Thesis (Ph.D. (Tropical Medicine)) -- Mahidol University, 1999.

Coronavirus bovino (BCoV), um membro da família i>Coronaviridae, causa severa diarréia em bezerros neonatos e tem sido associado a diarréias de inverno em vacas leiteiras em vários paises, incluindo o Brasil. A morbidade da disenteria de inverno e alta chegando ate 100% , sendo um fator importante para economia já que causa queda da produção leiteira, levando a grandes perdas as criações de vacas leiteiras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência de BCoV em vacas, diagnosticando amostras positivas por RT-PCR gene Rp Rd e isolando estas amostras positivas em células da linhagem HRT-18G. As amostras de fecais foram obtidas de 43 vacas leiteiras com disenteria de 8 propriedades dos Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, Brasil. Das dez (10/43=23%) amostras positivas para esta técnica, 7 foram inoculadas em células da linhagem HRT-18G, sendo que o isolamento foi comprovado pela mesma técnica após seis passagens seriadas em 4 inoculações. Com isso, mostra-se que o BCoV também esta envolvido em disenterias de inverno em vacas leiteiras no Brasil. E através de isolamentos deste vírus, podemos contribuir para estudos continuados ajudar no esclarecimento de sua epidemiologia e possibilitar com um banco de vírus a prevenção de ordem também especifica da enfermidade. / Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a member of Coronaviridae family, causes severe diarrhea in newborn calves and has been associated with outbreaks of winter dysentery (WD) in adult cattle in several countries, including Brazil. The morbidity rate of WD is very high (50-100%) and the disease causes severe economic losses once it decreases milk production. The aim of the present study was to survey for the occurrence of BCoV in cows using a RT-PCR targeted to the replicase gene and to isolate positive samples in HRT-18G cells. The fecal samples were obtained from 43 adult dairy cows with dysentery from São Paulo and Minas Gerais States, Brazil. Ten (23%) of the 43 fecal samples were positive for BCoV and 7 of these were inoculated in HRT-18G cells, when the isolation of 4 samples was proved by RT-PCR after sex passages. These findings indicate that BCoV is also involved in outbreaks of dysentery in adult cattle in Brazil. This shows the importance of more comprehensive studies on coronavirus in dairy cattle in the surveyed area and, with the isolation of the virus strains studied herein, one may contribute to other studies to enlighten the epidemiology and prevention of the disease.

This thesis explores the utility of the conflated term “colonial medicine” by drawing on events during an historical outbreak of amebic dysentery that occurred on several Indian Reservations near Loon Lake, Saskatchewan, during the 1960s and ‘70s, including a series of government-sponsored drug trials conducted to stem the outbreak. Largely devoid of the racialized notions characterizing primary documents used by previous scholars of ‘colonial medicine’, the medical journal articles, government memorandums, and letters written by physicians in connection with the outbreak and trials reveal their immersion in ‘la clinique’, or an anatomo-clinical discourse similar to what theorist Michel Foucault described in Birth of the Clinic. Conversely, conversations with Loon Lake area community members on the subjects of the outbreak and trials reveal their multiplex and nuanced reactions to medical and colonial discourses. Arguably, then, when writing about past events, historians should weigh ‘medicine’ and colonial discourse separately. Essential methodological consideration was given to the Foucauldian concept of ‘disinterring’ popular knowledge. Drawing on Foucault’s edited works Power/Knowledge and I, Pierre Riviére, the subjugated knowledges of Aboriginal community members, physicians, sanitation workers, and government employees gleaned through interviews and text are contrasted as per his example in these works with the false functionalism of ‘scientificity’. Moreover, when considered in tandem, these subjugated knowledges illustrate a ‘structural violence’, following anthropologist Paul Farmer’s methodology for describing such phenomena in Pathologies of Power. Overarchingly, they obscure the paradigmatic dichotomies (‘doctor’/‘patient’, ‘patient’/the healthy person, ‘colonizer’/‘colonized’, ‘oppressor’/‘oppressed’) espoused in medical, colonial, and even post-colonial discourses. This understanding forces the reflexive recognition that–if we accept rhetorician Christopher Bracken’s assertion in Magical Criticism there is a recourse to savage philosophy within academia–what we say as historians has consequence beyond discourse, possibly creating new ‘subjects’ in a Foucauldian, disciplined society.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005 / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 210 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 47-01, page: 0319. Advisers: Irina Cech; Michael Smolensky. Includes bibliographical references (leaves xx-xx).

Les maladies diarrhéiques sont la deuxième cause de mortalité chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans. Les entérobactéries Shigella flexneri sont les principales responsables de la forme endémique de la shigellose, une maladie diarrhéique importante dans les pays en développement et pour laquelle de nombreuses stratégies vaccinales sont à l’étude. La partie polysaccharidique (antigène O, Ag-O) du lipopolysaccharide de surface est l’une des cibles majeures d'immunité protectrice contre la réinfection. Une grande variété d’Ag-Os, reflétant la diversité sérotypique, a été identifiée. De façon intéressante ces Ag-Os se différencient par la nature des substituants portés par le tétrasaccharide ABCD qui définit leur squelette commun. Afin de développer un vaccin issu de sucres de synthèse à large couverture sérotypique contre S. flexneri, des stratégies de synthèse hautement convergente d’analogues orthogonalement protégés du tétrasaccharide ABCD ont été explorées. Elles prennent en compte les sites de -D-glucosylation et de O-acétylation spécifiques de sérotypes. Les approches mises en place s’appuient sur la synthèse d’une diversité de précurseurs en série L-rhamnopyranose et 2-N-acétyl-2-désoxy-D-glucopyranosamine et leurs combinaisons optimisées. Quelques exemples de glucosylation 1,2-cis régiosélective, chimique et/ou enzymatique, valident le concept. / Diarrhoeal diseases are the second cause of death among children under five. Shigella flexneri enterobacteria are the main causative agents of the endemic form of shigellosis, a diarrhoeal disease of high prevalence in developing countries and one for which numerous vaccine strategies are under studied. The polysaccharide part (O-antigen, O-Ag) of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide is a major target of protective immunity against reinfection. A large variety of O-Ags, expressing serotypic diversity, has been identified. Interestingly, these O-Ags differ by the nature of the substitutions occurring on the ABCD tetrasaccharide, which defines their common backbone. In order to develop a synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine with broad serotype coverage against S. flexneri, highly convergent synthetic strategies towards orthogonally protected analogs of tetrasaccharide ABCD were investigated, while taking into account serotype-specific -D-glucosylation and O-acetylation sites. The selected approaches feature the synthesis of a variety of suitable L-rhamnopyranose and 2-N-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosamine precursors and their optimized combinations. The concept is supported by selected examples of 1,2-cis chemical and/or enzymatic glucosylation.

Disenteria de inverno é uma doença causada pelo coronavírus bovino que afeta animais adultos. Descrevem-se dois surtos de disenteria de inverno em rebanhos leiteiros nos municípios de Viamão e Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em dois bovinos adultos. O quadro clínico se caracterizou por diarréia, inicialmente líquida esverdeada com estrias de sangue e muco, que em alguns animais, evoluiu para coloração marrom escura à sanguinolenta e que persistiu, em média, cinco dias. Na propriedade de Vespasiano Corrêa os animais apresentaram sinais respiratórios como tosse e corrimento nasal. Diminuição na produção de leite e no consumo de alimentos, além de graus variados de depressão foram também observados. Foi detectada a presença do coronavírus bovino nas fezes e secreção nasal dos animais pela técnica da nested RT-PCR. Foi realizada necropsia de um animal naturalmente infectado que morreu devido à doença. Na necropsia, observou-se mucosas pálidas, conteúdo sanguinolento com presença de grande quantidade de coágulos, principalmente no cólon espiral e petéquias na mucosa do cólon. No cólon espiral, foram observados os principais achados histológicos que incluíram criptas dilatadas sem epitélio de revestimento, ou revestidas por epitélio pavimentoso e/ou cuboidal, às vezes, com núcleos grandes e nucléolos proeminentes. Algumas criptas eram preenchidas por debris necróticos e polimorfonucleares. Amostra de fezes de um animal naturalmente infectado foi usada, através de uma suspensão administrada via oral e nasal, para tentar induzir infecção experimental em 3 bovinos de 20 meses. Foi observada diarréia em dois desses animais, no 5º dia após a inoculação. Esses animais foram eutanasiados ao 2º e 3º dias de diarréia. As lesões histológicas dos casos experimentais foram semelhantes àquelas do caso natural. Na imuno-histoquímica anti-coronavírus bovino (8F2) em cortes de tecido incluído em parafina do cólon espiral, houve marcação positiva no citoplasma de enterócitos das criptas, nos debris necróticos dessas criptas e em macrófagos na lâmina própria, tanto no caso natural como nos experimentais. Nos casos experimentais, também foi observada marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva em duodeno, jejuno, íleo, ceco, cólon descendente e epitélio de revestimento dos cornetos nasais. / Winter dysentery is caused by bovine coronavírus that affects adult animals. This report describes two outbreaks of the disease in dairy herds located in the counties of Viamão and Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was induced experimentally in two adult cattle. The most significant clinical sign was profuse and watery diarrhea, which ranged from greenish to brownish coloration with occasional blood streaks and mucus to a bloody diarrhea. In one herd, animals showed respiratory signs such as cough and nasal discharge. Most cases persisted for 5 days and also included depression, decreased milk production, and diminished food intake. The presence of bovine coronavirus was detected in feces and nasal secretions of animals by nested RTPCR. Necropsy was performed in one animal naturally affected and died due to the disease and revealed pale mucosa, sanguineous contents, and blood clots particularly within the spiral colon and pinpoint hemorrhages on the colonic mucosa. Histopathological lesions were predominant in the spiral colon and consisted of a high number of dilated crypts without epithelium or with replaced pavement epithelium with occasional immature cuboidal cells, which sometimes showed enlarged nucleus and prominent nucleolus. Some crypts were filled with epithelial desquamation and polymorphonuclear cells. Fecal samples from one naturally infected animal were used as a suspension and inoculated orally and nasal in three 20-month-old heifers. Diarrhea was observed in 2 of them and started on the 5th day post infection. These animals were euthanized at the second and third days of diarrhea. The histological lesions of experimental cases were similar to the natural case. Anti-bovine coronavirus (8F2) immunostaining was applied on paraffin embedded sections of the spiral colon and showed positive reactions in the cytoplasm of the infected crypt epithelium, sloughed necrotic cells, and within macrophages in the lamina propria of both, natural and experimental cases. Positive reactions were also seen in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, descending colon and the epithelium lining the nasal turbinate from experimental cases.

Disenteria de inverno é uma doença causada pelo coronavírus bovino que afeta animais adultos. Descrevem-se dois surtos de disenteria de inverno em rebanhos leiteiros nos municípios de Viamão e Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em dois bovinos adultos. O quadro clínico se caracterizou por diarréia, inicialmente líquida esverdeada com estrias de sangue e muco, que em alguns animais, evoluiu para coloração marrom escura à sanguinolenta e que persistiu, em média, cinco dias. Na propriedade de Vespasiano Corrêa os animais apresentaram sinais respiratórios como tosse e corrimento nasal. Diminuição na produção de leite e no consumo de alimentos, além de graus variados de depressão foram também observados. Foi detectada a presença do coronavírus bovino nas fezes e secreção nasal dos animais pela técnica da nested RT-PCR. Foi realizada necropsia de um animal naturalmente infectado que morreu devido à doença. Na necropsia, observou-se mucosas pálidas, conteúdo sanguinolento com presença de grande quantidade de coágulos, principalmente no cólon espiral e petéquias na mucosa do cólon. No cólon espiral, foram observados os principais achados histológicos que incluíram criptas dilatadas sem epitélio de revestimento, ou revestidas por epitélio pavimentoso e/ou cuboidal, às vezes, com núcleos grandes e nucléolos proeminentes. Algumas criptas eram preenchidas por debris necróticos e polimorfonucleares. Amostra de fezes de um animal naturalmente infectado foi usada, através de uma suspensão administrada via oral e nasal, para tentar induzir infecção experimental em 3 bovinos de 20 meses. Foi observada diarréia em dois desses animais, no 5º dia após a inoculação. Esses animais foram eutanasiados ao 2º e 3º dias de diarréia. As lesões histológicas dos casos experimentais foram semelhantes àquelas do caso natural. Na imuno-histoquímica anti-coronavírus bovino (8F2) em cortes de tecido incluído em parafina do cólon espiral, houve marcação positiva no citoplasma de enterócitos das criptas, nos debris necróticos dessas criptas e em macrófagos na lâmina própria, tanto no caso natural como nos experimentais. Nos casos experimentais, também foi observada marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva em duodeno, jejuno, íleo, ceco, cólon descendente e epitélio de revestimento dos cornetos nasais. / Winter dysentery is caused by bovine coronavírus that affects adult animals. This report describes two outbreaks of the disease in dairy herds located in the counties of Viamão and Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was induced experimentally in two adult cattle. The most significant clinical sign was profuse and watery diarrhea, which ranged from greenish to brownish coloration with occasional blood streaks and mucus to a bloody diarrhea. In one herd, animals showed respiratory signs such as cough and nasal discharge. Most cases persisted for 5 days and also included depression, decreased milk production, and diminished food intake. The presence of bovine coronavirus was detected in feces and nasal secretions of animals by nested RTPCR. Necropsy was performed in one animal naturally affected and died due to the disease and revealed pale mucosa, sanguineous contents, and blood clots particularly within the spiral colon and pinpoint hemorrhages on the colonic mucosa. Histopathological lesions were predominant in the spiral colon and consisted of a high number of dilated crypts without epithelium or with replaced pavement epithelium with occasional immature cuboidal cells, which sometimes showed enlarged nucleus and prominent nucleolus. Some crypts were filled with epithelial desquamation and polymorphonuclear cells. Fecal samples from one naturally infected animal were used as a suspension and inoculated orally and nasal in three 20-month-old heifers. Diarrhea was observed in 2 of them and started on the 5th day post infection. These animals were euthanized at the second and third days of diarrhea. The histological lesions of experimental cases were similar to the natural case. Anti-bovine coronavirus (8F2) immunostaining was applied on paraffin embedded sections of the spiral colon and showed positive reactions in the cytoplasm of the infected crypt epithelium, sloughed necrotic cells, and within macrophages in the lamina propria of both, natural and experimental cases. Positive reactions were also seen in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, descending colon and the epithelium lining the nasal turbinate from experimental cases.

Disenteria de inverno é uma doença causada pelo coronavírus bovino que afeta animais adultos. Descrevem-se dois surtos de disenteria de inverno em rebanhos leiteiros nos municípios de Viamão e Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em dois bovinos adultos. O quadro clínico se caracterizou por diarréia, inicialmente líquida esverdeada com estrias de sangue e muco, que em alguns animais, evoluiu para coloração marrom escura à sanguinolenta e que persistiu, em média, cinco dias. Na propriedade de Vespasiano Corrêa os animais apresentaram sinais respiratórios como tosse e corrimento nasal. Diminuição na produção de leite e no consumo de alimentos, além de graus variados de depressão foram também observados. Foi detectada a presença do coronavírus bovino nas fezes e secreção nasal dos animais pela técnica da nested RT-PCR. Foi realizada necropsia de um animal naturalmente infectado que morreu devido à doença. Na necropsia, observou-se mucosas pálidas, conteúdo sanguinolento com presença de grande quantidade de coágulos, principalmente no cólon espiral e petéquias na mucosa do cólon. No cólon espiral, foram observados os principais achados histológicos que incluíram criptas dilatadas sem epitélio de revestimento, ou revestidas por epitélio pavimentoso e/ou cuboidal, às vezes, com núcleos grandes e nucléolos proeminentes. Algumas criptas eram preenchidas por debris necróticos e polimorfonucleares. Amostra de fezes de um animal naturalmente infectado foi usada, através de uma suspensão administrada via oral e nasal, para tentar induzir infecção experimental em 3 bovinos de 20 meses. Foi observada diarréia em dois desses animais, no 5º dia após a inoculação. Esses animais foram eutanasiados ao 2º e 3º dias de diarréia. As lesões histológicas dos casos experimentais foram semelhantes àquelas do caso natural. Na imuno-histoquímica anti-coronavírus bovino (8F2) em cortes de tecido incluído em parafina do cólon espiral, houve marcação positiva no citoplasma de enterócitos das criptas, nos debris necróticos dessas criptas e em macrófagos na lâmina própria, tanto no caso natural como nos experimentais. Nos casos experimentais, também foi observada marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva em duodeno, jejuno, íleo, ceco, cólon descendente e epitélio de revestimento dos cornetos nasais. / Winter dysentery is caused by bovine coronavírus that affects adult animals. This report describes two outbreaks of the disease in dairy herds located in the counties of Viamão and Vespasiano Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was induced experimentally in two adult cattle. The most significant clinical sign was profuse and watery diarrhea, which ranged from greenish to brownish coloration with occasional blood streaks and mucus to a bloody diarrhea. In one herd, animals showed respiratory signs such as cough and nasal discharge. Most cases persisted for 5 days and also included depression, decreased milk production, and diminished food intake. The presence of bovine coronavirus was detected in feces and nasal secretions of animals by nested RTPCR. Necropsy was performed in one animal naturally affected and died due to the disease and revealed pale mucosa, sanguineous contents, and blood clots particularly within the spiral colon and pinpoint hemorrhages on the colonic mucosa. Histopathological lesions were predominant in the spiral colon and consisted of a high number of dilated crypts without epithelium or with replaced pavement epithelium with occasional immature cuboidal cells, which sometimes showed enlarged nucleus and prominent nucleolus. Some crypts were filled with epithelial desquamation and polymorphonuclear cells. Fecal samples from one naturally infected animal were used as a suspension and inoculated orally and nasal in three 20-month-old heifers. Diarrhea was observed in 2 of them and started on the 5th day post infection. These animals were euthanized at the second and third days of diarrhea. The histological lesions of experimental cases were similar to the natural case. Anti-bovine coronavirus (8F2) immunostaining was applied on paraffin embedded sections of the spiral colon and showed positive reactions in the cytoplasm of the infected crypt epithelium, sloughed necrotic cells, and within macrophages in the lamina propria of both, natural and experimental cases. Positive reactions were also seen in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, descending colon and the epithelium lining the nasal turbinate from experimental cases.