O uso de efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) na agricultura apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável por se tratar de uma fonte de umidade e de nutrientes minerais aos sistemas agrícolas, aliado à redução da utilização de água de boa qualidade na irrigação, bem como a diminuição da descarga do EET nos rios, minimizando assim possíveis danos ambientais. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar a importância do monitoramento contínuo do sistema solo-planta em razão do risco da utilização de águas residuárias, sobretudo aquelas ricas em sódio. Desse modo, esse trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento dos efeitos da aplicação de EET no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar, avaliando possíveis alterações químicas do solo e da planta, e a qualidade do caldo. O experimento foi instalado num campo experimental situado em Lins, São Paulo. A adubação mineral de plantio consistiu na aplicação de metade da dose recomendada do adubo nitrogenado, 15 kg ha-1 de N (nitrato de amônio), 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5 (superfosfato simples) e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O (cloreto de potássio). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos com parcelas subdivididas no tempo com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: SI, sem irrigação; 100 %, umidade do solo na capacidade de campo; 125, 150 e 200% que corresponderam a 25, 50 e 100% a mais da umidade do solo na capacidade de campo, respectivamente. Foram observados aumentos nas concentrações de sódio (Na) nas folhas, fósforo (P) e cálcio (Ca) no caldo, e potássio (K) no colmo. Para os micronutrientes houve diminuições nas concentrações de manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn) na folha, no caldo e no colmo, e no caso do ferro (Fe) a diminuição ocorreu no caldo. A irrigação com EET não ocasionou prejuízos a qualidade dos colmos industrializáveis. As maiores produtividades foram observadas nos tratamentos 100 e 150, 247,33 e 232,81 t ha-1, respectivamente. No solo, houve incrementos do pH, das concentrações de P, Na, B e Fe, e um decréscimo nas concentrações de Ca, magnésio (Mg), K e cobre (Cu). Os teores de matéria orgânica (MO) decresceram em todo perfil do solo e, os teores de carbono total (CT) e nitrogênio total (NT) não apresentaram alterações em razão da irrigação com EET. A não utilização da dose completa do adubo nitrogenado não implicou na queda da produtividade da cana-planta. As perspectivas para a irrigação da cana-de-açúcar com EET são promissoras, demandando estudos de longo prazo para confirmação dos resultados até agora obtidos e também para o monitoramento de possíveis prejuízos que possam vir a ocorrer no sistema solo-planta. / The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) in agriculture is a viable alternative once it is a source of humidity and mineral nutrients to the agricultural systems, allied to the reduction of good quality water consumption for agricultural irrigation, as well as the reduction of the discharge of TSE in the water courses, thus minimizing possible environmental damages. However, it should be standed out the importance of the continuous monitoring of the soil-plant system because of the risks represented by the wastewater use, overall those rich in sodium. In this manner, this work aimed to contribute to the knowledge of TSE application effects in the soil-sugarcane system, evaluating the chemical alterations of the soil and the plant, and also the quality of the soup. The experiment was installed in an experimental area situated at Lins, São Paulo State. The mineral fertilization at planting was half of the recommended nitrogen dose, 15 kg ha-1 of N (ammonium nitrate), and also 120 kg ha-1 of P (single superphosphate) and 80 kg ha-1 of K (potassium chloride). The experimental design was in complete blocks with split plots in time, with five treatments and four replicates. Applied treatments were: SI, without irrigation; 100%, soil humidity at the field capacity; 125, 150 and 200% that corresponded to 25, 50 and 100% more soil humidity than the field capacity, respectively. Increases in the concentrations of sodium (Na) in the leaves, phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) in the soup, and potassium in the culms were observed. Considering the micronutrients, reductions on the concentrations of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves, culms and soup occurred, while in the case of iron (Fe), observed reductions occurred for the soup. TSE irrigation has not prejudiced the quality of the industrialized culms. The highest yields were observed in the treatments 100 and 150, 247.33 and 232.81 t ha-1, respectively. Increments of the values of pH and concentrations of P, Na, boron (B) and Fe were obtained in the soil, while, in the case of Ca, magnesium (Mg), K and cupper (Cu) concentrations in the soil decreased. The organic matter levels decreased all over the soil profile and, the levels of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) were not altered by the irrigation with TSE. The non-use of the mineral N fertilizer complete dose did not imply in the fall of the sugarcane-plant productivity. The perspectives for sugarcane irrigation with wastewater are promising, demanding however long-term studies in order to confirm the results obtained till the present moment, and also to the monitoring of possible damages that may occur in the soil-plant system.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / During the second harvest in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, pluvial precipitations are usually irregularly distributed along the bean production cycle. This irregular distribution of rains during the bean cultivation can affect its productive potential. Complementary irrigation can be adopted in order to avoid drought stress. In current agriculture, irrigation systems have been increasingly used to supply crops and promote better conditions for cultivation, prompting an increase in productivity. The localized irrigation is one of these systems which are usually applied in perennial cultures and/or small areas. It has been used as a resource for diminishing energy consumption and for prompting more efficacy in water consumption. The bean culture has a high market price and is very susceptible to drought stress. These factors contribute for its cultivation in fields with the use of irrigation systems. Besides endeavoring to offer better parameters for irrigators, this work aims at determining the necessity of complementary irrigation and verifying the relation between localized irrigation systems and water availability by means of different critical water levels applied in complementary irrigation in bean crops. The variety used was the BRS Valente, seeded outof- season in Santa Maria, central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The micro-sprinkling and subsurface dripping irrigation systems were used to sustain the highest complementary irrigation depths in 20, 40 and 60 mm of maximum evapotranspiration accumulated and a control treatment without irrigation. The reference vapotranspiration was measured by means of a meteorological station installed at UFSM and its estimative was calculated by the Penman-Monteith equation. There were differences between the treatments in the complementary irrigation levels regarding some production factors and the different systems of irrigation (micro-sprinkling and subsurface dripping irrigation systems). / As precipitações pluviais são normalmente mal distribuídas ao longo do ciclo produtivo do feijoeiro durante a segunda safra para a região central do Rio Grande do Sul, podendo afetar o seu potencial produtivo. A irrigação complementar torna-se uma ferramenta a ser adotada para que o feijoeiro não seja afetado pela deficiência hídrica. Para obter maiores garantias de colheita, os sistemas de irrigação são cada vez mais utilizados para suprir as necessidades hídricas das culturas, proporcionando melhores condições de cultivo e maior produtividade. A irrigação localizada é uma das alternativas utilizadas, mas normalmente para culturas perenes e/ou pequenas áreas. A irrigação localizada está sendo utilizada por proporcionar menor consumo energético e melhor eficiência na aplicação da água, desta forma, proporcionando melhor uso de um recurso cada vez mais escasso. O feijão tem valor de mercado elevado, o que contribui para o seu plantio em áreas com sistemas de irrigação e também por ser uma planta muito suscetível à deficiência hídrica. Buscando oferecer melhores parâmetros para os irrigantes, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a necessidade de irrigação complementar, verificar a relação entre sistemas de irrigação localizada e disponibilidade hídrica através de diferenciadas lâminas críticas de irrigação complementar para o feijoeiro. Foi utilizada a variedade BRS Valente semeada na safrinha na cidade de Santa Maria na depressão central do Rio Grande do Sul. Os sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento e micro-aspersão foram utilizados para manter as lâminas críticas de irrigação complementar nos níveis máximos de 20, 40 e 60 mm de evapotranspiração máxima acumulada e um tratamento testemunha que não recebeu irrigação. A evapotranspiração de referência foi estimada a partir dos dados da estação meteorológica instalada na UFSM com a equação de Penman-Monteith. Foi verificada diferença entre os tratamentos nas lâminas de irrigação complementar para alguns fatores de produção e entre os sistemas de irrigação localizada por gotejamento e micro-aspersão.

La friture profonde de type batch a été étudiée dans le projet FUI Fry’In (Réf. AAP17, 2014-2018) dans le but de proposer des innovations de rupture pour des friteuses batch domestiques et professionnelles. La thèse a appuyé le projet sur la maîtrise de deux effets négatifs de la friture : i) la thermo-oxydation de l’huile responsable des mauvaises odeurs et produits de dégradation ainsi que ii) la prise d’huile généralement favorisée au détriment de son égouttage. L’étude a été réalisée en combinant des mesures directes (spectroscopie et imagerie infrarouges en mode ATR, photo-ionisation, mesures DSC, imagerie rapide…) et modélisation multi-échelle (écoulement de l’huile et égouttage lors du retrait, description lagrangienne des réactions en présence d’un écoulement, couplage avec les ciné-tiques de dissolution de l’oxygène). La complexité du processus de thermo-oxydation a été réduite en considérant les hydroperoxydes comme une forme de stockage organique de l’oxygène, qui propage l’oxydation dans des régions en anoxie. Leur décomposition produit de nombreux composés de scission, dont la nature est influencée par les conditions locales de température et de concentration en oxygène. La prise d’huile a été décrite comme le bilan net entre l’huile charriée au moment du retrait et l’huile égouttée. L’égouttage a été étudié sur des barreaux métalliques et des produits réels. Il se conduit à la formation de quatre à huit gouttes en quelques secondes. Les cinétiques de drainage anisothermes ont été prédites par un modèle mécanistique. Le mécanisme spécifique de prise d’huile en cours de friture a été aussi analysé ; il se produit uniquement dans le cas des produits préfrits congelés. / Batch deep-frying has been investigated within the collaborative project FUI Fry’In (ref. AAP17, 2014-2018) with the aim of proposing breakthrough innovations for small and medium size appliances. The PhD thesis was part of the project and focused on two specific adverse effects of deep-frying on food products: oil thermo-oxidation responsible for break-down products and off-flavors, and oil pickup process usually favored relatively to oil dripping. The work was carried out by combing direct measurements (FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and imaging, photoionization, DSC measurements, fast imaging…) and multiscale modeling (oil flow and oil dripping during product re-moval, Lagrangian description of reactions in aniso-thermal flows, coupling with oxygen dissolution kinetics). The complex problem of thermo-oxidation was split into simpler mechanisms by noticing that hydroperoxides are a kind of long-lived form of or-ganic oxygen, which trigger propagation in deep re-gions under anoxia. Their decomposition lead to various scission products, which were shown to be in-fluenced by both local temperature and oxygen con-centration. Oil uptake was described as the net balance between the amount of dragged oil during product removal and oil dripping at the tips of the product. The dripping process studied on both metal-lic sticks and real products occurs in less than few seconds and leads to a formation of four to eight drop-lets. The detailed drainage kinetics in anisothermal conditions were captured and predicted with the pro-posed mechanistic models. The specific mechanism of oil uptake during the immersion stage was eluci-dated and was shown to occur only in parfried frozen products.

Les phénomènes interfaciaux impliqués dans les écoulements polyphasiques existent dans de nombreux procédés industriels. Des gouttes et des bulles sont des éléments typiques pour comprendre les phénomènes interfaciaux. Ainsi, cette thèse étudie les gouttes (bulles) impliquées dans la manipulation d’une interface, y compris la rupture de l'interface, le mouvement d’une goutte sur une surface superhydrophobe et le contact sur un support solide à l’aide d’un système d'acquisition pour des signaux électriques. Dans la première partie, une caméra rapide est utilisée pour étudier la dynamique de pincement des fluides homogènes et des ferrrofluides hétérogènes à travers des systèmes confinés et non-confinés liquide-liquide ou liquide-gaz. L'effet de compétition entre les différentes forces telles que la poussée d’Archimède, la force magnétique, la gravité et la tension interfaciale sur la rupture finale d’un fluide interne dans un environnement fluide externe est démontré et quantifié. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la manipulation d’une goutte aqueuse à l’aide d’une interface superhydrophobe sous deux angles distincts : saut d’obstacle de la goutte sur une surface solide revêtue d’une couche superhydrophobe ; déshabillement d’une goutte enveloppée de particules superhydrophobes dite "marbre liquide" sur un film huileux. Le comportement dynamique du saut d’obstacle et du déshabillement des gouttes est quantifié et comparé dans des conditions opératoires très différentes telles que la viscosité, la tension interfaciale, la géométrie d’obstacle, etc. La troisième partie est dévolue au contact d’une goutte sur un support solide: contact initial, étalement, et pincement final des fluides tant newtoniens que non newtoniens, grâce à une méthodologie combinant la caméra rapide et un système d'acquisition ultra-rapide d’un signal électrique / The interfacial phenomena in multiphase flows widely exist in numerous industrial processes. Drops and bubbles are typical models to investigate these interfacial phenomena. Thus this thesis investigates the drop (bubble) involved interface manipulation, including the breakup of interface, drop’s motion on superhydrophobic surface and Dripping-on-Substrate with an acquisition system of electric signals. In the first part, the pinch-off dynamics of homogenous fluids and heterogeneous ferrrofluids, unconfined liquid-liquid (liquid-gas) or confined liquid-liquid systems was investigated by a high-speed camera. The effect of buoyancy, magnetic force, gravity and interface tension between internal and external fluids on the final pinch-off was demonstrated and quantified. The second part focuses on the drop manipulation on superhydrophobic interface through two distinct approaches: superhydrophobic coating on a substrate and superhydrophobic particles enveloping a liquid drop to form “liquid marble”. The hurdling behavior of liquid drops on superhydrophobic obstacles and undressing dynamics of liquid marbles on oil films were discussed and the slope motion of liquid drops and liquid marbles were then compared. The third part concentrates on the Dripping-on- Substrate behavior: initial contact and spreading on a solid surface, final pinch-off of Newtonian fluids and filament thinning of non-Newtonian fluids, through a methodology combining the high-speed camera and ultra-high-speed acquisition device of an electric signal

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a quickly rising method of manufacturing due to its ability to increase design freedom. This allows the manufacturing of components not possible by traditional subtractive manufacturing. AM can greatly reduce lead time and material waste, therefore decreasing the cost and environmental impact. The adoption of AM in the aerospace industry requires strict control and predictability of the material deposition to ensure safe flights.  The method of AM for this thesis is Laser Metal Deposition with wire (LMD-w). Using wire as a feedstock introduces a potential problem, the material transfer from the wire to the substrate. This requires all process parameters to be in balance to produce a stable deposition. The first sign of unbalanced process parameters are the material transfer stabilities; stubbing and dripping. Stubbing occurs when the energy to melt the wire is too low and the wire melts slower than required. Dripping occurs when too much energy is applied and the wire melts earlier than required.  These two reduce the predictability and stability that is required for robust manufacturing.  Therefore, the use of thermal simulations to predict the material transfer stability for LMD-w using Waspaloy as the deposition material has been studied.  It has been shown that it is possible to predict the material transfer stability using thermal simulations and criterions based on preexisting experimental data. The criterion for stubbing checks if the completed simulation result produces a wire that ends below the melt pool. For dripping two criterions shows good results, the dilution ratio is a good predictor if the tool elevation remains constant. If there is a change in tool elevation the dimensionless slenderness number is a better predictor.  Using these predictive criterions it is possible to qualitatively map the process window and better understand the influence of tool elevation and the cross-section of the deposited material. / Additiv tillverkning (AT) är en kraftigt växande tillverkningsmetod på grund av sin flexibilitet kring design och möjligheten att skapa komponenter som inte är tillverkningsbara med traditionell avverkande bearbetning.  AT kan kraftigt minska tid- och materialåtgång och på så sett minskas kostnader och miljöpåverkan. Införandet av AT i flyg- och rymdindustrin kräver strikt kontroll och förutsägbarhet av processen för att försäkra sig om säkra flygningar.  Lasermetalldeponering av tråd är den AT metod som hanteras i denna uppsats. Användandet av tråd som tillsatsmaterial skapar ett potentiellt problem, materialöverföringen från tråden till substratet. Detta kräver att alla processparametrar är i balans för att få en jämn materialöverföring. Är processen inte balanserad syns detta genom materialöverföringsstabiliteterna stubbning och droppning. Stubbning uppkommer då energin som tillförs på tråden är för låg och droppning uppkommer då energin som tillförs är för hög jämfört med vad som krävs för en stabil process. Dessa två fenomen minskar möjligheterna för en kontrollerbar och stabil tillverkning.  På grund av detta har användandet utav termiska simuleringar för att prediktera materialöverföringsstabiliteten för lasermetalldeponering av tråd med Waspaloy som deponeringsmaterial undersökts. Det har visat sig vara möjligt att prediktera materialöverföringsstabiliteten med användning av termiska simuleringar och kriterier baserat på tidigare experimentell data. Kriteriet för stubbning kontrolleras om en slutförd simulering resulterar i en tråd som når under smältan.  För droppning finns två fungerande kriterier, förhållandet mellan svetshöjd och penetrationsdjup om verktygshöjden är konstant, sker förändringar i verktygshöjden är det dimensionslös ”slenderness” talet ett bättre kriterium.  Genom att använda dessa kriterier är det möjligt att kvalitativt kartlägga processfönstret och skapa en bättre förståelse för förhållandet mellan verktygshöjden och den deponerade tvärsnittsarean.