sulfide covellite. The TEM images of the prepared nanoparticles showed that the concentration and the capping molecule has an effect on the size and shape of the synthesized nanoparticles. The increase in capping concentration gave a decrease in particle size in most of the prepared nanoparticles, while they were few exceptions. The capping molecule effect showed that most of the nanoparticles prepared from TOPO were spherical in shape and were well dispersed compared to the mixed morphological nanoparticles prepared from HDA. There were also exceptions of the well dispersed HDA-capped nanoparticles.

Surface-initiated photo-iniferter mediated controlled polymerisation was used as a technique for the development of advanced and smart materials. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shell nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised in this way from PAMAM dendrimers, used as a graftable core, in 2 min irradiation time. Surprisingly the so-synthetised NPs were around 200 nm and had a cubic shape. Cont/d.

A parte intodutória deste trabalho descreve os conceitos básicos da teoria de determminação de estruturas cristalinas, além de alguns aspéctos de ditiocarbamatos. Na parte experimental estão descritas as estruturas cristalinas e moleculares de quatro compostos: Morfolinoditiocarbamato de potássio monoidratado: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21/c; Z=4; a=6,723(5); b=17,260(4); c=8,190(8) Å; Beta =108,99(1)0; V=898,7(3) Å3; D=1,621 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)=0,0472 (R (F)*= 0,1064 para todas as reflexões), com S=1,012 para 1615 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 107 parâmetros refinados. Morfolinoditiocarbamato de Morfolina: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21/c; Z=4; a=7,938(5); b=18,323(1); c=8,826(5) Å; Beta =110,21(5)0; V=1206,16(25) Å3; D=1,381 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)= 0,0505 (R (F)*= 0,1273para todas as reflexões), com S=0,997 para 2021 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 191 parâmetros refinados. Morfolinoditiocarbamato de Amônio: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21/a; Z=4; a=8,881(9); b=9,002(9); c=11,889(5) Å; beta =104,318(5) 0; V=921,85(12) Å3; D=1,30 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)= 0,0557 (R (F)*= 0,0731 para todas as reflexões), com S=1,053 para 2093 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 141 parâmetros refinados. 1-Piperidinoditiocarbamato de Piperidina: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21; Z=8; a=12,397(7); b=15,470(1); c=14,320(5) Å; beta =93,326(5)0; V=2741,99(9) Å3; D=1,191 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)= 0,0541 (R (F)*= 0,1809 para todas as reflexões), com S=0,974 para 3850 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 542 parâmetros refinados. / The first part of this work is a brief description of basics concepts of X ray for a structure solution and some concepts of dithiocarbamates. The experimental part contains the crystal and molecular structure for four compounds and its supramolecular interactions. Potassium Morfolinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21/c; Z=4; a=6.723(5); b=17.260(4); c=8.190(8) Å; b=108.9(1)0; V=898.7(3) Å3; D=1.621 Mg/m3; 1615 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=107. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)=0.0472. R (F)*= 0.1064; S=1.012. Morfoline Morfolinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21/c; Z=4; a=7.938(5); b=18.323(1); c=8.826(5) Å; b=110.2(5)0; V=1206.16(25) Å3; D=1.381 Mg/m3; 2021 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=191. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)= 0.0505; R(F)*=0.1273; S=0.997. Amonium Morfolinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21/a; Z=4; a=8.881(9); b=9.002(9); c=11.889(5) Å; b=104.3(5) 0; V=921.85(12) Å3; D=1.30 Mg/m3; 2093 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=141. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)= 0.0557; R(F)*=0.0731; S=1.053. Piperidiniun 1-Piperidinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21; Z=8; a =12.397(7); b=15.470(1); c=14.320(5) Å; b=93.326(5)0; V=2741.99(9) Å3; D=1.191 Mg/m3; 3850 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=542. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)= 0.0541; R(F)*= 0.1809; S=0.974.

A parte intodutória deste trabalho descreve os conceitos básicos da teoria de determminação de estruturas cristalinas, além de alguns aspéctos de ditiocarbamatos. Na parte experimental estão descritas as estruturas cristalinas e moleculares de quatro compostos: Morfolinoditiocarbamato de potássio monoidratado: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21/c; Z=4; a=6,723(5); b=17,260(4); c=8,190(8) Å; Beta =108,99(1)0; V=898,7(3) Å3; D=1,621 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)=0,0472 (R (F)*= 0,1064 para todas as reflexões), com S=1,012 para 1615 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 107 parâmetros refinados. Morfolinoditiocarbamato de Morfolina: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21/c; Z=4; a=7,938(5); b=18,323(1); c=8,826(5) Å; Beta =110,21(5)0; V=1206,16(25) Å3; D=1,381 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)= 0,0505 (R (F)*= 0,1273para todas as reflexões), com S=0,997 para 2021 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 191 parâmetros refinados. Morfolinoditiocarbamato de Amônio: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21/a; Z=4; a=8,881(9); b=9,002(9); c=11,889(5) Å; beta =104,318(5) 0; V=921,85(12) Å3; D=1,30 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)= 0,0557 (R (F)*= 0,0731 para todas as reflexões), com S=1,053 para 2093 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 141 parâmetros refinados. 1-Piperidinoditiocarbamato de Piperidina: Sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial P21; Z=8; a=12,397(7); b=15,470(1); c=14,320(5) Å; beta =93,326(5)0; V=2741,99(9) Å3; D=1,191 Mg/m3. O índice de discordância é R(F)= 0,0541 (R (F)*= 0,1809 para todas as reflexões), com S=0,974 para 3850 reflexões observadas com I > ou = 2 gama(I) e 542 parâmetros refinados. / The first part of this work is a brief description of basics concepts of X ray for a structure solution and some concepts of dithiocarbamates. The experimental part contains the crystal and molecular structure for four compounds and its supramolecular interactions. Potassium Morfolinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21/c; Z=4; a=6.723(5); b=17.260(4); c=8.190(8) Å; b=108.9(1)0; V=898.7(3) Å3; D=1.621 Mg/m3; 1615 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=107. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)=0.0472. R (F)*= 0.1064; S=1.012. Morfoline Morfolinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21/c; Z=4; a=7.938(5); b=18.323(1); c=8.826(5) Å; b=110.2(5)0; V=1206.16(25) Å3; D=1.381 Mg/m3; 2021 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=191. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)= 0.0505; R(F)*=0.1273; S=0.997. Amonium Morfolinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21/a; Z=4; a=8.881(9); b=9.002(9); c=11.889(5) Å; b=104.3(5) 0; V=921.85(12) Å3; D=1.30 Mg/m3; 2093 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=141. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)= 0.0557; R(F)*=0.0731; S=1.053. Piperidiniun 1-Piperidinodithiocarbamate: monoclinic system; space group P21; Z=8; a =12.397(7); b=15.470(1); c=14.320(5) Å; b=93.326(5)0; V=2741.99(9) Å3; D=1.191 Mg/m3; 3850 observed reflections (I ³ 2s(I)); NPAR=542. The final disagreement indices are: R(F)= 0.0541; R(F)*= 0.1809; S=0.974.

No description available.