Práca hodnotí pomoc zo zdrojov Európskeho investičného fondu zameranú na rozvoj malého a stredného podnikania na Slovensku.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-11-03T15:26:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Vinícius Faria de Oliveira_Dissertaçao (Versão Final).pdf: 1315708 bytes, checksum: 88b3eabf4c4bb0d057f2684af85f0bc7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-03T15:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Vinícius Faria de Oliveira_Dissertaçao (Versão Final).pdf: 1315708 bytes, checksum: 88b3eabf4c4bb0d057f2684af85f0bc7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM / Hypoxia events are common in the aquatic ecosystems of the Amazon. As a result, numerous adaptive adjustments to optimize oxygen uptake are known in the fish of this region, including, but not limited to, increased opercular beats, the release of circulating blood cells, metabolic suppression, and reduction of organic phosphate concentration in erythrocytes. This study aimed to find out how the regulation of the concentration of guanosine triphosphate ([GTP]) occurs in the red cells of tambaqui exposed to hypoxia. GTP by acting as a negative modulator of the affinity of hemoglobin with O 2 decreases oxygen uptake; thus, a reduction of [GTP] in hypoxia represents a strategy to improve the transfer of oxygen to tissues. An important cellular process that may be involved in the reduction of GTP levels in erythrocytes is the synthesis of proteins, specifically the translation stage. At this point there is an element designate eIF2α, which requires GTP to be able to recruit the RNAt Met i and continue the formation of the translation machinery. Thus, we investigated the relative expression of two eIFs (eIF2α and eIF3A) by real-time PCR and quantified the GTP in erythrocytes of tambaqui juveniles exposed to normoxia, four exposures to hypoxia (<1 mgO 2 /L) (30, 140, 200 e 260 min) and recovery from hypoxia (240 e 480 min) in >6.0 mgO 2 /L. Our results showed an increase in the relative expression of the two genes analyzed at practically all times of exposure to hypoxia. eIF2α gene was not elevated relatively to the control group at 30 min only. The concentrations of GTP were sharply reduced until the group exposed to 140 min of hypoxia, remaining practically stable until 480 min of recovery. In this way, we noticed that the decrease in the [GTP] occurred between the 30 and 140 min of hypoxia. We confirmed that Colossoma macropomum specimens were hypoxic by high plasma levels of glucose and lactate of animals subjected to low oxygen availability in water. The increase in the relative expression of the eIFs at the same time as a sharp reduction in the GTP concentration in the tambaqui erythrocytes a relationship between the intensity of the protein synthesis and the consumption of GTP molecules. However, during hypoxia, a severe metabolic suppression occurs to establish a balance between production and consumption of ATP, since the primary source of this compound is compromised. As a consequence an overall decrease in protein synthesis is observed. On the other hand, many genes linked to the mechanisms of hypoxia response are regulated positively, increasing their transcripts in the cell, which, to become functional products, depend on an elevation of the translation rate, even if only transient. This phenomenon contributes to the metabolic reorganization, essential for greater resistance of organisms to hypoxia. / Eventos de hipóxia são comuns nos ecossistemas aquáticos da Amazônia. Como resultado, inúmeros ajustes adaptativos voltados a otimizar a captação de oxigênio são conhecidos nos peixes dessa região, que incluem, entre outros, aumento dos batimentos operculares, liberação de células sanguíneas na circulação, supressão metabólica e redução da concentração dos fosfatos orgânicos nos eritrócitos. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi desvendar como ocorre a regulação da concentração do trifosfato de guanosina ([GTP]) nas células vermelhas do tambaqui em hipóxia. O GTP diminui a eficiência no transporte de oxigênio porque atua como modulador negativo da afinidade da hemoglobina com O 2 . Dessa forma, a diminuição da [GTP] em hipóxia representa uma estratégia para melhorar a transferência de oxigênio para os tecidos. Um importante processo celular que pode estar envolvido com a queda na concentração de GTP nos eritrócitos é a síntese de proteínas, especificamente a etapa de tradução. Nesse ponto atua um elemento denominado eIF2α, o qual necessita de GTP para poder recrutar o RNAt Met i e dar continuidade à formação da maquinaria de tradução. Sendo assim, investigamos a expressão relativa de dois eIFs (eIF2α e eIF3A) por meio de PCR em tempo real e quantificamos o GTP nos eritrócitos de juvenis de tambaqui expostos à normóxia, quatro exposições à hipóxia (<1 mgO 2 /L) (30, 140, 200 e 260 min) e recuperação da hipóxia (240 e 480 min) em >6.0 mgO 2 /L. Nossos resultados mostraram claro aumento da expressão relativa dos dois genes analisados em praticamente todos os tempos de exposição àhipóxia; já que apenas no tempo 30 min o gene eIF2α não apresentou-se elevado em relação ao grupo controle. As concentrações de GTP sofreram forte redução até o grupo exposto a 140 min de hipóxia, mantendo-se praticamente estável até 480 min de recuperação. Sendo assim, notamos que a queda na [GTP] ocorreu entre os tempos 30 min e 140 min de hipóxia. Confirmamos que os exemplares de Colossoma macropomum estavam em hipóxia por meio dos altos níveis de glicose e lactato plasmáticos quantificados nos animais submetidos a baixa disponibilidade de oxigênio na água. O incremento na expressão relativa dos eIFs ao mesmo tempo em que houve a brusca redução na concentração de GTP nos eritrócitos do tambaqui constitui evidência a favor da relação entre intensidade da síntese de proteínas e consumo de moléculas de GTP. No entanto, durante a hipóxia, ocorre uma séria supressão metabólica para estabelecer um equilíbrio entre a produção e o consumo de ATP, uma vez que a principal fonte geradora desse composto encontra-se comprometida. Isso resulta em uma diminuição global na síntese de proteínas. Por outro lado, inúmeros genes ligados aos mecanismos de resposta à hipóxia são regulados positivamente, aumentando seus transcritos na célula, os quais, para se tornarem produtos funcionais dependem de uma elevação da taxa de tradução, mesmo que apenas transitória. Esse fenômeno contribui para a reorganização metabólica, essencial para maior resistência dos organismos à hipóxia.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that may regulate more than half of human genes, yet the molecular mechanism of miRNA-mediated repression remains obscure. Using a cell-free assay of miRNA activity, we show that miRNA-targeted mRNAs are enriched for components of the 40S, but not 60S ribosomal subunit. Additionally, a molecular toeprint of 18 nucleotides 3' relative to the start codon, consistent with nucleotide protection by 40S ribosomal subunits, is enriched on miRNA-targeted mRNAs. Our results suggest that miRNAs repress translation initiation in a cell-free system by preventing 60S ribosomal subunit joining to 40S subunits positioned at the start codon.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is the only known cellular protein that contains the post-translationally derived amino acid, hypusine. Initially, eIF-5A was named as a translation initiation factor because of its capability to stimulate the formation of methionyl-puromycin, which mimics the first peptide bond formation during protein synthesis, under <em>in vitro</em> conditions. Subsequently, however, this proposed function of eIF-5A has been questioned because a similar effect on translation was not observed <em>in situ</em>. Moreover, eIF-5A appears not to be required for general protein synthesis. Rather, there is evidence that it facilitates the translation of specific subsets of mRNAs required for cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. <br /><br /> There are two isoforms of eIF-5A in the human genome which have designated eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2. The objective of the present study was to gain an increased understanding of the roles of eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 during apoptosis and cell proliferation using human cell lines as a model system. Apoptosis was induced by treating the cells with Actinomycin D or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which initiate programmed cell death by different mechanisms. It was observed for both normal and cancer cells that eIF-5A1 protein is up-regulated during apoptosis induced by Actinomycin D or SNP, whereas eIF-5A1 mRNA is constitutively expressed and does not change in abundance during this treatment. The up regulation of eIF-5A1 protein levels in the absence of a corresponding up-regulation in eIF-5A1 mRNA suggests that eIF-5A1 may be post-transcriptionally regulated. Moreover, eIF-5A1 protein up-regulation was stronger in normal cells than in cancer cells. By contrast, eIF-5A2 protein was below detection levels during apoptosis in both normal and cancer cells, although the corresponding transcript was detectable by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. This is attributable to inefficient translation of eIF-5A2 mRNA. <br /><br /> The effects of eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 on cell proliferation were examined by modulating the levels of serum in cultures of UACC-1598 cells, which are ovarian cancer cells that express high levels of both isoforms of eIF-5A. Serum starvation, which induces cell cycle arrest and ensuing apoptosis, followed by the re-addition of serum had no effect on the transcript levels of either eIF-5A1 or eIF-5A2. However, eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 proteins were both up-regulated within 24 hours of the initiation of serum starvation, and this coincided temporally with the onset of apoptosis as measured by TUNEL and a subsequent decline in viable cells. <br /><br /> The data indicate that eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 are both post-transcriptionally regulated and that they have functionally redundant roles in apoptosis.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is the only known cellular protein that contains the post-translationally derived amino acid, hypusine. Initially, eIF-5A was named as a translation initiation factor because of its capability to stimulate the formation of methionyl-puromycin, which mimics the first peptide bond formation during protein synthesis, under <em>in vitro</em> conditions. Subsequently, however, this proposed function of eIF-5A has been questioned because a similar effect on translation was not observed <em>in situ</em>. Moreover, eIF-5A appears not to be required for general protein synthesis. Rather, there is evidence that it facilitates the translation of specific subsets of mRNAs required for cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. <br /><br /> There are two isoforms of eIF-5A in the human genome which have designated eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2. The objective of the present study was to gain an increased understanding of the roles of eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 during apoptosis and cell proliferation using human cell lines as a model system. Apoptosis was induced by treating the cells with Actinomycin D or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which initiate programmed cell death by different mechanisms. It was observed for both normal and cancer cells that eIF-5A1 protein is up-regulated during apoptosis induced by Actinomycin D or SNP, whereas eIF-5A1 mRNA is constitutively expressed and does not change in abundance during this treatment. The up regulation of eIF-5A1 protein levels in the absence of a corresponding up-regulation in eIF-5A1 mRNA suggests that eIF-5A1 may be post-transcriptionally regulated. Moreover, eIF-5A1 protein up-regulation was stronger in normal cells than in cancer cells. By contrast, eIF-5A2 protein was below detection levels during apoptosis in both normal and cancer cells, although the corresponding transcript was detectable by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. This is attributable to inefficient translation of eIF-5A2 mRNA. <br /><br /> The effects of eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 on cell proliferation were examined by modulating the levels of serum in cultures of UACC-1598 cells, which are ovarian cancer cells that express high levels of both isoforms of eIF-5A. Serum starvation, which induces cell cycle arrest and ensuing apoptosis, followed by the re-addition of serum had no effect on the transcript levels of either eIF-5A1 or eIF-5A2. However, eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 proteins were both up-regulated within 24 hours of the initiation of serum starvation, and this coincided temporally with the onset of apoptosis as measured by TUNEL and a subsequent decline in viable cells. <br /><br /> The data indicate that eIF-5A1 and eIF-5A2 are both post-transcriptionally regulated and that they have functionally redundant roles in apoptosis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [135]-147).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:05:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6280_1.pdf: 6554113 bytes, checksum: a5c056dd5ab8aaddb6aaf6d92bd9a8ae (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A síntese protéica é um processo básico e essencial para a sobrevivência dos seres vivos. Um dos pontos chave deste processo é a etapa de iniciação da tradução que é regulada pela ação de ao menos doze fatores protéicos chamados eIFs (eukaryotic Initiation Factor Fator de Iniciação de Eucariotos) perfazendo, aproximadamente, 30 polipeptídios em mamíferos. Os tripanossomatídeos, protozoários patogênicos de interesse médico e veterinário, apresentam características celulares próprias como a regulação da sua expressão gênica que ocorre em nível pós-transcricional. Nesse contexto a síntese de proteínas é um alvo em potencial para mecanismos de regulação, entretanto pouco se sabe sobre esse processo nos tripanossomatídeos. Em estudos prévios, foi iniciado nestes parasitas o estudo do fator eIF4F e observou-se a existência de múltiplos homólogos para cada uma de suas três subunidades. Neste trabalho utilizou-se ferramentas de bioinformática para identificar e caracterizar homólogos aos demais eIFs em Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei e T. cruzi. Foram identificados homólogos dos fatores eIF1, eIF1A, eIF5, eIF5A, eIF5B, eIF6 e sete subunidades do complexo eIF3 (b, c, d, e, f, i, k). Ao contrário do observado para as subunidades do eIF4F, e com a exceção da subunidade eIF3b, um único homólogo foi identificado para cada fator. A análise das seqüências protéicas mostrou que existe variabilidade no grau de conservação destes homólogos quando comparados com outros eucariotos (de 22% de identidade para o eIF3k até 58% para o eIF6). Em alguns casos foi possível mapear mutações exclusivas dos tripanossomatídeos. Também foram gerados modelos 3D de vários dos homólogos previamente identificados de subunidades do eIF4F facilitando sua caracterização funcional. Os resultados obtidos indicam que boa parte da iniciação da síntese protéica é conservada entre tripanossomatídeos e demais eucariotos. Todavia, diferenças significativas parecem ocorrer e merecem um estudo mais aprofundado

The main topic of this thesis is the application of best practice methodology to the development of services in public administration and e-Government. The work focuses on interoperable services that can be integrated across departments of public administration or businesses in the private sector. In section 2 we describe the various aspects influencing the development of interoperable services in public administration using the European Interoperability Framework (EIF) as a basis for classifying interoperability dimensions. Section 3 evaluates current state of services in public administration focusing on information interoperability that addresses syntactic, structural and semantic heterogeneity. We have found that Services of Public Administration Portal (PVS) suffer from high levels of structural and syntactic heterogeneity, and we discuss possible ways to standardize service interfaces in public administration in order to improve interoperability. Creation of standardized library of services has been proposed as a possible way forward. In section 4 of the thesis we propose a methodological framework for the development of e-Government services using the best practices methods identified in the private sector domain. The main emphasis is placed on library services and its role in the lifecycle of services. Stages of lifecycle of services are decomposed into sub-phases so that they match phases in the MMDIS methodology.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-154).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2005. / [School of Medicine] Department of Molecular Virology. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.