Each of the two "new" paradigms for ecological anthropology, ecosystems analysis and ethnoecology, explores only one pair of phenomena relevant to cultural ecology, environment and action, and environment and belief respectively. This study argues that ecological analysis is weakened by the exclusion of any one of those three orders of phenomena as objects of study. A detailed analysis of cognitive and behavioral data on the resource management of Waswanipi Cree hunters shows how religious beliefs incorporate both cultural logics and realistic models of environmental relationships; and, how action informed by those beliefs can effectively manage hunting, animal populations, human population distributions, and subsistence. Beliefs are formulated as recipes that apply to diverse situations so that actions informed by these are responsive to changing conditions. Decisions concerning / alternative goals, situations and strategies are shown to be socially located with the men who are the "owners" of hunting territories. / *Abstract only previously published in Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 40, No. 9, page 5100-A, 1980. UMI

Past studies of the Tuareg have been chiefly concerned with nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoral society. This work is an examination of a sedentary community of former vassals or slaves of the Tuareg who reside at Aouderas, a village of the Saharan Air Massif of northern Niger (West Africa). / The economy of Aouderas is multi-sectoral, and is composed of: small-scale irrigated agriculture (which has been analytically separated into subsistence and cash crops); stock-raising of camels, small ruminants, and cattle; and a caravan trade based on the exchange of salt and grain. An analysis of more recent economic developments, namely migration to wage work and expanding urban markets for garden produce, is also undertaken. / The principal social institutions which govern production and reproduction are examined. The relative importance of each sector to household welfare is quantified and analysed by means of a model which shows the revenues derived from each sector in terms of millet, the local staple food.

This paper advances a theoretical construct entitled "neoliberal globalization" to explain the transformations in state form since the late 1970s which have been inspired by neoliberalism, an ideology privileging market mechanisms for capital accumulation and social organization. The essay will then examine the phenomenon of Canada's and Quebec's integration into the North American and the hemispheric economies since the mid-1980s. The following section will focus on the impact of neoliberal globalization on Quebec's idiosyncratic modalities of state organization and social integration. Lastly, the essay will investigate a transnational resistance movement in the Americas opposing neoliberal hemispheric integration, as well as recent mutations on Quebec's social and political left. The growth of cross-border coalitions opposing the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and transformation of left politics in Quebec will be accounted for by reviewing theories of social movement internationalism.

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The eighteenth century witnessed the expansion of rural industries. One of the more important was the production of linen cloth in the North of France. This study focuses on a village in southeastern Cambresis, Montigny, and examines the relationship between landownership and agricultural occupations on the one hand and artisanal and mercantile activities on the other. Weaving was introduced in the village some time in the seventeenth century but only became a major occupation in the eighteenth and the primary one in the nineteenth. This activity was controlled through numerous parallel channels, but the emergence of rural middlemen constitutes a dynamic breakthrough. They flourished despite constraints until the Revolution which re-channeled some of their energies. Although dependent on a supplementary income, the peasant-weavers did not sever their roots with the land. They continued to work as seasonal agricultural labourers, and were fully integrated within the agrarian community.

This thesis identifies the housing affordability in Muncie metropolitan areas through the interaction of the major housing market components, of supply and demand for housing units. The purpose of this work has been the investigation of the historical housing performance that Muncie has experienced from 1970 through 1990, in order to determine whether housing affordability problem exists in Muncie and how it has been developed over the study period. Two major approaches are used, cross-sectional and cohort analysis, to examine the relationships among several variables. The main variables are population, households , and housing characteristics which represent the demand and supply of housing stock.The findings from this study have determined that the housing affordability problem in Muncie has escalated more than the other areas within Delaware County since 1970. The major causes of accelerating affordability problem were the real decline of family incomes and the increase of the numbers of low-income populaion, families and households. The lack of employment opportunities, and low payroll were underlying the decline of real income. The decline in number of mortgages was also one of the causes of the afforadability problem over the course of the study period. / Department of Urban Planning

The purpose of this dissertation is to establish the extent to which women's membership in self-help groups and their involvement in various activities of these groups, with particular reference to Micro Credit programs, impacted their socio-economic empowerment. The objective is to study the socio-economic empowerment impact factors (evidences) in women members of micro-credit self-help groups in rural India upon the self, the family and the community. / Data selected for analyses was based on an operational model of empowerment that encompassed indicators of purported empowerment at the personal, family and community levels. The working hypotheses in quantitative analyses are that there are significant differences in income, savings, assets, expenditure, basic amenities, as well as attitudinal and behavioral changes in the rural women before and after their group membership. / The qualitative interviews helped to assess the life conditions of the women as the process of empowerment before and after their participation in self-help group micro-credit program. The qualitative interviews were to corroborate the veracity of reported progress from the survey to shed some light on the specific factors that contributed to their empowerment in line with their present quality of life at personal, family and community levels. Hence, the impact of the program is measured as the difference in the magnitude of a given parameter between the pre-and post-SHG situations by comparing the life condition of members before joining the self-help group to their condition three years after joining.

The central focus is on the testing of the causes and effects of export earnings instability in Brazil, 1953-1983. While Brazil has been included in some cross-sectional studies of fluctuations in export earnings, it has not been the subject of a case study, as is provided here. We test the traditional theory which stipulates that increased diversification of exports will decrease export earnings instability, and that in turn, a decrease in export earnings instability will enhance economic growth. While we do find that export diversification in Brazil did result in lower export earnings instability, the lower export earnings instability did not in turn stimulate economic growth. Our results indicate that the export earnings instability of manufactured goods was positively associated with the growth rate of Brazil's Gross National Product. The results of this case study may prove relevant to other developing countries striving to emulate the Brazilian success in diversifying into manufactured exports.

Conservation of the world's biodiversity is increasingly viewed as a development problem, requiring the alleviation of poverty together with the promotion of alternative livelihoods in resource-reliant communities. To be successful, such efforts must recognize the underlying logic of resource-users' livelihood choices. This study uses the activity of aquarium fish extraction in the Peruvian Amazon as a case study through which to examine the role that physical and non-physical assets (primarily knowledge) might play in determining households' participation patterns. An initial survey of the regional trade, undertaken through interviews with trade participants (n = 38) and analysis of government documents, revealed a large, valuable and complex industry. Data gathered through surveys among households in two proximate fishing villages (n = 37) indicated large inter- and intra-village variation in trade participation. Households that specialize in the activity tend to be young, and rich in nonphysical assets of knowledge and social capital.

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