Lakvatten har varierande föroreningsgrad och karaktär. Det bildas då regnvatten perkolerar igenom en deponi. I en deponiverksamhet är lakvattnet den huvudsakliga påverkan på den omgivande miljön. För att begränsa föroreningshalten i naturen behöver lakvattnet samlas upp och omhändertas. Olika tekniker har utvecklats för att rena lakvatten lokalt. En teknik är att använda ett naturligt material som torv för att i första hand reducera mängden metaller och organiska föreningar. Vid Stena Metall AB:s anläggning i Halmstad sker rening av vattnet i den lokala reningsanläggningen. Reningen består av luftning och sedimentering samt ett biofilter bestående av aska och torv (SB). I detta examensarbete har urlakning av ett antal olika filtermaterial gjorts genom att skaka materialen i 24 h. Även en reningseffektivitetsstudie av filtermaterialet SB har gjorts. Filtermaterialet används i dag som en biobädd och fungerar som det sista reningssteget utav lakvattnet på Stena Metall AB:s anläggning i Halmstad. I urlakningsstudien skakades varje filtermaterial i 24 h med kranvatten. Några gränsvärden för lakvatten finns inte i dag. ”Ny föreskrift om deponering och mottagande av avfall vid deponier” träde i kraft 2005. Föreskriftens gränsvärden för icke-farligt avfall har används som jämförvärden i denna studie. Resultatet visar att det är en stor skillnad på de olika materialens urlakning. I urlakningen är det endast Bark och Metallbark som överskrider DOC-värdet. Reningseffektivitetsstudien utfördes genom att skaka SB med fem olika koncentrationer av koppar-, fenol- och PCB-lösningar. Fenol- och PCB-analyser ryms inte inom detta arbete utan presenteras i ett annat arbete inom projektgruppen. I studien har lakvatten och kranvatten med de fem olika koncentrationer använts parallellt och därefter jämförts mot varandra. Materialet har skakats i 24 h. Resultatet visar en god reducering av koppar i både kran och lakvatten. Det sker en reducering av ammoniumkväve i lakvattnet medan det ökar i kranvattnet.

To create multifunctional buffer strips along a watercourse in an economically sustainable way requires consideration of many different factors. In this plan we have selected pollutant reduction as the main purpose of the buffer strip. We have also strived to achieve minimal income loss due to reduced production, increased biological diversity, good game preservation that leads to higher income from hunting, aesthetical satisfaction and possibility to profit from available subsidies. This is done mainly to make landowners/farmers more interested in creating buffer strips along water courses. As sand is the dominant type of soil in the area, the water course is less affected by surface runoff compared to if the soil would be clay or some other finer texture. Game preservation and subsidies have therefore been the main factors when establishing the width of the strip, because these require wider buffer strips in some cases. Most of the buffer strips have been left as fallow fields and multilayered vegetation systems have been strived for. This means combined tree, bush and grass/herb zones. To be allowed to plant bushes on a fallow field and also receive subsidies we suggest that perennial energy plants should be planted in some parts of the buffer strips. Perennial energy plants have several benefits, such as income when harvested and game preservation. In addition we have suggested planting and self rejuvenation of the local trees and bushes.

Hässleholms Renhållare AB är ett avfallsbolag som innehar en oljebehandlingsanläggning på deras centrala avfallsanläggning i Vankiva. På oljebehandlingsanläggningen tar de emot slam från oljeavskiljare och bilvårdsanläggningar samt i mindre mängd förorenade massor. Från behandlingsanläggningen utgår det en vattenfas som leds via ett avloppssystem vidare till det lokala behandlingssystemet för lakvattnet. I bolagets tillstånd för Vankiva avfallsanläggning har det föreskrivits att varje delflöde till den lokala behandlingen av lakvattnet måste kontrolleras för att inte fastställda gränsvärden för olja och tungmetaller ska överskridas. Under våren 2006 kompletterades avloppssystemet från oljebehandlingsanläggningen till lakvattenbehandlingen med en filterbrunn. Filterbrunnen innehåller en torvabsorbent som suger upp olja och tungmetaller från vattenfasen. Genom att reducera olja och tungmetaller från vattenfasen kommer bolaget att minska en stor källa av föroreningar till deras lokala behandlingssystem för lakvatten. Rapportens mål var att undersöka filtermaterialets reningsförmåga på vattenfasen från oljebehandlingsanläggning dels vid laborativa försök och dels vid fältundersökning. De laborativa försöken bestod av ett urlakningstest och en studie på filtermaterialets absorptionskapacitet. Resultat från urlakningstestet visar att torvsorbenten släpper mangan och järn i större mängd och sänker urlakningsvätskans pH. Resultat från filtermaterialets absorptionskapacitet visar att materialet effektivt adsorberar undersökta metaller. Ett utläckage av arsenik sker från filtermaterialet. För olja och dess biprodukter sker en mindre reduktion. Fältförsöket visar att filtret reducerar metallkoncentrationen i utgående vattenfas men absorption av olja uteblir vid hög belastning. Lakvattnet får tillskott av metalljoner från vattenfasen av aluminium, koppar, järn, mangan, nickel, bly och zink, då metallkoncentrationen är högre för vattenfasen än för lakvattnet. Kontroll av basflödet, som har ett konstant mindre flöde igenom filterbrunnen, visar resultat på låga metallkoncentrationer i ingående basflöde, som består av vatten från området tvätthall och avloppsvatten från kontoret. När basflödet passerar filterbrunnen urlakas arsenik, kvicksilver, nickel och zink från adsorberade metalljoner i filtermaterialet. Vid fältstudien visar resultaten på att filterbrunnen fungerade som en buffert. Filtermaterialet sorberade föroreningar i ingående vattenfas från oljeplattan och släppte metaller när basflödet passerade filterbrunnen. Detta kan medföra att det inte blir några stötbelastningar till lakvattnet av befintliga föroreningar från vattenfasen men tungmetaller kommer för eller senare ut i behandlingssystemet för lakvattnet.

This article deals with the woodlands as a biological cultural heritage and how it is taken care of in the protected woodlands in Skåne, in the south of Sweden, especially the deciduous trees which is dominated by beech. High biological values have emerged as a result of grazing and different kinds of forestry. The protected woodlands have been ripped of its cultural influences which changes the biological values on which the original reasons for protection was founded.

In this thesis, I applied receiver function techniques to the data recorded by national and regional broadband seismic networks of the China Earthquake Administration to image the mantle transition-zone structure beneath eastern Asia. I analyzed a total of 37427 receiver-function data. Significant topography on both the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities was clearly imaged in the 3D volume of CCP stacked images that cover an area of 102.5°-122.5°E and 22.0°-42.°N. 3D crustal and mantle velocity models were used in computing the Ps time move-outs to better image the absolute depths of the two discontinuities. The 660-km discontinuity is depressed up to 25 km along the east coast of China, indicating the presence of the subducted Pacific slab in the region. A double 660-km was observed beneath the Yellow Sea. The 410-km is depressed by as much as 15 km beneath the Quaternary Datong volcano located at the northeastern edge of the Ordos plateau in north China.

Impact events are a significant surface-modifying process on bodies lacking frequent resurfacing by atmospheric or igneous processes. To explore the effects of impacts on surface materials, we measured water and trace element compositions of tektites from Vietnam. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used for water measurements and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for trace element measurements. Consistent with previous investigations of tektites, we found that the samples are depleted in volatile metals (e.g., Zn, Pb) as well as in water compared to the average continental crust, though water contents are high for rocks melted at atmospheric pressure. While Zn and Pb concentrations are linearly correlated with each other, there is no correlation between H 2 O and Zn or Pb contents. Combined with water contents of other tektites in the Australasian strewnfield, our results demonstrate that the source impact occurred at a wet site near the Indochina peninsula.

During the last glacial maximum (LGM), some 20 ka ago, northern Manitoba was situated beneath 3 to 4.5 km of ice, on the outer fringe of a major ice spreading center of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The region has also been affected by major paleoglaciological changes linked to multiple source areas, migration of ice centres, and ice-sheet thickening/thinning over multiple glacial cycles. The net effect of this evolution is a very complex geological record, which has major implications for ice-sheet reconstructions and drift prospecting. Theory-based hypothesis for the region suggest initial advance-phase deposition was followed by either net-erosive or cold-based conditions for much of the glacial cycle. In contrast, observation-based reconstructions of ice-sheet behaviour consider the glacial landscape to have been predominately formed by near-complete overprinting during warm-based deglaciation. Some complexity has been recognized in sediment-landform records, but new insights into glacial dynamics and sediment-landscape evolution are needed. Systematic mapping (remote-sensing) and fieldwork (ice-flow indicators, till composition, ground truthing) in northeastern Manitoba has led to the recognition of spatio-temporal variability in landscape (streamlined-landform event-flowsets) and landform (micro and meso-scale ice-flow indicator records) and till composition inheritance. In particular, analysis of the spatio-temporal characteristics of the subglacial landscape led to the recognition of disjoint zones with internally-consistent assembly histories – termed glacial terrain zones (GTZ). These GTZ were then classified as (1) relict-glacial, (2) palimpsest, or (3) deglacial in nature. Generally, (1) is interpreted as pre-LGM, (2) may include pre-LGM terrain but also LGM to early deglaciation (ice margin still far from study area; ice sheet thinning phase) and (3) was formed during the final ice retreat phase. The resultant surface till composition within relict and palimpsest GTZs is a spatial mosaic interpreted to reflect variable intensities in modification (overprinting) and preservation (inheritance) of a predominately pre-deglacial till sheet. In these regions, streamlined landforms parallel to a known deglacial ice-flow orientation were unable to overprint the underlying inherited glacial sediment composition. Secondly, field investigations (sedimentology, clast fabrics, till composition, near-surface S-wave seismic surveys) have characterized the widespread Rogen moraine terrain. These transverse subglacial ridges are spatially associated with streamlined landforms, are situated on regionally low-lying terrain without topographic constraints and may have small bedrock ‘knob’ obstacles at their up-ice base. This thesis assesses Rogen moraine formation hypotheses within the new paleoglaciologic context of northern Manitoba, favours an instability mechanism for formation, and provides important field data against which further formation hypothesis should be tested. The main insight of this study is not a detailed reconstruction (local history), but rather a series of forms of evidence suggesting that the glacial history of the region is one of prevailing patchy low-erosion conditions which favored preservation of a fragmentary record of non-coeval and sometimes contrasting warm-based (more dynamic) conditions. Despite being near a thick inner-core region of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, where basal conditions are generally considered stable and meltwater availability is low, the hard-bed study area was subject to local spatio-temporal shifts in subglacial conditions that led to generation of a complex palimpsest glacial landscape. Spatial differences in the preservation of older streamlined landforms, variably drumlinized Rogen moraine and the concentrations of inherited subglacial detritus all culminate in a hypothesis that suggests the subglacial landscape was continually evolving and subject to spatio-temporal variations in the intensity of ice-bed processes throughout the last glaciation (subglacial bed mosaic). Based on the new glacial history, and a general lack of ice-marginal landsystems, most warm-based ice-flow phases likely occurred near LGM – with only weak overprinting during late deglaciation. The idea of landform generation at patches within a transient subglacial bed mosaic now allows for a close association between subglacial drumlins and Rogen moraine ridges, that may have formed by disconnected and not necessarily coeval or related processes. This mosaic, of slow to non-flowing basal ice (‘sticky regions’) and wet-based flowing-ice patches, also helps to explain preservation of immature landforms (Rogen moraine) and relict or palimpsest terrain. Sticky regions may have formed by at least two different mechanisms: localized heterogeneous switches in basal thermal regime (frozen-bed patches), or within a warm-based subglacial environment from wet to stiff, dewatered till.

This rapport handles the presence of two kinds of watermills in the Swedish landscape. The first is a small type with a horizontal shovel blade and the other a bigger kind with a vertical standing shovel scoop. The rapport seeks for information of their capacity and how long they existed as flour producing units. A important issue is how small can a brook be and still run a mill. Finally the reasons for their disappearance in one selected parish is shown.

In the middle of the 19th century was Calluna heath the major nature type in Halland, but the remaining parts today is only 1 500 hectares which is a 99 % decrease of the Calluna heath mainly due to an increase in forest plantations and arable fields. I have made a quantitative study how the Calluna heath of Grönabur & Sandsjöbacka has changed between 1841 and 2005 and why it didn’t disappear in the same manner, as it did in other parts of Halland. The studying of original sources as historical maps, literature and by doing field visits has been significant for the final result. The main reason for the different development of the Calluna heath in the investigation area (69 % decrease), compare to elsewhere in Halland, is the establishment and management of a nature reserve.

The essay on ”The revival of the countryside – a multitalent in landproduction.” focuses on local and regional development within agriculture, foodprocessing and tourism. Due to great changes in society, the inhabitants in rural areas are forced to find alternative occupations. Using history as a tool to build up the future is a main factor in rural development. Apart from this it involves cooperation, resources, cultural heritage and values, entrepreneurship and innovation, economic vitality, and an understanding of markets and marketing. They all contribute to a region`s ability to benefit from rural development.