Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização geoquímica e isotópica (Sr-Nd-Pb) das rochas subalcalinas diferenciadas dos diques do Enxame da Serra do Mar (ESM), localizado na costa dos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, sendo constituído principalmente por diques básicos com altos teores de TiO2 (>3%). Os diques intermediários e ácidos, encontrados apenas na Ilha de São Sebastião e costa adjacente, foram submetidos à análise de elementos traços por ativação com nêutrons (AAN), que possibilitou a determinação de elementos terras raras (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb e Lu) e outros traços incompatíveis (U, Th, Hf, Ta, Ba e Rb), além de Co e Sc. As amostras foram também analisadas por espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS), que permitiu efetuar uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos. Foram ainda determinadas as razões isotópicas de Sr, Nd e Pb em cinco amostras representativas. Os dados obtidos por AAN indicam precisão de até 14% (maioria abaixo de 10%) e exatidão de até 4%. A comparação estatística dos dados de AAN com ICP-MS mostrou que as técnicas fornecem resultados estatisticamente concordantes para a grande maioria dos elementos analisados. Os diques diferenciados são quimicamente representados por lati-andesitos (LTA), dacitos (DAC) e riodacitos (RC). Dentre os LTA observa-se um conjunto de 4 amostras (Grupo 1) com características geoquímicas semelhantes às rochas basálticas Pitanga da Província Magmática do Paraná (PMP), embora apresentem razões isotópicas iniciais de Sr e Pb mais radiogênicas. Os demais LTA (Grupo 2) apresentam enriquecimento significativo de elementos fortemente incompatíveis. Entre as rochas mais diferenciadas dos LTA (Grupo 2) e aquelas dos DAC e RC há lacunas composicionais, sugerindo que a evolução não ocorreu por cristalização fracionada. À semelhança da gênese das rochas vulcânicas ácidas do tipo Chapecó-Ourinhos da PMP, é possível que os diques DAC e RC tenham sido originados por refusão de material de composição basáltica aprisionado na descontinuidade crosta-manto. As razões isotópicas dos diques do ESM sugerem que a gênese desse material basáltico envolveu fusão de manto litosférico subcontinental metassomatizado, conforme proposto para os diques mesozoicos do Espinhaço Meridional (Craton do São Francisco), que possuem composições isotópicas similares. Os magmas diferenciados gerados nesse processo podem ter sofrido contaminação crustal, conforme indicado também pelas composições isotópicas de Sr, Nd e Pb, requerendo, no entanto, um contaminante com características muito específicas. / The geochemical and isotopic (Sr-Nd-Pb) characterization of the subalkaline differentiated dykes from the Serra do Mar Swarm (ESM) is presented. These rocks are located at the coast of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states and are mainly composed by basic dikes with high contents of TiO2 (> 3%). Intermediate and acid dykes, which are found only in the São Sebastião Island and adjacent coast area were investigated by using neutron activation analysis (AAN), allowing determination of the concentrations of rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) and other compatible (Co and Sc) and incompatible trace elements (U, Th, Hf, Ta, Ba and Rb). The samples were also analyzed by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS), permitting the comparison between the results obtained by the two methods. The isotope compositions of Sr, Nd and Pb were also determined in five representative samples. The data obtained by AAN indicate precision of up to 14% (most below 10%) and accuracy of up to 4%. The statistical comparison of AAN and ICP-MS data showed that the techniques provide statistically identical results for the vast majority of the analyzed elements. The differentiated dykes are chemically represented by lati-andesites (LTA), dacites (DAC) and riodacites (RC). Four LTA samples (Group 1) have geochemical similarities with Pitanga basaltic flows from Paraná Magmatic Province (PMP), although presenting Sr and Pb initial ratios slightly more radiogenic. The remaining LTA (Group 2) rocks are enriched in highly incompatible trace elements. The compositional gap between the most evolved LTA (Group 2) and the DAC and RC suggests that the evolution of this rocks is not compatible with fractional crystallization processes. Likewise the genesis of Chapecó-Ourinhos acid volcanic rocks from PMP, it is possible that the DAC and RC have been generated by melting of basalt material, which was trapped in crust-mantle discontinuity. The isotope ratios of the ESM dykes suggest that this basaltic material was generated by melting of a metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle source, due to ancient subduction processes, as proposed for the Mesozoic dykes from the Espinhaço Meridional (São Francisco Craton), whose isotope ratios are very similar. The differentiated magmas generated in this process would be affected by crustal contamination during their ascension, as also indicated by the Sr, Nd and Pb isotope compositions, requiring however, very specific characteristics for the contaminant.

Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização geoquímica e isotópica (Sr-Nd-Pb) das rochas subalcalinas diferenciadas dos diques do Enxame da Serra do Mar (ESM), localizado na costa dos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, sendo constituído principalmente por diques básicos com altos teores de TiO2 (>3%). Os diques intermediários e ácidos, encontrados apenas na Ilha de São Sebastião e costa adjacente, foram submetidos à análise de elementos traços por ativação com nêutrons (AAN), que possibilitou a determinação de elementos terras raras (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb e Lu) e outros traços incompatíveis (U, Th, Hf, Ta, Ba e Rb), além de Co e Sc. As amostras foram também analisadas por espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS), que permitiu efetuar uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos. Foram ainda determinadas as razões isotópicas de Sr, Nd e Pb em cinco amostras representativas. Os dados obtidos por AAN indicam precisão de até 14% (maioria abaixo de 10%) e exatidão de até 4%. A comparação estatística dos dados de AAN com ICP-MS mostrou que as técnicas fornecem resultados estatisticamente concordantes para a grande maioria dos elementos analisados. Os diques diferenciados são quimicamente representados por lati-andesitos (LTA), dacitos (DAC) e riodacitos (RC). Dentre os LTA observa-se um conjunto de 4 amostras (Grupo 1) com características geoquímicas semelhantes às rochas basálticas Pitanga da Província Magmática do Paraná (PMP), embora apresentem razões isotópicas iniciais de Sr e Pb mais radiogênicas. Os demais LTA (Grupo 2) apresentam enriquecimento significativo de elementos fortemente incompatíveis. Entre as rochas mais diferenciadas dos LTA (Grupo 2) e aquelas dos DAC e RC há lacunas composicionais, sugerindo que a evolução não ocorreu por cristalização fracionada. À semelhança da gênese das rochas vulcânicas ácidas do tipo Chapecó-Ourinhos da PMP, é possível que os diques DAC e RC tenham sido originados por refusão de material de composição basáltica aprisionado na descontinuidade crosta-manto. As razões isotópicas dos diques do ESM sugerem que a gênese desse material basáltico envolveu fusão de manto litosférico subcontinental metassomatizado, conforme proposto para os diques mesozoicos do Espinhaço Meridional (Craton do São Francisco), que possuem composições isotópicas similares. Os magmas diferenciados gerados nesse processo podem ter sofrido contaminação crustal, conforme indicado também pelas composições isotópicas de Sr, Nd e Pb, requerendo, no entanto, um contaminante com características muito específicas. / The geochemical and isotopic (Sr-Nd-Pb) characterization of the subalkaline differentiated dykes from the Serra do Mar Swarm (ESM) is presented. These rocks are located at the coast of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states and are mainly composed by basic dikes with high contents of TiO2 (> 3%). Intermediate and acid dykes, which are found only in the São Sebastião Island and adjacent coast area were investigated by using neutron activation analysis (AAN), allowing determination of the concentrations of rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) and other compatible (Co and Sc) and incompatible trace elements (U, Th, Hf, Ta, Ba and Rb). The samples were also analyzed by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS), permitting the comparison between the results obtained by the two methods. The isotope compositions of Sr, Nd and Pb were also determined in five representative samples. The data obtained by AAN indicate precision of up to 14% (most below 10%) and accuracy of up to 4%. The statistical comparison of AAN and ICP-MS data showed that the techniques provide statistically identical results for the vast majority of the analyzed elements. The differentiated dykes are chemically represented by lati-andesites (LTA), dacites (DAC) and riodacites (RC). Four LTA samples (Group 1) have geochemical similarities with Pitanga basaltic flows from Paraná Magmatic Province (PMP), although presenting Sr and Pb initial ratios slightly more radiogenic. The remaining LTA (Group 2) rocks are enriched in highly incompatible trace elements. The compositional gap between the most evolved LTA (Group 2) and the DAC and RC suggests that the evolution of this rocks is not compatible with fractional crystallization processes. Likewise the genesis of Chapecó-Ourinhos acid volcanic rocks from PMP, it is possible that the DAC and RC have been generated by melting of basalt material, which was trapped in crust-mantle discontinuity. The isotope ratios of the ESM dykes suggest that this basaltic material was generated by melting of a metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle source, due to ancient subduction processes, as proposed for the Mesozoic dykes from the Espinhaço Meridional (São Francisco Craton), whose isotope ratios are very similar. The differentiated magmas generated in this process would be affected by crustal contamination during their ascension, as also indicated by the Sr, Nd and Pb isotope compositions, requiring however, very specific characteristics for the contaminant.

Le continent nord-américain présente sur sa bordure Pacifique un domaine constitué par l'accrétion du Paléozoïque supérieur au Cénozoïque de fragments lithosphériques : les Cordillères nord-américaines. Ces fragments lithosphériques sont caractérisés par des séquences volcaniques d'arc ou de bassin océanique. Les séquences volcaniques d'arc du Paléozoïque supérieur et du Trias ont longtemps été considérées comme un seul arc. Depuis une dizaine d'années, des équipes françaises ont montré que les séquences d'arc du Paléozoïque et du Trias des Klamath orientales et de Sierra Nevada (Californie du Nord) étaient établies respectivement sur une lithosphère océanique et un bloc continental. Dans le Nevada occidental, les séquences d'arcs du Paléozoïque supérieur affleurent dans deux régions distinctes : Black Rock Desert et Excelsior Mountains. Dans le Black Rock Desert, la séquence permo-triasique de Bilk Creek ressemble en tout point à celle * des Klamath orientales et des Blue Mountains. Il s'agit d'un magmatisme d'arc permo-triasique continu, reposant sur des calcaires permiens inférieurs à affinité téthysienne. Ce magmatisme dériverait d'une source mantellique de type-MORB. Dans les Excelsior Mountains, la formation Black Dyke est constituée de laves et de pyroclastites recouvertes en concordance par des turbidites volcanoclastiques. Cette activité volcanique se produit au Permien inférieur autour de 276 Ma. Ce magmatisme d'arc présente de nombreuses similitudes avec celui de Sierra Nevada. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit d'un magmatisme exclusivement Permien, caractérisé par : (i) des roches volcaniques calco-alcalines; et (ii) de faibles valeurs d'eNd (T=275Ma) comprisent entre -11 et +5,5. Cet arc est séparé du continent nord-américain par un domaine océanique, le bassin de Golconda. En Sierra Nevada, cet arc paléozoïque est établi sur une séquence sédimentaire du Palézoïque inférieur tectonisée. Les faibles valeurs de l'eNd(T) des roches magmatiques de Sierra Nevada et des Excelsior Mountains suggèrent que les magmas dérivent d'une source mantellique, contaminée par une vieille croûte continentale, probablement protérozoïque. Ces magmas subissent au cours de leur remontée et leur stockage dans des chambres des assimilations de matériel crustal lors de leur fractionnement et de leur cristallisation. Le Paléozoïque supérieur volcanique et sédimentaire d'arc de Sierra Nevada et des Excelsior Mountains est plissé, puis recouvert en discordance par des sédiments respectivement du Trias ou du Jurassique. Ces déformations et cette discordance sont liées à la phase orogénique Sonoma, induite par la collision de cet arc avec la marge nord-américaine. Après l'accrétion de cet arc, un magmatisme calco-alcalin à shoshonitique se développe au Trias en bordure du craton. Sa diversité reflète vraisemblablement des variations dans la nature et l'épaisseur de de la croûte qui forme la marge occidentale cratonique américaine et sur laquelle s'édifie cet arc de type andin.

Gangschwärme nehmen eine bedeutende Stellung im Verständnis zur kontinentalen Fragmentierung ein. Einerseits markieren sie das Paläo-Spannungsfeld und helfen bei der Rekonstruktion der strukturellen Entwicklung der gedehnten Lithosphäre, andererseits gibt ihre petrologische Beschaffenheit Aufschluß über die Entstehung des Magmas, Aufstieg und Platznahme und schließlich erlaubt ihre Altersbestimmung die Rekonstruktion einer chronologischen Reihenfolge magmatischer und struktureller Ereignisse.<br><br> Das Arbeitsgebiet im namibianischen Henties Bay-Outjo Dike swarm (HOD) war zur Zeit der Unterkreide einem Rifting mit intensiver Platznahme von überwiegend mafischen Gängen unterworfen. Geochemische Signaturen weisen die Gänge als erodierte Förderkanäle der Etendeka Plateaubasalte aus. Durch den Einsatz von hochauflösenden Aeromagnetik- und Satellitendaten war es möglich, die Geometrie des Gangschwarmes erstmals detailliert synoptisch zu erfassen. Viele zu den Schichten des Grundgebirges foliationsparallel verlaufende magnetische Anomalien können unaufgeschlossenen kretazischen Intrusionen zugeordnet werden.<br><br> Bei der nach Norden propagierenden Südatlantiköffnung spielte die unterschiedliche strukturelle Vorzeichnung durch die neoproterozoischen Faltengürtel sowie Lithologie und Spannungsfeld des Angola Kratons eine bedeutende Rolle. Im küstennahen zentralen Bereich war dank der Vorzeichnung des Nordost streichenden Damara-Faltengürtels ein Rifting in Nordwest-Südost-Richtung dominierend, bis das Angola Kraton ein weiteres Fortscheiten nach Nordosten hemmte und die Vorzeichnung des Nordwest streichenden Kaoko-Faltengürtels an der Westgrenze den weiteren Riftverlauf und die letztendlich erfolgreiche Öffnung des Südatlantiks bestimmte. Aus diesem Grund kann das Gebiet des HOD als ein failed rift betrachtet werden.<br><br> Die Entwicklung des Spannungsfeldes im HOD kann folgendermaßen skizziert werden:<br><br> 1. Platznahme von Gängen bei gleichzeitig hoher Dehnungsrate und hohem Magmenfluß.<br> 2. Platznahme von Zentralvulkanen entlang reaktivierter paläozoischer Lineamente bei Abnahme der Dehnungsrate und fortbestehendem hohen Magmenfluß.<br> 3. Abnahme/Versiegen des Magmenflusses und neotektonische Bewegungen führen zur Bildung von Halbgräben. / Dike swarms play a fundamental role in understanding continental breakup. On the one hand they represent strain markers of the paleo-deformation field and help to reconstruct the structural evolution of the rifted lithosphere. On the other hand their magmatic infill contains information about the conditions of magma generation, ascent and emplacement. Finally, dating of dikes allows reconstructing a chronological order of magmatic and structural events. The study area of the Namibian Henties Bay-Outjo Dike swarm (HOD) underwent tectonic extension in the Lower Cretaceous associated with the widespread emplacement of predominantly mafic dikes and intrusive ring complexes representing the remnants of volcanic centres. Geochemical signatures of the dikes prove them to be the feeder structures of the Etendeka Plateau Basalts. The application of recent high resolution aeromagnetic surveys and satellite imaging revealed the dike swarm's extent and geometry for the first time. The distribution and geometry of the dikes shown in the aeromagnetics reflect the propagation of the South Atlantic opening from south to north by their relative-ages.<br><br> Northwest-southeast-directed rifting was dominant in the central coastal area, due to the structural control of the northeast striking basement structures until further propagation was hampered by the Angola Craton. Subsequently the structural control of the coast-parallel Kaoko Belt became dominant and determined the successful opening of the South Atlantic. Hence, the area of the HOD can be considered as a failed rift.<br><br> The stress field evolution within the HOD can be outlined as follows:<br><br> 1. Intrusion of dikes when extension rates as well as magma supply were high.<br> 2. Intrusion of volcanic ring complexes along reactivated Panafrican lineaments when extension rates decreased and magma supply remained high.<br> 3. Neotectonic movements create half-grabens after the termination of magmatism.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att genomföra en jämförande studie av den klassiska Hollywood-deckaren, representerad av de tre första filmerna i Thin Man-serien, och film noir. Analysen utgår ifrån Thin Man-filmerna The Thin Man (1934), After the Thin Man (1936) och Another Thin Man (1939) och noir filmerna The Maltese Falcon (1941), Laura (1944), The Big Sleep (1946) och Dark Passage (1947). Den grundläggande teorin för uppsatsen är genreteori och hur den klassiska Hollywood-deckarfilmen skilde sig ifrån film noir. Analysen är uppdelad i fyra kapitel, i vilka olika delar av innehållet i både Thin Man-filmerna och de fyra exemplen av film noir analyseras. De olika kapitlen handlar om manliga huvudkaraktären, den kvinnliga huvudkaraktären, hur de olika filmerna hanterade ämnen berörande sex och sexualitet och hur samhället och människorna representeras i filmerna. Slutsats omfattar sedan en diskussion om uppsatsens resultat och svaret på varför Thin Man-filmerna inte räknas som film noir.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD(Geotechnical))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Civil Engineering / PhD / unrestricted