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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Mesure et modélisation du comportement de matériaux diélectriques irradiés par faisceau d'électrons / Measurement and modelling of dielectric materials behaviour under electron-beam irradiation

Banda Gnama Mbimbiangoye, Mallys Elliazar 01 December 2017 (has links)
Dans leurs usages courants comme isolants électriques, les matériaux solides organiques sont constitutifs aussi bien des câbles de transport d'énergie électrique, des circuits de commande et de conversion de puissance que des composants (micro)électroniques ou des systèmes embarqués (revêtement thermique des satellites, batteries d'accumulateurs...). La diversité des contraintes d'utilisation auxquelles ils sont soumis (champ électrique, rayonnement, température, humidité...) les prédisposent à emmagasiner des charges en leur sein, susceptibles d'affecter la fiabilité des systèmes qui en dépendent. L'un des moyens communément mis en œuvre pour étudier le comportement électrique de ces charges est la mesure de la distribution spatio-temporelle des charges d'espace, en soumettant le diélectrique à une différence de potentiel continue à travers deux électrodes. Cette méthode ne permet cependant pas toujours de distinguer clairement la contribution des charges dues à la génération, d'une part, et celles dues aux phénomènes de transport, d'autre part. Cette étude propose une approche alternative, consistant à déposer sous vide des charges (électrons) au sein de l'isolant par le biais d'un faisceau d'électrons, à une position connue et en quantité maîtrisée, en prenant en compte d'autres processus physiques liés à l'implantation d'électrons afin de prévoir et modéliser le comportement de ces matériaux irradiés. Des films de PolyEthylène basse densité (PEbd), préparés par thermomoulage, ont été irradiés par un faisceau d'électrons de 80 keV avec un flux de 1 nA/cm2. Les mesures de charge d'espace par la méthode Electro-Acoustique Pulsée (PEA), réalisées d'abord in-situ, puis ex-situ sous polarisation électrique DC, confirment une localisation effective de charges au sein du matériau. Les résultats sous polarisation électrique après irradiation mettent en évidence une importante présence de charges positives dans la zone irradiée du diélectrique. Les caractérisations électriques des films PEbd irradiés montrent un comportement complètement différent de celui d'un même matériau non-irradié, laissant penser à une modification de la structure chimique du matériau. Des mesures physico-chimiques (spectroscopie infra-rouge, Photoluminescence et Analyse Enthalpique Différentielle-DSC) sur ces films PEbd irradiés, ne montrent pas une dégradation significative de la structure chimique du diélectrique qui expliquerait le comportement électrique observé sous polarisation post-irradiation. Des mesures complémentaires montrent le comportement réversible du PEbd irradié puis polarisé, qui serait uniquement lié à la présence des charges générées par le faisceau. Les données expérimentales de cette étude ont parallèlement alimenté un modèle numérique de transport de charges, développé pour tenir compte des contraintes sous irradiation. Ce modèle a permis de reproduire les résultats d'implantation de charge par faisceau d'électrons in-situ ainsi que la majorité des processus électriques observés sur du PEbd irradié puis polarisé. Il confirme l'impact de la charge déposée par faisceau d'électrons sur le comportement sous polarisation et permet de conclure quant à l'origine des charges positives observées post-irradiation, qui seraient dues aussi bien aux phénomènes d'injection aux électrodes qu'à la création de paires électrons/trous par le faisceau d'électrons pendant l'irradiation. / In their common uses as electrical insulators, organic solid materials are constitutive of electric power transmission cables, power control and conversion circuits as well as (micro) electronic components or embedded systems (thermal coating of satellites, batteries of accumulators, etc.). Under various constraints of use (electric field, radiation, temperature, humidity ...) they can accumulate charges in their bulk which could affect the reliability of the systems in which they are employed. One of the commonly used means to study the electrical behavior of these charges is to measure the spatiotemporal distribution of charges by subjecting the dielectrics to a continuous potential difference between two electrodes. However, this method does not always allow clearly distinguishing the contribution of charges due to generation on the one hand and the one due to transport phenomena on the other hand. This study proposes an alternative approach, consisting in generating charges (electrons) within the electrical insulation using an electron-beam under vacuum. The charges are hence deposited at a known position and in a controlled quantity. Other physical processes related to the implantation of electrons must then be taken into account in order to predict and model the behavior of these irradiated materials. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films, prepared by thermal molding, were irradiated by a 80 keV electron-beam with a current flux of 1 nA/cm2. Space charge measurements using the Pulsed Electro-Acoustic (PEA) method, performed first in-situ and then ex-situ under DC electrical polarization, confirm an effective localization of charges within the material. The results under electrical polarization after irradiation show an important amount of positive charges in the irradiated zone of the dielectric. The electrical characterizations of irradiated LDPE films show a completely different behavior compared to the same non-irradiated material, suggesting a modification of the chemical structure of the material. Physico-chemical measurements (infrared spectroscopy, Photoluminescence and Differential Scanning Calorimetry-DSC) on these irradiated PEbd films do not show a significant degradation of the chemical structure of the dielectric which would explain the observed electrical behavior under post-irradiation polarization. Additional measurements show the reversible behavior of the irradiated then polarized PEbd, which would be only related to the presence of the charges generated by the beam. The experimental data of this study have simultaneously fed a numerical model of charge transport, developed to take into account the irradiation constraints. This model allows reproducing the in-situ results of charge implantation by the electron beam as well as the majority of the electrical processes observed on irradiated and polarized LDPE. It confirms the impact of the electron-beam deposited charge on the behavior under polarization and allows concluding on the origin of the positive charges observed after irradiation, which would be due to injection at the electrodes as well as to the creation of electron-hole pairs by the electron-beam during irradiation.
32

Transport de charges et mécanismes de relaxation dans les matériaux diélectriques à usage spatial / Charge transport and relaxation mechanisms in space dielectric materials

Hanna, Rachelle 02 October 2012 (has links)
Comprendre et modéliser le comportement des matériaux sous irradiation électronique est un enjeu important pour l’industrie spatiale. La fiabilité des satellites nécessite de maîtriser et prédire les potentiels de surface s'établissant sur les diélectriques. Ce travail de doctorat a donc pour objectif de caractériser et de modéliser les différents mécanismes physiques (en surface et en volume) gouvernant le potentiel de charges dans les matériaux polymères spatiaux tels que le Téflon® FEP et le Kapton® HN. La mise au point d'un nouveau dispositif et d'un protocole expérimental a permis de corroborer l'existence d’une conductivité latérale des charges, souvent négligée dans les modèles physiques et numériques. Les études paramétriques, révélant l’influence de l’énergie et le flux des électrons incidents, ont permis de brosser un portrait des processus mis en jeu pour le transport (par saut ou par piégeage/dépiégeage) de charges en surface. A la lumière de cette étude, une conductivité équivalente est extraite, assimilant le matériau à un système prenant en compte les mécanismes de transport volumique et surfacique. L'analyse des évolutions non-monotones de potentiel mesurées sur les polymères spatiaux en condition spatiale a permis de révéler une dépendance de la conductivité volumique induite sous irradiation avec la dose reçue. L'étude paramétrique réalisée sur les mécanismes de transport en volume révèle une influence minoritaire du déplacement du barycentre de charges et du vieillissement physicochimique. Un modèle «0D» à un seul niveau de pièges, prenant en compte les mécanismes de piégeage/dépiégeage et recombinaison entre les porteurs de charges, a été développé. Ce modèle simplifié permet de reproduire qualitativement les évolutions de potentiel expérimentales en fonction du débit de dose et lors d'irradiations successives. / Charging behaviours of space dielectric materials, under electron beam irradiation, is of special interest for future spacecraft needs, since this mechanism could induce electrostatic discharges and consequently damages on the sensitive systems on board. In order to assess the risks of charging and discharging, this work aims at understanding the overall charge transport mechanisms and predicting the electrical behaviour of the insulator materials, especially Teflon® FEP and Kapton® HN. For an optimized prediction, the first part of our work is thus to check whether lateral conduction process can take place in the overall charge transport mechanism. Through the definition of a new experimental set-up and protocol, we have been able to discriminate between lateral and bulk conductivity and to reveal the presence of lateral conductivity that is enhanced by radiation ionization processes. We have been able to demonstrate as well that lateral intrinsic conductivity is enhanced with the increase current density and when approaching the sample surface. The second part of our work deals with the characterization of the electrical charging behaviour of Teflon® FEP under multi-energetic electron beam irradiation and the modelling of the overall bulk charge transport mechanisms. An experimental study on charge potential evolution as a function of electron spectrum, electric field, relaxation time, dose and dose rate, was performed. A numerical model has been developed to describe the effect of the different abovementioned mechanisms on the evolution of the surface potential. This model agrees correctly with the experimental phenomenology at qualitative level and therefore allows understanding the physical mechanisms steering charge transport in Teflon® and Kapton®.
33

Influência da mercerização e irradiação por feixe de elétrons na aderência da fibra do ouriço da castanha do Brasil em matriz de polietileno de alta densidade / Influency of mercerization and electron beam irradiation on the adhesion between fibre from Brazil nut pod and a high density polyethilene matrix

Rejane Daniela de Campos 18 September 2015 (has links)
O interesse na utilização de fibras naturais com matrizes poliméricas para a preparação de compósitos espalhou-se rapidamente ao longo dos últimos anos. No entanto, a adesão interfacial entre a fibra e a matriz tem ainda de ser aperfeiçoada. Para melhorar a adesão entre os constituintes e, consequentemente as propriedades mecânicas e térmicas dos materiais, duas abordagens foram investigadas: a irradiação por feixe de elétrons e a mercerização. Este trabalho descreve a fabricação e caracterização de biocompósitos de polietileno de alta densidade e fibra do ouriço da castanha do Brasil que foram preparadas por duas metodologias diferentes: a primeira foi irradiar o compósito com 150 kGy e a segunda foi irradiar a matriz com 15 kGy e então produzir o compósito. Para ambas as metodologias foram utilizadas fibras naturais mercerizadas e não mercerizadas. O efeito dos tratamentos estudados para melhorar a adesão entre a fibra e a matriz polimérica foi avaliado através de caracterizações mecânica, química, térmica e morfológica. Com base neste estudo, observou-se que a fibra do ouriço da castanha do Brasil é um material tecnicamente viável para uso como reforço em compósitos poliméricos. Observou-se que o processo de irradiação da matriz seguida da produção dos compósitos é um método eficaz para melhorar as propriedades térmicas e mecânicas dos compósitos biopoliméricos e que, quando comparado com o processo de mercerização, esse método pode ser considerado mais ambientalmente correto (sem produtos químicos e sem geração de resíduo), mais barato e mais simples. / The interest in the use of natural fibres with polymeric matrix for the preparation of composite spread rapidly over the last years. However, the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix has to be improved. To improve the adhesion between the constituents and consequently the mechanical and thermal properties of materials, two approaches were investigated: electron beam irradiation and mercerization. This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of biocomposites compounds with high density polyethylene and fibre from Brazil nut pod that were prepared by two different methods: the first irradiating the composite with 150 kGy and the second was radiating matrix with 15 kGy and then produce the composite. For both methodologies, natural fibers, mercerized and non-mercerized were used. The effect of the treatments to improve adhesion between the fiber and the polymer matrix was evaluated through mechanical, chemical, thermal and morphology charcterization. Based on this study, it was observed that fibre from Brazil nut pod is a technically viable material for use as reinforcement in polymer composites. It was observed that the process of matrix irradiation followed by the composite fabrication is an effective method for improving the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites, when compared with mercerization process, this method can be considered more environmentally friendly (no chemicals, and without generating waste), cheaper and simpler.
34

Darmschädigung durch Photonen-Strahlung nach Einzeitbestrahlung der Leber / Radiation-induced damage in different segments of the rat intestine after external

Schwartz, Antonia 16 January 2012 (has links)
No description available.

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