Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 B77 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 G42 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 T85 / Master of Science

A theoretical study of the approach and collision of liquid-drop pairs is performed with results obtained numerically. The collision process is modeled by a squeeze-flow problem involving both planar and non-planar geometry, with attention given to the deformation of the interacting interfaces. Based on the nature of the collision process, an analogy is made between the fluidic systems of colliding liquid bodies and a mechanical mass- spring-damper system. Examination of the analogous mechanical system yields the derivation of an effective damping ratio, ζ*, which is used to predict the outcome of the drop-drop collisions. Predictions made by utilizing the effective damping ratio are then compared to experimental results presented in literature. / text

Les collisions d'ions lourds ultra-relativistes permettent d'étudier les propriétés de la matière nucléaire soumise à des conditions extrêmes de température et/ou de pression. Dans ces conditions, celle-ci pourrait subir une transition de phase vers un nouvel état appelé : Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (QGP). Un premier indice de la formation du QGP a pu être observé au SPS du CERN par l'expérience NA50 à travers la suppression anormale du taux de production du méson J/$\psi$, via sa désintégration en deux muons, dans les collisions Pb - Pb.<br />L'étude des paires de leptons joue un rôle crucial dans les expériences d'ions lourds. En effet, l'absence significative de ré-interactions avec l'environnement hadronique fait des dileptons une sonde idéale des premiers instants de la collision. De plus, les mésons vecteurs produits dans les collisions ($\rho$, $\omega$, $\fi$, J/$\psi$) peuvent être détectés à travers leur désintégration en paires de leptons. L'expérience NA60, qui succède à NA50, étudie la production des dimuons dans les collisions In - In à 158 GeV/c/nucléon. Les motivations de l'expérience ainsi que ses différentes étapes seront décrites.<br />Le dispositif expérimental de NA60 comporte dans la région cible du spectromètre à muons de NA50 un ensemble de détecteurs de pixels (le télescope de vertex) disposés dans un champ magnétique. Ils permettent d'accéder aux caractéristiques cinématiques des traces des muons avant leur passage dans l'absorbeur hadronique et de déterminer avec précision le vertex d'interaction. Ce télescope de vertex permet également de mesurer la distance dans le plan transverse passant par le vertex de chacun des muons de la paire par rapport au vertex. Cette capacité est essentielle pour séparer des phénomènes prompts de ceux provenant de la décroissance de résonances.<br />Nous présenterons une méthode de reconstruction des traces dans le télescope de vertex dans les collisions d'ions lourds basée sur l'Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP). Les principaux sujets d'étude de l'expérience NA60 décrits dans ce mémoire concernent les modifications du méson $\rho$ dans le milieu dense et chaud créé par la collision, l'origine de l'excès de dimuons observé pour des masses intermédiaires entre celles du f et du J/$\psi$ et l'étude de la suppression anormale du J/$\psi$. En particulier, le taux de production du J/$\psi$ est étudié en fonction de la multiplicité des traces dans le télescope de vertex. Pour chacun des sujets abordés, les résultats fournis pas NA60 ont permis une avancée significative dans la compréhension de la physique des ions lourds aux énergies du SPS.

The transient dynamic analysis of constrained mechanical systems may require the solution of a mixed set of algebraic and differential equations of motion. The usual formulation of these equations is expressed in terms of the accelerations of the system components. A canonical form of the equations of motion in terms of the system velocities and the time derivative of the system momenta may be used instead. This is a natural form of the equations in which all the state variables are explicitly expressed, and have the same physical importance. The numerical solution obtained from the canonical equations shows more accuracy and stability, specifically for systems with large and fluctuating forces. For the mechanical systems that undergo an impact, the usual numerical solution of the equations of motion is not valid. Two different methods of analysis of impact problems are presented. In one method, the variations of the impulsive force during the contact period are directly added to the vector of forces in the canonical equations of motion. In the second method, based on the assumption of instantaneous nature of impact, a set of momentum balance-impulse equations is derived by explicitly integrating the canonical equations. These equations are solved at the time of impact for the jump in the system momenta right after impact. Necessary parameters are evaluated for the performance of the two methods of analysis. These parameters include the maximum relative indentation, the maximum contact force, and the coefficient of restitution. The parameters are determined for the collision between two bodies in a system with any general geometric or material properties. The influence of friction modeling in the magnitude and the direction of the total force at the contact surfaces is discussed. The dynamics of a vehicle collision is studied in order to illustrate the efficiency of obtaining a solution to the canonical equations, the simplicity of solving the momentum balance-impulse equations.

Intermittency, as introduced into multiparticle production by Bialas and Peschanski, has become a fruitful and rapidly growing industry. The original concept of intermittency in the form of the Alpha model is discussed in detail and suggestions for extensions are made. We analyze the factorial moments measured by different experimental collaborations in terms of their nontrivial many-particle correlations, the cumulants. A large fraction of measured moments is shown to originate in two-particle correlations. The validity of the Linked Pair ansatz is tested and found to be acceptable to fourth order for hadronic collisions but uncertain for nuclear collisions. A cumulant decomposition for bin-bin correlations is derived, and a general formalism is developed for treating correlations of particle distributions consisting of several distinct populations, such as particles of different charge.

Absolute ionization cross sections have been determined for collisions between sodium atoms in laser-selected Ryberg states. Measurements were made in a thermal-energy self-colliding beam for n = 26-29 D states. The cross sections have been found to be roughly fifty times geometric and show fair agreement with a recent classical trajectory Monte Carlo calculation but differ greatly from an earlier indirect measurement.

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Demand of automobiles are significantly growing despite various factors, steadily increasing the average number of vehicles on the road. Increase in the number of vehicles, subsequently increases the risk of collisions, characterized by the driving behavior. Driving behavior is influenced by factors like class of vehicle, road condition and vehicle maneuvering by the driver. Rapidly growing mobile technology and use of smartphones embedded with in-built sensors, provides scope of constant development of assistance systems considering the safety of the driver by integrating with the information obtained from the vehicle on-board sensors. Our research aims at learning a vehicle system comprising of vehicle, human and road by employing driving patterns obtained from the sensor data to develop better systems of safety and alerts altogether. The thesis focusses on utilizing together various data recorded by the in-built embedded sensors in a smartphone to understand the vehicle motion and dynamics, followed by studying various impacts of collision events, types and signatures which can potentially be integrated in a prototype framework to detect variations, alert drivers and emergency responders in an event of collision.