Dans ce travail, une étude analytique comparative sur la notion du mahr (don nuptial) dans le droit islamique selon les différentes écoles juridiques est réalisée. Les écoles en question sont; ḥanafite, mālikite, šāfiʿite, ḥanbalite, imāmite, zaydite et ibāḍite. Tout d’abord, une présentation de la genèse de cette notion et aussi les difficultés de sa traduction est faite. A travers les enseignements de ces écoles, la notion de mahr et son importance dans le contrat de mariage sont analysées. Les points d’accords ainsi que ceux de divergences à travers une confrontation passionnante de sources classiques du fiqh sunnite, chiite et ibāḍite, sont ainsi développées. Cette recherche couvre la période entre Ier et VIIème siècle de l’hégire, ce qui correspond avec VIIème et XIVème siècle de l’ère chrétienne. L’aspect juridique du mahr, le montant, la nature et les différentes sortes de celui-ci sont des questions que nous allons tenter de répondre dans le présent travail. Nous traitons également des notions telles le mahr musamma ainsi que mahr al-miṯl. Cette étude a été réalisée en considérant le mahr dans toutes les situations juridiques : mariage, répudiation (ṭalāq), ẖulʿ et dissolution du mariage (fasẖ). / This work aims to illustrate a comparative analytical study of the concept of mahr (marriage gift) in Islamic Shari’a according to different schools of fiqh: hanafī, maliki, shafi'i, hanbali, ja'fari, ibadi and zaydi. At the beginning, the genesis of the concept of mahr and the difficulties of its translation are presented and discussed. Through the directions of these schools, the concept of mahr and its importance in the marriage contract is analyzed. The points of agreement and the divergence are demonstrated and based on the interesting confrontation of the various conventional sources of sunni, shi’i and ibadi fiqh. The research covers the period between first and seventh century of Hegira, which corresponds to the VII and XIV century of the Christian era. The legal aspect of mahr, its amount, nature and the different kinds are the questions explained in the thesis. The concepts of the mahr musamma and mahr al-mitl are extensively discussed. This study is carried out by considering mahr in all legal situations: the marriage, the divorce (talaq) ẖul' and the dissolution of marriage (faskh).

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-18T12:48:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8451796 bytes, checksum: a44d48d8fd09621f8bc3e0d2f69e1566 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8451796 bytes, checksum: a44d48d8fd09621f8bc3e0d2f69e1566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We study experimentally and numerically, desynchronization event statistics that occur in coupled chaotic systems. Such studies are conducted through coupled chaotic electronic circuits, operating in intermittent synchronization regime. The observed results are repro­duced numerically by routines that integrates their nonlinear ordinary differential equations. At the beginning of this work, we reproduce some results of the literature to demonstrate that coupled chaotic oscillators may have intermittent synchronism when they are expected to have complete synchronism, according to criteria already established in the literature for synchronization. The reason for this fault of synchronization is the presence of unstable objects immersed in the chaotic attractor of the system, which reduce the stability of the synchronized state. We reproduce, also, the analysis of bursts from complete synchronization state which follow a nonnormal distribuition, where the events of greatest amplitude escape from the distribution of events of small and medium amplitude, and they can be predicted. In the last Chapter of this thesis we show our three results about the statistics of desynch­ronization events and how to controll them. These results presented here were carried out in a second-order non-autonomous system that we built in two configurations and allow us to explore different behaviors. We characterize the signals from the first system using diffe­rent parameters and we use analysis techniques that could identify a variety of states of the oscillators between regular and chaotic. We reproduce all scenarios observed experimentally through numerical simulations. To study the level of synchronization between these two oscillators, almost-identical and coupled unidirectionally via negative feedback, we build a variable named error signal which measures the difference between the responses of the two oscillators. The coupling efficiency to generate full synchronism is verified and using the sys­tem under intermittent synchronism we characterize the desynchronization events measured by the so-called error signal. In this non-autonomous system we use the observed error signal following power-law type distributions, and that this power law exponent varies depending on the coupling parameter. As this non-autonomous system may display different chaotic states which differ in the visitation rate at the central region of its phase space, we charac­terized the desynchronization events for some of chaotic attractors and observed that the greater the entrance rate in the central region of the phase space, the greater the occurrence of the desynchronization events of large amplitude. For an investigation of the occurrence of extreme events we build a second, second-order non-autonomous system, a modified version of the first system. We characterize this second system, verifying that the unstable objects immersed in the chaotic attractor are unstable periodic orbits, unlike other results from the literature where instability is a saddle point. With this second system we have our third result, we modify the instability of the synchronized state by means of a single parameter so that the desynchronization events turns to follow a non-normal distribution composed of two contributions, one following a power-law and the other where the events are dragon-king type. Thus, we show the possibility of control for the frequency of these extreme events. / Neste trabalho estudamos, experimentalmente e numericamente, a estatistica de eventos de dessincronizacho que ocorrem em sistemas caaticos acoplados. Tais estudos sho realiza­dos atraves de circuitos eletronicos caaticos acoplados, operando em regime de sincronizacho intermitente. Os resultados observados sho reproduzidos numericamente por rotinas que construfmos para as suas equagoes diferenciais ordinarias nao-lineares. No inicio desse tra­balho reproduzimos alguns resultados da literatura para demonstrar que osciladores caaticos acoplados podem apresentar sincronismo intermitente quando "deveriam"apresentar sincro­nismo completo, segundo alguns criterios ja, estabelecidos na literatura para sincronizacao. A razdo para este efeito de fuga da sincronizacho é a existencia de objetos instaveis imersos no atrator ca6tico do sistema, que retiram a estabilidade do estado sincronizado. Reprodu­zimos, tambem, a analise estatistica dos eventos de fuga do estado de sincronismo completo que seguem uma distribuicao nao-normal, sendo que os eventos de maiores amplitudes fo­gem a lei de distribuicao dos eventos de pequena, media e grandes amplitudes e, alem disso, podem ser previstos e suprimidos. No Ultimo Capftulo desta tese apresentamos nossos tress resultados sobre estatistica de eventos de fuga de sincronizacho e sobre o controle dos mes­mos. Os tress resultados apresentados nesta tese foram realizados em um sistema de segunda ordem nao-autonomo (forcado externamente), que nos construfmos em duas configuragoes que permitem explorar diferentes comportamentos dinamicos. Caracterizamos os sinais do sistema na primeira configuragdo para diversos parametros e utilizando tecnicas de analise de sinais e sistemas, pudemos identificar uma variedade de estados dos osciladores, entre estados periOdicos e caaticos. Reproduzimos todos os cenarios observados experimental­mente atraves de simulagoes numericas. Para caracterizarmos o nivel de sincronismo entre dois osciladores, quase-identicos e acoplados unidirecionalmente via realimentagao negativa, construimos uma variavel chamada sinal de erro que mede a diferenga entre as respostas dos dois osciladores. Verificamos a eficiencia do acoplamento para gerar sincronismo completo para altos valores do acoplamento. Para valores intermidarios de acoplamento o sistema exibe urn regime de sincronismo intermitente ern que caracterizamos os eventos de dessin­cronizagao medidos atraves do sinal de erro. Em nosso primeiro resultado mostramos que, no sistema nao-autonomo que utilizamos, o sinal de erro segue uma distribuigao do tipo lei de potencia e que o expoente dessa lei de potencia varia ern fungao do parametro de aco­plamento do sistema. Este sistema nao-autonomo pode exibir diferentes estados caaticos, que diferem entre si na taxa de visitagoes a regiao central de seu espago de fases. Nosso segundo resultado consiste ern caracterizar os eventos de dessincronizagao para alguns desses atratores ca6ticos, ern que observamos que quanto maior a taxa de visitagao a regiao central do espago de fases, maior é a ocorrencia dos eventos de dessincronizagao de grande ampli­tude. Para uma investigagao da ocorrencia de eventos extremos construimos urn segundo sistema de segunda ordem nao-autonomo, uma versao modificada da primeira configuragao do sistema. Caracterizamos o sistema, verificando que os objetos instaveis imersos no atra­tor ca6tico sao Orbitas periOdicas instaveis, diferentemente de outros resultados da literatura onde a instabilidade é urn ponto fixo de sela. Nosso terceiro resultado, obtido atraves deste segundo sistema, consiste ern modificarmos a instabilidade do estado sincronizado atraves de urn ilnico parametro, de forma que os eventos de dessincronizagao passaram seguir uma distribuigao nao-normal composta por dual contribuigoes, uma parte que segue uma lei de potencia e a outra onde os eventos sao do tipo dragoes-rei. Assim, mostramos a possibilidade de controle da frequencia de ocorrencia desses eventos extremos.

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This thesis explores the extent to which elite women of the eighteenth century commissioned architectural works and the extent to which the type and scale of their projects was dictated by their marital status. Traditionally, architectural historians have advocated that eighteenth-century architecture was purely the pursuit of men. Women, of course, were not absent during this period, but their involvement with architecture has been largely obscured and largely overlooked. This doctoral research has redressed this oversight through the scrutinising of known sources and the unearthing of new archival material. This thesis begins with an exploration of the legal and financial statuses of elite women, as encapsulated by the eighteenth-century marriage settlement. This encompasses brides’ portions or dowries, wives’ annuities or ‘pin-money’, widows’ dower or jointure, and provisions made for daughters and younger children. Following this, the thesis is divided into three main sections which each look at the ways in which women, depending upon their marital status, could engage in architecture. The first of these sections discusses unmarried women, where the patronage of the following patroness is examined: Anne Robinson; Lady Isabella Finch; Lady Elizabeth Hastings; Sophia Baddeley; George Anne Bellamy and Teresa Cornelys. The second section explores the patronage of married women, namely Jemima Yorke, Marchioness Grey; Amabel Hume-Campbell, Lady Polwarth; Mary Robinson, Baroness Grantham; Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough; Frances Boscawen; Elizabeth Herbert, Countess of Pembroke and Montgomery; Henrietta Knight, Baroness Luxborough and Lady Sarah Bunbury. The third and final section discusses the architectural patronage of widowed women, including Susanna Montgomery, Countess of Eglinton; Georgianna Spencer, Countess Spencer; Elizabeth Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort; Elizabeth Home, Countess of Home; Elizabeth Montagu; Mary Hervey, Lady Hervey; Henrietta Fermor, Countess of Pomfret; the Hon. Charlotte Digby; the Hon. Charlotte Boyle Walsingham; the Hon. Agneta Yorke and Albinia Brodrick, Viscountess Midleton. Collectively, all three sections advocate that elite women were at the heart of the architectural patronage system and exerted more influence and agency over architecture than has previously been recognised by architectural historians.

Alors que la forêt de Lyons est souvent assimilée à une simple forêt-frontière, dix années d’enquête nous obligent à modifier radicalement cette définition géo-historique. Il faut dire qu’entre temps, il a fallu reconsidérer la notion même de forêt qui désignait au haut Moyen Âge, non pas de grandes étendues boisées, mais tout au contraire un espace fortement humanisé où coexistent futaies et taillis, landes et prairies, champs et villages. De cette grande forêt médiévale de Lyons – la plus importante de Normandie avec ses 30 000 ha – entièrement dévolue à l’usage et aux besoins de son détenteur ducal ou royal se dégage alors un pays, lui-même fruit de la sédimentation de quatre espaces nettement identifiés, entre 1100 et 1450. Des multiples séjours des Plantagenêts puis des Capétiens, attestés par plus de 500 chartes signées en forêt de Lyons entre 1100 et 1400 et justifiées soit par la chasse (espace résidentiel), soit par la guerre (espace militaire) résultent en effet un espace politique qui explique la fortune étonnante d’au moins deux favoris issus du pays de Lyons : Guillaume de Longchamps, chancelier d’Angleterre sous Richard Cœur de Lion et Enguerrand de Marigny, le familier de Philippe le Bel. S’ajoutent à cela tous les revenus qu’un espace économique comme la forêt de Lyons procure à son détenteur, en se rappelant l’importance prise par le bois dans l’économie médiévale. En définitive, l’on découvre ainsi que ce pays a fini par produire un véritable écosystème d’une résilience à toute épreuve jusqu’à ce que les années sombres de la fin de la Guerre de cent ans finissent par avoir raison de cet âge d’or qu’a représenté le Moyen Âge pour la forêt de Lyons. / Although the forest of Lyons is often defined simply as a border forest, ten years of research has enabled me to make a radical change to this old geographical definition. My reconsideration of even the concept of “forest,” shows that, in the High Middle Ages, the word meant not large stretches of woodlands but, instead, a well-developed space, where timberlands, thickets, heaths, pastures, cultivated fields, and villages coexisted. The medieval forest of Lyons, the most important in all Normandy with its 30,000 hectares, was entirely devoted to the use and necessities of its ducal or royal title-holder, and it emerged as a pays formed by the coalescence of four distinct spaces between 1100 and 1450. The many sojourns of the Plantagenets and then the Capetians — due to hunting (residential space) and various wars (military space) — are documented by more than 500 acts signed in the forest of Lyons between 1100 and 1400. These sojourns produced a political space that explains the stunning careers of at least two royal favorites, natives of the pays of Lyons: William Longchamp, chancellor under Richard the Lionheart, and Enguerrand de Marigny, chief minister of Philip the Fair. Since wood was a necessity in medieval times, the forest of Lyons was also an important economic space because it earned significant revenue for its title-holder. All things considered, it is clear that the pays of Lyons produced a true ecosystem able to survive all hardships until the dark, final period of the Hundred Years War put an end to the Golden Age that the Middle Ages had brought to the forest of Lyons.