No description available.

Rheological characterization of pharmaceutical semisolids is of importance as it provides fundamental information required for the assessment of some of the final properties of a product such as viscosity, elasticity, quality and storage stability. The effect of formulation variables on product characteristics such as consistency and correlation of consumer evaluation of consistency can also be attained. (Ramachandran et al., 1999) This study focussed on using rheological techniques to fully characterize the properties of various semisolid formulations being developed or produced at a South African-based generic pharmaceutical company. Various tests were employed to characterize the semisolid dosage forms (creams and ointments), including continuous shear tests such as flow and viscosity curves and yield point measurements, oscillatory tests such as amplitude and frequency sweeps, as well as step and temperature ramp tests. A method to determine justifiable and meaningful viscosity specifications was developed, where excellent reproducibility of results were obtained when compared to the single-point viscosity determinations usually used. An evaluation as to whether rheology can be utilized as an assessment tool for product stability revealed varying results, with the oscillation-frequency sweep test displaying modest predictive capabilities. Observable differences in rheological character were found when evaluating ointment formulations exhibiting deviating quality characteristics. When analysing the effect of varying processing parameters, namely, cooling rate and mixing speed, during the manufacture of a cream, statistically significant rheological differences were obtained, while a thorough characterization of a scale-up procedure was also achieved upon analysis of various rheological properties.

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

Part I. Following a general historical review of the development of drug targeting, critical evaluations were made of current targeted drug delivery systems. Based on the results shown by previous studies, magnetic albumin microspheres containing adriamycin is one of the most promising targetable delivery systems for the treatment of solid tumors. It was also apparent that the pharmacokinetics of drugs associated with magnetic albumin microspheres had not been determined. A systematic study of the multiple variables involved in albumin microsphere preparation was completed to identify to what extent these variables affected the microsphere size distribution. The results of this investigation led to an optimal method of microsphere preparation. Information obtained from the above studies was applied to the production of magnetic albumin microspheres containing adriamycin suitable for in vivo use. The problems of separation and quantitation of adriamycin and adriamycinol in biological matrices were investigated using ion-pairing high pressure liquid chromatography. An optimized chromatographic system was presented for the analysis of these compounds in rat serum and tissues. The disposition of adriamycin following administration as magnetic albumin microspheres and as a solution was studied by monitoring adriamycin concentrations in multiple rat tissues for forty-eight hours after administration. The magnetic dosage form was targeted to a predefined tail segment with a magnetic field strength of 8000 G applied for 30 min after dosing. A physiological pharmacokinetic model was used to describe the disposition of adriamycin after both dosage forms. The model developed following adriamycin administration as a solution served as the foundation for the model for adriamycin when it was administered as the magnetic dosage form. Part II. The present investigation was designed to characterize the kinetics of ibuprofen in plasma and synovial fluid, which in the past, has been flawed by inadequate study protocols. After administration of a single dose and at steady-state, ibuprofen concentrations were measured simultaneously in plasma and synovial fluid obtained from eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The extent of accumulation of ibuprofen in each fluid was determined. The degree of ibuprofen protein binding in plasma and synovial fluid was also determined and related to its kinetic behavior.

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No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin. / Includes indexes. Bibliography: p. 67-144.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-10-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_v_dr_botib_parcial.pdf: 121964 bytes, checksum: f1b5442c2529b9fae052af629d1f7759 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-04T11:39:28Z: lima_v_dr_botib_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-04T11:40:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000713861.pdf: 1384411 bytes, checksum: b955783a5a264cb6a8fe99236063aa37 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Agonistas induzem ou estabilizam diferentes conformações de receptores com 7 domínios transmembrana (7TMRs) levando à modulação diferencial das atividades desses receptor. Este fenômeno é conhecido como eficácia colateral ou pluridimensional, seletividade funcional ou agonismo tendencioso. Este trabalho investigou se drogas comumente utilizadas como agonistas de 1-adrenoceptores (as feniletilaminas noradrenalina, dopamina, fenilefrina e metoxamina; e as imidazolinas A61603, oximetazolina e nafazolina) apresentam agonismo tendencioso para a via proteína Gq-mobilização de Ca2+ intracelular ([Ca2+]i) ou para a internalização dependente de -arrestina em 1A- ou 1B-adrenoceptores humanos em células HEK293. O agonismo tendencioso foi determinado pela comparação equimolar e quantificado pela comparação das “razões de transdução” /KA ou razões das “eficiências de acoplamento” . Os métodos quantitativos de análise do agonismo tendencioso apontaram perfis semelhantes de seletividade funcional em 1A- e 1B-adrenoceptores. Em 1A-adrenoceptores, a dopamina apresentou agonismo tendencioso para a internalização, enquanto que a fenilefrina e o A61603 foram tendenciosos para a mobilização de [Ca2+]i. Todas as imidazolinas investigadas foram agonistas tendenciosos na internalização de 1B-adrenoceptores. Houve repercussões funcionais do agonismo tendencioso observado, uma vez que a oximetazolina promoveu taquifilaxia tanto em respostas mediadas por 1B-adrenoceptores nativos do baço do rato quanto em 1B-adrenoceptores recombinantes humanos indicando que a sua capacidade de induzir internalização de receptores não é restrita a receptores recombinantes. Além disso, houve forte correlação entre os log(/KA) de agonistas de 1-adrenoceptores em receptores nativos do rato e humanos recombinantes / Agonists induce or stabilize different conformations of 7 transmembrane domain receptors leading to differential modulation of receptor activities, a phenomenon known as collateral or pluridimentional efficacy, functional selectivity or biased agonism. This study investigates if some ligands commonly used as 1-adrenoceptors agonists (the phenylethylamines: noradrenaline, dopamine, phenylephrine and methoxamine; and the imidazolines: A61603, oxymetazoline and naphazoline) present biased signaling for Gq protein mediated intracellular calcium mobilization or -arrestin dependent receptor internalization in human recombinant 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptores expressed in HEK293 cells. The biased agonism was determined by equimolar comparison and quantified by transduction ratios (/KA) and coupling efficiency ratios (). Both methods for quantification of biased agonism discriminated similar profiles of functional selectivity in 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptores. In 1A-adrenoceptors, dopamine is biased for internalization, but phenylephrine and A61603 were biased for [Ca2+]i mobilization. On the other hand, all imidazolines were biased agonists for internalization of 1B-adrenoceptors. There are functional repercussions of the biased agonism presented by oxymetazoline, as this agonist induced tachyphylaxis in responses mediated by native 1B-adirenoceptors of the rat spleen and human recombinant 1B-adrenoceptors expressed in HEK293 cells, indicating that its ability to induce internalization is not restricted to recombinant receptors. In addition, there was a strong correlation between log(/KA) of 1-adrenoceptor agonists in rat native and human recombinant 1-adrenoceptors

Liposomes have important potential as drug delivery vehicles. However, in order to realize this potential, much basic research is required to elucidate the interactions experienced by liposomes in vivo. In this thesis two aspects of these interactions are investigated: the influence of vesicle size and lipid composition on the biodistribution observed in vivo; and the interaction of liposomes with plasma proteins. In order to determine the in vivo behavior of liposomal systems, a new vesicle marker is synthesized (¹²⁵I-tyraminyl-inulin, ¹²⁵ITI) and tested in vivo. It is shown that this probe satisfies the necessary criteria for an accurate marker of liposome behavior, and is superior to probes used by other workers in terms of accuracy, convenience, high specific activity, low tissue quenching and cost. The use of ¹²⁵ITI as a vesicle marker allows accurate measurements to be made with lower doses of liposomes than previously employed. The influence of vesicle size, composition, and dose on the blood residency times, leakage and tissue distributions of vesicles was therefore investigated at these lower doses, employing a cannulation procedure to monitor vesicles. It is demonstrated that the clearance of vesicles from the circulation exhibits biphasic kinetics. The relative number of vesicles cleared during the early phase (halflife <20 min) is decreased by increasing the vesicle dose or decreasing the size. The behavior of small vesicles produced by extrusion is also investigated, and the in vivo behavior of these systems is shown to be equivalent to conventional sonicated systems. The second part of this thesis investigates the binding of plasma proteins to vesicles in vitro. It is shown that vesicles bind a large number of plasma components and that the binding is strongly dependent on the surface charge of the vesicle. Some of the proteins have been tentatively identified with 2-D electrophoresis and several were positively identified via immuno- autoradiography. A hypothesis is advanced regarding the role of plasma proteins in the fate of liposomes in vivo. / Medicine, Faculty of / Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of / Graduate