Ce travail de thèse traite de l'application d'outils de diagnostics optiques et électriques aux poussières formées dans des plasmas micro-ondes, magnétisé ou non , en vue d'élucider à la fois leur cinétique de formation , et leur dynamique dans ces milieux. Après des premiers chapitres (1 à 3) introductifs qui ont vocation à décrire l'état de l'art récent concernant les plasmas poussiéreux, la démarche de ce travail ainsi que les principaux outils diagnostics utilisés ou mis en place durant cette thèse (spectroscopie d'absorption infrarouge, extinction / diffusion laser entre autres), ce manuscrit peut être scindé en deux parties. La première traite de l'étude fondamentale de poussières de carbone formées à partir de gaz hydrocarbonées tels que CH 4 et C2H2 (Chap.4/ 5), et la seconde d'une étude orientée sur la formation de poussières de tungstène par pulvérisation d'une cible massive exposée à des plasmas d'hydrogène et d'argon (Chap.6). Cette dernière partie vise à appréhender certains processus menant à la formation de poussières dans des conditions proches des machines de fusion thermonucléaire. De l'ensemble de ces travaux ressortent certains résultats importants liés au caractère magnétisé de la décharge, mais également aux types de source plasma utilisées. En effet, il a été montré que l 'utilisation de source micro-onde ponctuelle induit de fort gradient de température au sein du milieu conduisant à une prépondérance de la force de thermophorèse sur la dynamique des poussières par rapport aux autres forces (électrique, ionique) considérées habituellement comme les forces dominantes dans les plasmas poussiéreux usuels (RF, DC). De plus, il a été montré que la formation de poussières était possible dans des conditions peu propice à leur création (très basse pression) grâce à l'action du champ magnétique qui permet aux ions d'être confinés dans la décharge sur des temps assez long pour être à même d'amorcer des processus de nucléation. Ainsi, les ions positifs joueraient un rôle clé dans la formation de précurseurs de poussières dans des plasmas magnétisés (très basse pression). Enfin, il a été montré que l'interaction d'un plasma d'hydrogène avec une cible massive de tungstène pouvait non seulement conduire à la formation de poussières par processus de pulvérisation mais également par des processus d'explosion de cloques formées à la surface du tungstène après diffusion de l'hydrogène dans la surface. / This work deals with the application of diagnostics tools to study dust formed in magnetized and non­ magnetized microwave plasma in order to elucidate kinetics processes, and dynamic in these medium. After first chapters (1-3) that are introductory and are intended to describe: (i) the state of the art regarding recent dusty plasmas work; (ii) the approach of this work and (iii) the main diagnostic tools used or developed during this thesis (infrared absorption spectroscopy, extinction / scattering laser method and others), the manuscript can be divided into two part s. The first one deals with the fundamental study of carbon dust created by the use of hydrocarbon gases such as CH 4 and C2H2 (chapter 4 and 5) and the second deals with the study of tungsten dusts formed by the interaction of a solid target exposed to H2 and Ar plasmas thanks to physical sputtering process (Chapter 6) . The latter seeks to understand some of the processes leading to the formation of dust in close conditions of edge fusion plasmas of thermonuclear machines. This work stand out some important results related to the magnetized character of the discharge but also to the plasma source types used. lndeed, it was shown that the use of a local microwave source induces strong temperature gradient in the medium resulting in a preponderance of thermophoresis force on the dynamics of dust compared to other forces (electric, ion dragg) usually considered as dominant forces in well studied dusty plasmas (RF , DC). In addition, it was shown that dust formation was possible in less suitable creation conditions (very low pressure) through the action of the magnetic field which allows ions to be confined longtime enough in the discharge to be able to initiate nucleation processes. Thus, positive ions play a key role in the formation of dust precursors in magnetized plasmas (very low pressure). Finally, it has been shown that the interaction of a hydrogen plasma tungsten target could not only lead to dust formation by sputtering process but also by blistering burst process.

<p>A major fraction of stars will pass through a short period of dramatic events in their final evolutionary stage. Low- to intermediate-mass stars, studied here, are stripped of their outer parts in a slow massive wind. This mass loss reshapes both the star and the surrounding medium. The formation of the wind is a consequence of the non-linear interaction of a number of physical processes. Stellar pulsations and efficient dust formation are examples of such key processes. Time-dependent theoretical models, in combination with observations, are useful tools for understanding these winds.</p><p>The main object of this thesis has been the physical improvement of a theoretical wind model. Here the coupling between the dust and gas in the wind is studied in further detail, allowing drift. The methods that have been developed earlier to describe the micro-physical interaction are overviewed and summarized. Previously dust has often been assumed to move at the same velocity as gas. New time-dependent wind models are presented where grain drift has been treated self-consistently. Specifically, the coupling between dust and gas in the wind has been modeled more realistically, with descriptions of both the modified momentum and energy balances, and drift dependent dust formation. The results of these new ``drift models'' have been compared with the results of non-drift models. </p><p>A general result of the study is that the effects of drift are significant and difficult to predict if a simple analytical theory is used. It has been found that dust in drift models tends to accumulate in certain dense regions, an accumulation that was not possible without drift. Moreover the new models show an increased variability in the wind structure. The use of drift in dust formation tends to markedly increase the produced dust. Some sets of model parameters lead to a wind without including drift, but a corresponding wind does not form when drift is included -- and vice versa. The effects of drift are important and can probably not be ignored in realistic models.</p>

A major fraction of stars will pass through a short period of dramatic events in their final evolutionary stage. Low- to intermediate-mass stars, studied here, are stripped of their outer parts in a slow massive wind. This mass loss reshapes both the star and the surrounding medium. The formation of the wind is a consequence of the non-linear interaction of a number of physical processes. Stellar pulsations and efficient dust formation are examples of such key processes. Time-dependent theoretical models, in combination with observations, are useful tools for understanding these winds. The main object of this thesis has been the physical improvement of a theoretical wind model. Here the coupling between the dust and gas in the wind is studied in further detail, allowing drift. The methods that have been developed earlier to describe the micro-physical interaction are overviewed and summarized. Previously dust has often been assumed to move at the same velocity as gas. New time-dependent wind models are presented where grain drift has been treated self-consistently. Specifically, the coupling between dust and gas in the wind has been modeled more realistically, with descriptions of both the modified momentum and energy balances, and drift dependent dust formation. The results of these new ``drift models'' have been compared with the results of non-drift models. A general result of the study is that the effects of drift are significant and difficult to predict if a simple analytical theory is used. It has been found that dust in drift models tends to accumulate in certain dense regions, an accumulation that was not possible without drift. Moreover the new models show an increased variability in the wind structure. The use of drift in dust formation tends to markedly increase the produced dust. Some sets of model parameters lead to a wind without including drift, but a corresponding wind does not form when drift is included -- and vice versa. The effects of drift are important and can probably not be ignored in realistic models.