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A Research Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Economic Science in the School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / The objective of the study is to analyse the effect former homeland status on poverty in South Africa. The study uses 2011 Census community profiles data from Statistics South Africa and cartographic data. Two methodologies are used in order to identify the effect of former homeland status on poverty, i.e., Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). Notably, the RDD model is the main model as it formally identifies the treatment effect by comparing former and non-former homelands within a quasi-experimental framework. The results indicate that former homeland areas experience higher poverty levels relative to non-former homeland areas. The analysis shows that a large portion of the “raw” poverty differential is explained by differences in observed characteristics between former and non-former homeland areas. The remaining difference is attributable to former homeland status. The ‘scarring effect’ is small but statistically significant. Thus, the results call for government intervention aimed at reducing differences in observed characteristics of former and non-former homeland areas. The study notes that such mechanisms will narrow the difference in poverty rates but might not close it entirely since part of the difference is structural and depends on the rate at which the ‘scarring effect’ fades overtime. / NG (2020)

In the 1850s and 1860s Gentiles monopolized the mercantile profession in Salt Lake valley. Conflict arose between the Mormons and anti-Mormon merchants for essentially five reasons: Mormon Church leaders believed merchants charged exorbitant prices, encouraged the coming of Johnston's army, falsely accused them for the "assassination" of two Salt Lake City Gentiles, supported Gentiles who were "jumping" Mormon land claims, and supported an adamantly anti-Mormon newspaper. Church leaders maintained that the motive behind these actions was essentially the destruction of their church; therefore, they levied a boycott against the anti-Mormon merchants in 1866.Because Church leaders felt the coming of the railroad would bring more Gentiles to Utah to fight against the Saints and because the merchants persisted in supporting an anti-Mormon press, Church leaders expanded the boycott in 1868 to include all Gentile merchants.The boycott was effective until Mormon patriotic support for the boycott wained and Gentile prices dropped. The boycott was officially lifted in 1882.

Ph. D.

Economic theory has produced many dynamic models of economic growth and development, some of which take into account the export-import sector and balance of payments problem so vital to underdeveloped countries. These models are either product-market oriented, money-market oriented, or some combination of both. Those that are product-market oriented generally take the import sector as exogenously determined or changing at some specific, usually constant, rate and then analyze the export sector with respect to it; suggesting that in accordance with the theory of comparative advantage, an underdeveloped country should expand its production of export good or goods in which it possesses a comparative advantage, as a means of improving its balance of payments position and moving towards sustained economic growth. Some of these dynamic theoretical models have not been tested with actual data from underdeveloped nations, largely due to the problem of obtaining reliable data from these countries. Those that have been tested, have used, for the most part, data that ranged over only a short period of time, due to the problem stated above. Several of the more important contributions are summarized in the following section. / Master of Arts

Circular mobility to settlement; casual laborer to national worker; citizen back to migrant. This dissertation examines the history of Singapore’s port and the everyday life of its migrant workers as the city moved from British imperial port integrated into the region of Malaya to inexplicable city-nation-state. Port workers’ everyday lives were structured by the flows of migration and capital around the Indian Ocean that underpinned the British empire, defined the relationship between port worker and labor contractor, and produced ethnicized urban and social life. As an imperial port, Singapore developed thick historical connections with other British colonial ports. Chinese and Indian capital knitted together Singapore, Hong Kong, and Bombay and made them the hubs of their respective regions reliant on a constant supply of migrant labor. Previously connected and functionally similar, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Bombay began to diverge in the 1950s as the post-war trends of decolonization, the Cold War, and containerization changed their importance as models of Asian urbanism. These trends reshaped working practices, composition of worker gangs, and the urban fabric of the Singapore port to co-opt the transnational lives of port workers into the new nation. Drawing on port authority reports, police reports, kinship association records, and oral history collections, this dissertation intervenes in the historiography of Singapore by showing how the economic miracle of Singapore was built on forgetting the port’s place in the Malay and Indian Ocean worlds and port workers’ visions and experiences of a Singapore that was deeply connected to its region and the liberation movements of the Global South.

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