Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) have been instrumental in building a reliable and robust Power System. Recent blackouts have increased the importance of PMUs and PMUs from various manufacturers are being installed in the in large quantities in the North American Grid. The interoperability and accuracy of these PMUs is important to obtain full benefit of the wide area monitoring systems. With the large number of installed PMUs it has become necessary to validate their performance and understand the limitations of each model. A test system was built by NIST in cooperation with NASPI to test for compliance to the existing IEEE C37.118 standard. This thesis presents the development of a Steady State Test System at Virginia Tech based on the NIST Steady State Testing system. The various issues that were faced during the process of development are discussed and the methodology implemented for solving these problems is described. This thesis also presents the additional benefits derived from the results obtained when different PMUs were tested using the Virginia Tech PMU Steady State Test System. / Master of Science

Flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are capable of changing their crystal structure as a function of external stimuli such as pressure, temperature, and type of adsorbed guest species. DUT-49 is the first MOF exhibiting structural transitions accompanied by the counterintuitive phenomenon of negative gas adsorption (NGA). Here, we present high pressure in situ ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectroscopic studies of a novel isoreticular MOF family based on DUT-49. These po-rous materials differ only in the length of their organic linkers causing changes in pore size and elasticity. The series encompasses both, purely microporous materials as well as materials with both, micropores and small mesopores. The chemical shift of adsorbed xenon depends on xenon-wall interactions and thus, on the pore size of the material. The xenon adsorption behavior of the different MOFs can be observed over the whole range of relative pressure. Chemical shift adsorption/desorption isotherms closely resembling the conventional, uptake-measurement based isotherms were obtained at 237 K where all materials are rigid. The comparable chemical environment for adsorbed xenon in these isoreticular MOFs allows establishing a correlation between the chemical shift at a relative pressure of p/p₀ = 1.0 and the mean pore diameter. Furthermore, the xenon adsorption behavior of the MOFs is studied also at 200 K. Here, struc-tural flexibility is found for DUT 50, a material with an even longer linker than the previously known DUT-49. Its structural transitions are monitored by ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectroscopy. This compound is the second known MOF showing the phenomenon of negative gas adsorption. Further increase in the linker length results in DUT-151, a material with interpenetrated network topology. In situ ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectroscopy proves that this material exhibits another type of flexibility compared to DUT-49 and DUT-50. Further surprising observations are made for DUT-46. Volumetric xenon adsorption measurements show that this non-flexible microporous material does not exhibit any hysteresis. In contrast, in situ ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectroscopically detected xenon chemical shift isotherms exhibit a hysteresis even after longer equilibration times than in the volumetric experiments. This indicates kinetically hindered re-distribution processes and long-lived metastable states of adsorbed xenon within the MOF persisting at the time scale of hours or longer.

Les travaux de cette thèse traitent de l'élaboration d'une méthodologie efficace pour la modélisation des effets parasites dans une carte en large bande de fréquence. La réduction du «Time to Market» pour la conception des produits RF et hyperfréquences nécessite le développement d'une méthode efficace de caractérisation et de modélisation pour mieux prendre en compte les erreurs incluses dans la carte de test.Les principaux résultats concernent les contributions suivantes :- Mise au point des standards de calibrage innovateur pour caractériser et modéliser les effets parasites inhérent au modèle.- Élaboration d'une nouvelle approche basée sur une technique de calibrage TRL et une méthode d’élimination efficace de ces effets.- Application aux dispositifs différentiels lors de l'utilisation du calibrage TRL dans le cas de plusieurs ports.La nouvelle approche proposée pour le calibrage et le de-embedding est appliquée à un dispositif actif qui est actuellement utilisé dans l'industrie. Les résultats de mesure d’un dispositif inclus dans une carte de test ont été comparés à des mesures calibrées à l’aide d’une carte d’évaluation comportant des standards TRL.Cette étude a été prolongée avec le calibrage TRL multi-port pour être utilisé pour la bande large des dispositifs comme les dispositifs différentiels. / The work of this thesis deals with the developing of an efficient methodology for modeling parasitic effects within a broadband board. Reducing “Time to Market” for the design of RF and microwave products necessitates the development of an efficient characterization and modeling methodologies for better calibrating the errors embedded within the test board.Main results concern the following contributions:- Development of an innovative calibration standards to characterize and model the parasitic effects embedded within the model.- Elaboration of a new approach based on a TRL calibration technique and de-embedding method effective to de-embed these effects.- Application on differential devices upon using multi-port TRL calibration.The new proposed approach for calibration and de-embedding is applied to an active device which is being in use in industry nowadays. The measurement result of the device within a load board has been compared to a calibrated measurement using an evaluation board that include TRL standards.This study has been extended with multi-port TRL calibration to be used for large variety of devices like the differential ones.

Two new coordination polymers, DUT-82 and DUT-83 (DUT – Dresden University of Technology), were synthesized by a solvothermal reaction in methanol of rhodium(II) acetate and the tricarboxylic acid H₃btc (btc – benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) or H₃btb (btb – benzene-1,3,5-tribenzoate), respectively. After drying using supercritical carbon dioxide, aerogels with specific surface areas of up to 1150 m² gˉ¹ and pore volumes of up to 2.26 cm³ gˉ¹ were obtained. Although there is no long range order in the materials, the presence of rhodium paddle-wheel units and thus a local order was proven by X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements. DUT-82 shows good performance in the adsorption of hydrogen and a high affinity for carbon monoxide, which is rarely observed for metal–organic frameworks. Catalytic investigations demonstrate the activity of DUT-82 in the heterogeneous hydrogenation of styrene as a model system. DUT-82 can be recycled for at least ten cycles underlining the stability during the course of reaction.

DUT-8(Ni) metal–organic framework (MOF) belongs to the family of flexible pillared layer materials. The desolvated framework can be obtained in the open pore form (op) or in the closed pore form (cp), depending on the crystal size regime. In the present work, we report on the behaviour of desolvated DUT-8(Ni) at elevated temperatures. For both, op and cp variants, heating causes a structural transition, leading to a new, crystalline compound, containing two interpenetrated networks. The state of the framework before transition (op vs. cp) influences the transition temperature: the small particles of the op phase transform at significantly lower temperature in comparison to the macroparticles of the cp phase, transforming close to the decomposition temperature. The new compound, confined closed pore phase (ccp), was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques, such as IR, EXAFS, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Thermal effects of structural transitions were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showing an overall exothermic effect of the process, involving bond breaking and reformation. Theoretical calculations reveal the energetics, driving the observed temperature induced phase transition.

I Sociologiskt perspektiv på Hästunderstödd terapi studeras hur deltagares upplevelser och effekter av Hästunderstödd terapi med någon form av psykosocial inriktning kan förstås ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv. Fyra artiklar som behandlar Hästundersstödd terapi analyseras med ett konstruktivistiskt förhållningssätt och en induktiv ansats har antagits. Resultatet av analysen ställs i relation till tidigare sociologisk forskning och sociologiska teorier som behandlar interaktion, kommunikation och relation mellan människa och djur. Resultatet mynnade i tre kategorier som står i relation till varandra. Kategorierna är: Sociala relationer, emotionell utveckling och identitetsskapande. Analysen visar att både det terapeutiska innehållet och målet med den Hästunderstödda terapin i de fyra analyserade artiklarna till största del innefattar sociala relationer. Utifrån detta dras slutsatsen att deltagares upplevelser och effekter av Hästunderstödd terapi låter sig förstås ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv, då sociala relationer är essentiellt inom sociologin.

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The object of this thesis is to get a deeper understanding of the role of modulator agents in the synthesis of Zr- and Hf-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their impact on framework properties, such as textural properties, stability, hydrophobicity, and catalytic activity. For this purpose, MOFs are investigated that are built up by the commercially available linker 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate and the Zr6(µ3-O)4(µ3-OH)412+ cluster. With proper choice of the modulator a new structure, namely DUT-126 (DUT = Dresden University of Technology), could be presented in the course of this work, besides the already known polymorphs of DUT-67, DUT-68 and DUT-69. Furthermore, DUT-67 is chosen as a model structure to functionalise the metal cluster of the framework by exchanging the modulator post-synthetically with hydrophobic fluorinated monocarboxylic acids. With the introduction of these fluorinated molecules, the surface polarities and the stability against water removal can be tuned. In addition, the metal clusters of DUT-67 were modified with a complete removal of the pristine modulator molecules by means of an acidic treatment in order to generate open metal sites that can function as Lewis acid sites. The suitability of DUT-67 and its acid treated analogues as heterogenous catalyst was tested on the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of cyclohexanone. Furthermore, the UiO-67 analogue DUT-122, which contains the luminescent linker 9-fluorenone-2,7-dicarboxylate, was tested as sensor material to detect solvent vapours. It could be shown that DUT-122 is sensitive to various solvent vapours, which induce photoluminescent shifts and intensity changes of the fluorescence emission profile depending on the polarity and the functionality of the respective solvent.

Tato práce se zabývá analyzováním IEEE 802.1Q standardu TSN skupiny a návrhem testovacího modulu. Testovací modul je napsán v jazyku VHDL a je možné jej implementovat do Intel Stratix® V GX FPGA (5SGXEA7N2F45C2) vývojové desky. Standard IEEE 802.1Q (TSN) definuje deterministickou komunikace přes Ethernet sít, v reálném čase, požíváním globálního času a správným rozvrhem vysíláním a příjmem zpráv. Hlavní funkce tohoto standardu jsou: časová synchronizace, plánování provozu a konfigurace sítě. Každá z těchto funkcí je definovaná pomocí více různých podskupin tohoto standardu. Podle definice IEEE 802.1Q standardu je možno tyto podskupiny vzájemně libovolně kombinovat. Některé podskupiny standardu nemohou fungovat nezávisle, musí využívat funkce jiných podskupin standardu. Realizace funkce podskupin standardu je možná softwarově, hardwarově, nebo jejich kombinací. Na základě výše uvedených fakt, implementace podskupin standardu, které jsou softwarově související, byly vyloučené. Taky byly vyloučené podskupiny standardů, které jsou závislé na jiných podskupinách. IEEE 802.1Qbu byl vybrán jako vhodná část pro realizaci hardwarového testu. Různé způsoby testování byly vysvětleny jako DFT, BIST, ATPG a další jiné techniky. Pro hardwarové testování byla vybrána „Protocol Aware (PA)“technika, protože tato technika zrychluje testování, dovoluje opakovanou použitelnost a taky zkracuje dobu uvedení na trh. Testovací modul se skládá ze dvou objektů (generátor a monitor), které mají implementovanou IEEE 802.1Qbu podskupinu standardu. Funkce generátoru je vygenerovat náhodné nebo nenáhodné impulzy a potom je poslat do testovaného zařízeni ve správném definovaném protokolu. Funkce monitoru je přijat ethernet rámce a ověřit jejich správnost. Objekty jsou navrhnuty stejným způsobem na „TOP“úrovni a skládají se ze čtyř modulů: Avalon MM rozhraní, dvou šablon a jednoho portu. Avalon MM rozhraní bylo vytvořeno pro komunikaci softwaru s hardwarem. Tento modul přijme pakety ze softwaru a potom je dekóduje podle definovaného protokolu a „pod-protokolu “. „Pod-protokol“se skládá z příkazu a hodnoty daného příkazu. Podle dekódovaného příkazu a hodnot daných příkazem je kontrolovaný celý objekt. Šablona se používá na generování nebo ověřování náhodných nebo nenáhodných dat. Dvě šablony byly implementovány pro expresní ověřování nebo preempční transakce, definované IEEE 802.1Qbu. Porty byly vytvořené pro komunikaci mezi testovaným zařízením a šablonou podle daného standardu. Port „generátor“má za úkol vybrat a vyslat rámce podle priority a času vysílaní. Port „monitor“přijme rámce do „content-addressable memory”, která ověřuje priority rámce a podle toho je posílá do správné šablony. Výsledky prokázaly, že tato testovací technika dosahuje vysoké rychlosti a rychlé implementace.

The object of this thesis is to get a deeper understanding of the role of modulator agents in the synthesis of Zr- and Hf-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their impact on framework properties, such as textural properties, stability, hydrophobicity, and catalytic activity. For this purpose, MOFs are investigated that are built up by the commercially available linker 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate and the Zr6(µ3-O)4(µ3-OH)412+ cluster. With proper choice of the modulator a new structure, namely DUT-126 (DUT = Dresden University of Technology), could be presented in the course of this work, besides the already known polymorphs of DUT-67, DUT-68 and DUT-69. Furthermore, DUT-67 is chosen as a model structure to functionalise the metal cluster of the framework by exchanging the modulator post-synthetically with hydrophobic fluorinated monocarboxylic acids. With the introduction of these fluorinated molecules, the surface polarities and the stability against water removal can be tuned. In addition, the metal clusters of DUT-67 were modified with a complete removal of the pristine modulator molecules by means of an acidic treatment in order to generate open metal sites that can function as Lewis acid sites. The suitability of DUT-67 and its acid treated analogues as heterogenous catalyst was tested on the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of cyclohexanone. Furthermore, the UiO-67 analogue DUT-122, which contains the luminescent linker 9-fluorenone-2,7-dicarboxylate, was tested as sensor material to detect solvent vapours. It could be shown that DUT-122 is sensitive to various solvent vapours, which induce photoluminescent shifts and intensity changes of the fluorescence emission profile depending on the polarity and the functionality of the respective solvent.