This work analyzes the solid flow dynamics of gas-solid downer fluidized bed reactor in co-current and, particularly, in counter-current mode. This reactor is potentially interesting for catalytic applications where very short (sub second) and precise contact times are required between the solid catalyst and the gaseous reactants-products. To this aim, a 1.5 m and 36 mm ID downer reactor setup was built to replicate the conditions in a real unit in cold flow and using materials that enable the observation of the solid particle dynamics. Specifically, two state-of-the-art techniques have been used: Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Digital Image Analysis (DIA). Three types of particles have been used: two commercial fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) particles (ρp = 1300 kg/m3, dp = 75 and 56 μm) and sand (ρp=2600 kg/m3, dp= 370 μm). High-speed cameras were positioned in two axial positions: 70 and 140 cm from the top, to reveal the flow behavior across the reactor. It was found that the solid flow initially was segregated because of the solid feeding design. Thus, 3D printed re-distributer was used to even the solid flow. The solid particles in the counter-current downer was approaching the plug-flow behavior with 23% variation in the velocity gradient across the radial direction, compared with 40% for the co-current counterpart. A method to estimate solid hold-up based on images was developed, yielding values in a good agreement with literature. Keywords: Hydrodynamics, counter-current, downer, PIV, DIA, Solid hold-up

Despite existing mad cow disease surveillance efforts in the United States, in place since the 1980s, a cow that tested positive for mad cow disease was granted entrance into the U.S. in December, 2003. The cow that tested positive, according to witnesses, displayed no symptoms that are synonymous with advanced bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE. This occurrence had detrimental effects on the U.S. beef export market, as many countries banned American beef. Estimates of the damage inflicted reach into the billions of dollars. BSE in the U.S. has the potential of causing damages in other aspects as well. Aside from the fact that BSE is a public health issue, it has caused political rifts between nations, particularly between Canada and the U.S. It can undermine confidence in the USDA and confidence in the governments ability to handle emergencies. BSE can imperil American good that contain beef or beef products. Finally, it can undermine trust in scientists to provide useful guidance. The subtle changes in U.S. BSE surveillance efforts in the 1980’s were greatly surpassed by the changes that were made when a BSE-positive cow was discovered in Washington State in 2003. However, there remains room for much needed improvement in U.S. BSE surveillance efforts. These changes include: increased testing to include all cows slaughtered in the U.S. and all imported beef products, a nationwide animal tracking program, increased proficiency in training of inspectors, and the implementation of strict rules governing the ingredients of animal feed. The implementation of regulations based on economics instead of public health concerns has the potential to leave loopholes in regulations that the BSE agent might exploit. By enacting the recommendations made in this thesis, the U.S. will greatly increased its' odds of stopping the entrance and proliferation of BSE within its’ borders.

Le syndrome vache à terre (SVT) est rencontré chez la vache laitière et est une condition d’urgence à évolution rapide où le pronostic est réservé à sombre. Les seuls tests complémentaires disponibles actuellement nécessitent l’utilisation des services d’un laboratoire commercial. La présence d’hypoperfusion locale et systémique ainsi que de lésions cardiaques à la nécropsie rend potentiellement intéressant le dosage de la lactatémie (LAC) et de la troponinémie (cTnI) sanguine. Ces deux biomarqueurs pouvant être analysés à l’aide d’appareils portatifs. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’évaluer la valeur pronostique de la LAC et de la cTnI dosées à la ferme, directement au chevet de la vache laitière atteinte de SVT. Le pourcentage d’issue négative (mort ou euthanasie) à sept jours suivant l’inclusion (d7) était de 63.1 %. La lactatémie n’était pas associée au pronostic vital de l’animal lors de SVT. Par contre, une valeur sanguine de cTnI >0.7 ng/mL était associée à une issue négative à d7 (sensibilité, spécificité, valeurs prédictives positive et négative respectivement de 54.1 %, 78.4 %, 82.0 % et 48.3 %). L’utilisation d’un modèle de régression logistique multivariable a montré que cette hypertroponinémie était associée à un risque d’issue négative à d7 5.5 fois (IC95%: 2.1-14.6) plus grand que le groupe présentant une cTnI ≤ 0.07 ng/mL. De plus, les animaux ayant une FC >100 BPM étaient 3.7 fois plus à risque (IC95%: 1.5-10.2) de subir une issue négative à d7 que ceux présentant une FC≤100 BPM. / Downer cow syndrome (DCS) is observed in dairy cattle and is an emergency condition that progresses rapidly and whose prognosis is reserved to poor. The only available complementary tests require the services of a commercial laboratory. The presence of local and/or systemic hypoperfusion, along with the presence of cardiac lesions at necropsy renders the dosage of lactatemia (LAC) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the blood potentially interesting. These two biomarkers being measurable through the analysis of portable equipment, the present study objective was to evaluate the prognostic value of measuring LAC and cTnl directly at the side of the dairy cow affected by DCS. The percentage of negative outcome (death or euthanasia; NO) seven days following the study inclusion (d7) was 63.1%. LAC was not associated with the prognosis of the animal suffering from DCS. However, a blood cTnl value of ˃0.7ng/mL was associated with a NO before d7 (sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of 54.1, 78.4, 82.0, and 48.3%, respectively). The use of a logistic multivariable model demonstrated that hypertroponinemia was associated with a NO risk 5.5 greater (95%CI: 2.1-14.6) by d7 than animals presented with a blood cTnl value of ≤ 0,07ng/mL. The animals presenting a HR > 100BPM were 3.7 times more at risk (95%CI: 1.5-10.2) of exiting the herd by d7 than the animals with a HR of ≤ 100BPM.