This thesis makes a productive contribution to understanding the rapidly expanding and contested field of global school partnerships, by placing the rich narratives from a handful of school partnerships into the global education context of social, historical, political, and cultural processes. Principally, it tells the story of one partnership, between two primary schools in rural Devon and urban Tanzania, nested within a network of partnerships and governed by DfID’s Global School Partnership (GSP) programme. The cross-continental nature of the school partnerships called for a multi-sited, ethnographic approach, informed and shaped by postcolonial and feminist principles. Partnerships comprise a range of practices, most significant of which were the reciprocal teacher visits that punctuated, and energised, the partnership calendar, presenting spaces for encounter. The emotional and embodied encounters formed the backbone of the partnerships, and produced narratives that were circulated amongst the partnerships and re-presented to audiences in the home country. Firstly, school partnerships engendered the production of moral subjectivities, which were underscored by broad discourses of citizenship, global citizenship, and moral education. With its objective to foster global citizenship, the global partnership occupied an ambiguous position within this discursive framework. Secondly, the encounters presented moments in which narratives of education, teaching, and learning were produced, contested, negotiated, and in some cases, reworked by the participating teachers. As a cultural device, the GSP was both indicative, and constitutive, of the discourse surrounding the neoliberal realignment of the education sector around the world, and provided a productive lens through which to reflect upon the contemporary transformation of the institution. Importantly, the GSP presented a significant site in which neoliberal stories of aspiration, hard work, and global outlooks, became intimately entangled with ‘caring’ stories of concern and responsible citizenship. Most scholarship has focused on the role of secondary and tertiary education sectors in the production of the knowledge economy, but this ethnography finds that nascent discourses and imaginaries of the ‘global’ citizen are already being established and performed in primary schools around the world.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar o slogan educacional \"a escola deve formar cidadãos críticos e participativos\" enquanto símbolo de um movimento social prático, conforme sugere Israel Scheffler. Esta é uma pesquisa de campo didático-histórica - geschichtsdidaktische Feldforschung - que tem como objeto de estudo as representações de professores de História sobre a educação para a cidadania no contexto escolar. Para analisar esse objeto, esta pesquisa tem como referenciais a teoria das representações de Henri Lefebvre - théorie des représentations -, o conceito de cultura escolar de André Chervel - culture scolaire - e o conceito de cultura histórica de Bernd Schönemann - Geschichtskultur. Esta pesquisa consistiu na observação intensiva de aulas de História de três professores paulistas - ao longo de todo o ano letivo de 2005 - e de cinco professores franceses - durante um estágio de quatro meses no ano letivo 2006-2007. Os acontecimentos dessas aulas foram registrados sob a forma de pelo menos três tipos de fonte de dados: (1) lembranças - headnotes -, apontamentos - scratchnotes - e notas de campo - fieldnotes; (2) registros de campo coletados do material didático utilizado e criado por professores e alunos ou por outros funcionários da escola - fieldnote record -; (3) gravações das aulas durante a observação - recordings -, efetuadas pelo pesquisador em vídeo - no caso dos professores paulistas - ou em áudio - no caso dos professores franceses. Nas escolas paulistas, os acontecimentos foram registrados ainda sob a forma de outros dois tipos de fonte de dados: (4) gravações das aulas em vídeo efetuadas pelos próprios professores sem a presença do pesquisador - fieldnote record - e (5) vídeos das entrevistas concedidas pelos professores logo depois de assistirem às gravações de suas próprias aulas - autoconfrontation simple. Os quatro primeiros tipos de fontes de dados foram configurados de acordo com a definição de Roger Sanjek e sob a metodologia da observação participante interpretativa de Frederick Erickson - interpretive participational observation research methodology - e o último tipo de fonte de dados foi estabelecido conforme a análise de práticas profissionais por autoconfrontação proposta por Yves Clot e Daniel Faïta - autoconfrontation simple. Esta tese analisa a importância da empatia - uma característica central na cultura histórica - para a formação de cidadãos - ou \"educação para a cidadania\" - e conclui que, nas representações de professores de História, há uma maior dificuldade para desenvolver a empatia diante de pensamentos e sujeitos contemporâneos que divergem da concepção liberal de cidadania, do que diante de pensamentos e sujeitos típicos de outras épocas que também divergem da mesma concepção liberal de cidadania. Nas conclusões desta tese, essa dificuldade estaria relacionada a concepções de \"cidadão crítico\" presentes nas representações de professores de História. Esta tese também analisa as diferenças entre o \"cidadão participativo\" e o \"aluno participativo\", concluindo que, apesar de esses dois conceitos serem rigorosamente diferentes - na medida em que a escola é uma instituição pré-política e os alunos ainda não são cidadãos -, existe com freqüência uma confusão entre \"cidadão participativo\" e \"aluno participativo\" nas representações de professores de História. / The aim of this research is to evaluate the educational slogan \"school must form critical and participative citizens\" as a symbol of a practical social movement, according to Israel Scheffler. It is a History Didactics field research - geschichtsdidaktische Feldforschung - which holds as its object the representations History teachers have about the education to citizenship at the school context. In order to analyze this object, this research takes as references Henri Lefevre\'s theory of representations - théorie des représentations -, André Chervel\'s concept of school culture - culture scolaire - and Bernd Schönemann\'s concept of historical culture - Geschichtskultur. An intensive observation was made of three History teachers in the city of São Paulo during the year of 2005 and four months observation of five History teachers in France between 2006 and 2007. These classes\' events were recorded using at least three types of sources: (1) headnotes, scratchnotes and fieldnotes; (2) fieldnote records collected from school material used and created by teachers and students or even by other school employees; (3) video recording of classes taken during observation periods, in São Paulo, or audio recording, in France. In São Paulo, records of events were taken of another two different types of source: (4) video recording made by the teachers without the researcher\'s presence - fieldnote record - and (5) recorded interviews with the teachers soon after watching their own classes on screen - autoconfrontation simple. Source types from (1) to (4) were set up according to Roger Sanjek\'s definition and Frederick Erickson\'s interpretive participational observation research methodology. The last type of source was established according to professional practice analysis by auto-confrontation, as proposed by Yves Clot and Daniel Faïta - autoconfrontation simple. This thesis analyses the importance of empathy - a central feature in historical culture - to the formation of citizens - or \"education to citizenship\" - and concludes that, in History teachers\' representations, there is a greater difficulty to establish an empathy towards contemporary thoughts and people which disagree of liberal conception of citizenship than towards thoughts and people which disagreed of the same liberal conception in other times. According to these conclusions, this difficulty could be related to conceptions of \"critical citizen\" found on History teachers\' representations. This thesis also analyses the differences between \"participative citizen\" and \"participative student\" and concludes that, despite the fact that these two concepts are strictly different - as school is a pre-political institution and students are not yet citizens - there is frequently confusion between \"participative citizen\" and \"participative student\" concepts in History teachers\' representations.

O foco analítico deste trabalho se dá sob o olhar de um psicólogo inserido num programa de formação de facilitadores em práticas restaurativas. Diferentemente de formações dessa natureza e finalidade, a formação das Escolas de Perdão e Reconciliação convidam o educando a cumprir um deslocamento subjetivo por meio da prática do perdão, apoiando-o através de um espaço grupal acolhedor, catártico, linguageiro e reflexivo. Compreendendo o humano em suas quatro dimensões (comportamental, emocional, cognitiva e espiritual), as ESPERE provocam um espaço de tensão política ao aproximar a teoria e a prática do perdão à experiência de justiça. Com base na Educação Popular, a pedagogia do curso investe esforços no autocontrole e no apoio das relações humanas através de atividades plásticas, jogos e dinâmicas de grupo, fazendo com que as pessoas tenham, ao final, podido restaurar-se de um episódio violento de seu passado, experimentar essa nova relação com ele e querer multiplicála em sua prática como facilitador. Com a ajuda do outro, o participante do curso ainda promove a desconstrução de antigas verdades, reflete sobre as relações de poder dos conflitos, questiona-se quanto ao papel da vingança e da punição na sociedade e alfabetiza-se emocionalmente para se comunicar de modo assertivo. Isto cumpre consolidar práticas restaurativas informais para que possam seguir em direção à formalidade. Os capítulos do trabalho foram divididos da seguinte maneira: (1º) é feita uma explanação sobre as práticas restaurativas, seus valores e princípios, para levarmos em conta a hipótese destas estarem vinculadas a dois polos fundamentais que se apoiam: a exigência de uma repactuação social conseguida na radicalização do protagonismo dos envolvidos; (2º) fazemos um levantamento histórico-institucional do Centro de Direitos Humanos e Educação Popular de Campo Limpo (CDHEP) para que possamos situar as ESPERE dentro de um projeto de sociedade que a ONG empreende até os dias de hoje; (3º) abordamos a chegada das ESPERE no CDHEP como ponte fundamental para possibilitar a construção de uma Justiça Restaurativa independente e popular; (4º) reservado à descrição da formação das ESPERE e apontamentos para reflexão; (5º) são colocadas algumas contribuições e reflexões que articulam nossas experiências como educadores, retomando a hipótese e os apontamentos a fim de caracterizarmos as mudanças fundamentais da Justiça Restaurativa no que tange seus resultados, pressupostos, entendimentos e ética / This research is based on the outlook of a psychologist in a training program for facilitators in restorative practices. As opposed to other programs of this nature, the training programs of the Schools of Forgiveness and Reconciliation invite the students to create a subjective dislocation through the practice of forgiveness, supporting them in a welcoming, cathartic and reflexive group context. Understanding the human being in its fours dimensions (behavioral, emotional, cognitive and spiritual), the ESPERE schools create a context of political tension by uniting the theory and practice of forgiveness to the experience of justice. With its basis in Popular Education, the trainings theory is based in self-control and the support in human relations through artistic activities, games and group dynamics, in such a way that permits the participants to, in the end, restore themselves regarding a violent episode from their past, experience a new relationship with it, and pass this on as a facilitator. With the help of others, the participants achieve deconstruction of old truths, reflect about the power relations in conflicts, question themselves about the role of revenge and punition in society and build an emotional basis to communicate assertively. This consolidates informal restorative practices, in order to later move on to a formal approach. The chapters of this dissertation were divided as follows: (1st) an explanation about restorative practices, their values and principles, considering that these practices are linked to two main ideas, which support one another: a demand for social repactuation achieved by the radicalization of the empowerment of those involved. (2nd) The second chapter is a historical account of the institution Center for Human Rights and Popular Education of Campo Limpo (CDHEP), placing the ESPERE in the context of a project of society that the NGO continues to carry out to this day; (3rd) The third chapter addresses the arrival of the ESPERE at CDHEP as a fundamental bridge for the construction of an independent and popular Restorative Justice; (4th) The forth chapter is reserved for the description of the ESPERE training program and notes for reflection; (5th) In the fifth chapter contributions and reflections are put forth, which articulate our experiences as educators, and resume our hypothesis characterizing the main changes in Restorative Justice regarding results, assumptions, understandings and ethics

While global human rights knowledge has become a central facet of curricula used to shape multicultural societies and develop cosmopolitan citizenry, such knowledge is shaped by sociopolitical context. Japan has a long history of incorporating human rights concepts into its citizenship curriculum; however, this curriculum is produced in a political context where there is resistance to extending rights to minorities and the disadvantaged, and where there are renewed attempts to emphasise traditional Japanese cultural values through education. Potential tensions have been recognised, yet little has been written about educational knowledge as end product, or its role in informing learner and teacher understanding of human rights. Intentions to promote inclusivity and new communal identities notwithstanding, this work establishes that the recontextualising discourse of human rights within Japan's school curriculum, as a discourse that regulates identity and citizenship, portrays the rights of marginalised and non-Japanese identities as privileges extending beyond the norm of society, while at the same time implicitly denying ethnic Japanese individuals full access to rights language. Thus, while learners regard human rights of value, many are less receptive and empathetic to rights claims made by non-like others, and are likely to consider society as incapable of embracing diversity. Human rights concepts possess symbolic value and weight; however, their symbolic importance can be easily embedded within particularistic notions of identity and nationality to ends contrary to multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism, which for this research was witnessed in their transformation into tools for cultural and political legitimacy by the Japanese State. This research arrives at these conclusions through a systemic, holistic analysis of human rights learning in Japan that ties official knowledge to instructional and learning outcomes. This research is first a mixed-method policy sociology utilising computer-based analytical techniques to examine the structure and content of human rights knowledge within upper-secondary social studies textbooks representing Japan's official curriculum. This is followed by a comparative case study of two upper-secondary institutional sites of human rights learning, an academic, public coeducational western Japan senior high school, and a private Tokyo girls' senior high school, the primary differentiation being that the western Japan school is an explicit site of human rights learning, applying its own content and pedagogic practice as part of a specialised human rights curriculum designed to supplement the official curriculum. This research not only has implications for Japan in yielding a greater understanding of how the curriculum engages and reproduces identities and to what end, but also potentially to understand how similar tensions and contradictions between universal and particular play out in other national, State-sponsored education contexts.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-10-04T20:43:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Eliene Lima.pdf: 950081 bytes, checksum: cc8706ea344aafacebcbbc7910e27af6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T20:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Eliene Lima.pdf: 950081 bytes, checksum: cc8706ea344aafacebcbbc7910e27af6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21 / Research Line "State, Policies and Educational Institutions", of the Postgraduate Program in Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, expressed as the interest of this study an analysis and understanding of the education system of the military state colleges of Goiás, institutions that proclaim democratic management to form citizens who are active in the emancipatory process, but whose documents and praxis reveal a centralizing, disciplinary and hierarchical management. General objective of the research: to identify if the disciplinary and hierarchical teaching of the CEPMG contributes to the formation of participatory, reflexive and autonomous citizens, or subservient citizens, who contribute to the naturalization of social differences. The specific objectives are to analyze and understand: a) what sense of citizenship is present in the CEPMG training project; b) in which model of society its students are being formed; c) what are the social implications of the training project proposed by them. Problem: analyze and understand how citizenship education is defined in the normative acts of the CEPMG, whose main objective is to "train citizens who are participatory, reflexive and autonomous of their rights and obligations". This slogan is consistent with constitutional principles, but the internal regiments and praxis of these institutions prioritize obedience to norms, with veiled punishments for those who dare to challenge them. The guiding axes of the theoretical framework were: a) Education and Citizenship, with the support of Habermas (1995, 2012) and Benevides (1996); b) Military education, in the writings of Germano (1993) and Ludwig (1998); c) (In) Discipline, in the contributions of Foucault (1999) and Aquino (1996, 1998); d) Literature research, supported by Lüdke and Andre (1986) and Frigotto (1994). Method: dialectical historical materialism. Methodological procedure: bibliographic research with qualitative approach and documentary analysis. Categories of analysis: democratic management, authoritarian management, military education, (trans) social training and discipline. The results reveal that: a) the formative sense of citizenship that the CEPMG want to establish is one that is molded to military values, servis, patriots, obedient to the established order and that do not insurrection against the dominant policy; b) defends an authoritarian model of society; c) the passivity and alienation of the citizens formed in the CEPMG will contribute to more social control, to the exploratory perpetuation of the capitalist system and to the naturalization of social injustices and inequalities. It has been found that citizens shaped by these principles and hierarchical and disciplinary ideologies will contribute to the perpetuation of society in favor of (re) production and perpetuation of the capitalist system, which, fearing to lose economic and cultural hegemony, invests in servile formation to facilitate the domination and exploitation of the productive forces of the working classes. / Linha de Pesquisa “Estado, Políticas e Instituições Educacionais”, do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Educação, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, expressa como interesse deste estudo uma análise e compreensão do sistema de ensino dos colégios estaduais militares de Goiás, instituições que proclamam uma gestão democrática para formar cidadãos atuantes no processo emancipatório, mas cujos documentos e práxis revelam uma gestão centralizadora, disciplinar e hierárquica. Objetivo geral da pesquisa: identificar se o ensino disciplinar e hierárquico dos CEPMG contribui para a formação de cidadãos participativos, reflexivos e autônomos, ou cidadãos subservientes, que contribuem para a naturalização das diferenças sociais. Os objetivos específicos são analisar e compreender: a) qual sentido de cidadania está presente no projeto formativo do CEPMG; b) em qual modelo de sociedade seus alunos estão sendo formados; c) quais as implicações sociais do projeto de formação proposto por eles. Problema: analisar e compreender como se processa a educação cidadã definida nos atos normativos dos CEPMG, a qual apresenta como objetivo principal “formar cidadãos participativos, reflexivos e autônomos de seus direitos e obrigações”. Esse slogan se coaduna com os princípios constitucionais, mas os regimentos internos e a práxis dessas instituições priorizam a obediência às normas, com punições veladas aos que ousarem desafiá-las. Os eixos orientadores do referencial teórico foram: a) Educação e Cidadania, com o apoio de Habermas (1995, 2012) e Benevides (1996); b) Ensino militar, nos escritos de Germano (1993) e Ludwig (1998); c) (In) Disciplina, nos aportes de Foucault (1999) e Aquino (1996, 1998); d) Pesquisa bibliográfica, amparada em Lüdke e Andre (1986) e Frigotto (1994). Método: materialismo histórico dialético. Procedimento metodológico: pesquisa bibliográfica com abordagem qualitativa e análise documental. Categorias de análise: gestão democrática, gestão autoritária, educação militar, (trans) formação social e disciplina. Os resultados revelam: a) o sentido formativo de cidadania que os CEPMG querem estabelecer é aquele que se molde aos valores militares, servis, patriotas, obedientes à ordem instituída e que não se insurjam contra a política dominante; b) defende modelo de sociedade autoritário; c) a passividade e a alienação dos cidadãos formados nos CEPMG contribuirão para mais controle social, para a perpetuação exploratória do sistema capitalista e para a naturalização de injustiças e desigualdades sociais. Constatou-se que os cidadãos formatados nesses princípios e ideologias hierarquizantes e disciplinares contribuirão para a perpetuação da sociedade a favor da (re) produção e perpetuação do sistema capitalista, que, temendo perder a hegemonia econômica e cultural, investe na formação servil para facilitar a dominação e a exploração das forças produtivas das classes trabalhadoras.

This tri-theoretical study of globalization attempts to contribute to the limited scholarly research on global citizenship in education. Utilizing three important critical theories: neo-Marxism, gender and postcolonialist theory; this study analyzes in-depth the hidden process behind the formation of current global citizenship education. The findings reveal that it is possible to teach global citizenship education through critical civic education; however, a better understanding and application of critical theory and especially the critical sociology of space is required in current curriculums. In the absence of resources, motivation and infrastructure within school boards to implement a more state-guided critical citizenship education within their global citizenship education programs, assimilation of critical theory by teachers becomes absolutely necessary.

This tri-theoretical study of globalization attempts to contribute to the limited scholarly research on global citizenship in education. Utilizing three important critical theories: neo-Marxism, gender and postcolonialist theory; this study analyzes in-depth the hidden process behind the formation of current global citizenship education. The findings reveal that it is possible to teach global citizenship education through critical civic education; however, a better understanding and application of critical theory and especially the critical sociology of space is required in current curriculums. In the absence of resources, motivation and infrastructure within school boards to implement a more state-guided critical citizenship education within their global citizenship education programs, assimilation of critical theory by teachers becomes absolutely necessary.

Fostering identification with Europe among citizens could legitimise European integration. Whether such an identity exists, however, remains an on-going debate among scholars. This research returns to the foundations of how a European identity is constructed, transmitted and transformed. It explores narratives of European identity in a carefully chosen context - European Schools for children of EU officials - where identification with Europe should mirror official EU visions. A qualitative content analysis explores narrations of 101 students collected during interviews and focus groups across three schools, and analyses documents and interviews with EU officials, school directors and teachers. This analysis reveals a descriptive puzzle: official EU and European School propositions of (multi-) national narratives differ markedly from teachers' and students' conceptions of cosmopolitan and transnational identities. The EU constructs an out-group of its own nationalist past and non-EU citizens. On the other hand, students construct an explicitly European in-group, but differentiate themselves from more national and less mobile lifestyles. This disparity, in turn, reveals a causal puzzle about how differences in narratives emerge. I use process tracing to elucidate the relationship between European schooling and students' identification with Europe. The results show a distorted transmission where broader EU goals are elaborated and transformed by teachers and further fuelled by interactions amongst students with similarly mobile and multilingual backgrounds. I develop a dual mechanism to understand how the varieties of identification with Europe develop: the concept of "doing Europe" explains how students nourish a transnational social network; "telling Europe", on the other hand, considers students' exposure to European symbols and stories in school and both national and anti-nationalist narratives provided by teachers and peers. Together, this leads to a transformed but ultimately European in-group understanding. Overall, this project underlines the complexity of identity construction, given that top-down transmission gets altered even in this favourable case. Specifically, it informs future research on European identity by detailing peculiar narratives and offering a causal approach to how these narratives emerge.

Sabemos que a educação é um dos pontos fundamentais no crescimento intelectual das pessoas, valorizando os seres humanos em cidadãos conscientes e ativos na sociedade é o que analisei e questionei nesta dissertação bem como entender que é próprio da educação formar pessoas com uma verdadeira participação cidadã. A questão da educação é muito mais ampla do que se pode imaginar. Na escola existem muitas dificuldades em relação à educação, uma das principais é o desinteresse por parte do educando. Os professores têm uma missão muito difícil, que é a de despertar esse interesse, esta vontade de saber, este desejo de mudança. Para construirmos a cidadania precisamos ter claro os fins da escola e da educação, onde estes possibilitam ao educando um crescimento e entendimento cada vez maior do que é ser cidadão, onde ele mesmo possa se libertar das amarras da alienação e perceba que a educação é o principal instrumento para a construção da cidadania, onde todos tenham direito à vida, à saúde, à educação, ao lazer, à liberdade, em fim, à dignidade como seres humanos. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foi a pesquisa bibliográfica. O trabalho está desenvolvido em três capítulos: o primeiro trata da educação escolar, (problemas e dificuldades da educação e da instituição escola como tal); o segundo capítulo busca conceituar cidadania (e como é possível construí-la); no terceiro capítulo discute-se a relação educação X cidadania e como esta pode contribuir na construção da cidadania. / We know that education is one of the fundamental steps in the intellectual developing of the people, valorizing the human being in conscious and active citizens in the society, and this is what was analyzed and questioned in this dissertation as well as understanding that is the role of education to allow people with a real participation as citizenship. The question of the education is far more comprehensive than it can be thought. At school there are many difficulties related to the education, the students lack of interest is one of the main difficulties. The teachers have a very difficult mission such as develop the students interest, arousing in the students the wish of knowledge and change. To build up the citizenship we need to know clearly the goals of the education, allowing the students a bigger development and understanding about what a citizen is, where the citizen himself may free of the chains of alienation and realize that education is the main tool to the construction of a citizenship, where everybody has the right to life, health, education, leisure and freedom, and finally, to the dignity as human being. The methodology used to develop this paper is bibliographic research. This paper is developed in three chapters; the first is about school education, problems and difficulties in education and the school as an institution; the second chapter tries to give a concept of citizenship, and how it is possible to build it up; the third chapter discusses the relation of education and citizenship and how this relation can contribute in the construction of citizenship.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar o slogan educacional \"a escola deve formar cidadãos críticos e participativos\" enquanto símbolo de um movimento social prático, conforme sugere Israel Scheffler. Esta é uma pesquisa de campo didático-histórica - geschichtsdidaktische Feldforschung - que tem como objeto de estudo as representações de professores de História sobre a educação para a cidadania no contexto escolar. Para analisar esse objeto, esta pesquisa tem como referenciais a teoria das representações de Henri Lefebvre - théorie des représentations -, o conceito de cultura escolar de André Chervel - culture scolaire - e o conceito de cultura histórica de Bernd Schönemann - Geschichtskultur. Esta pesquisa consistiu na observação intensiva de aulas de História de três professores paulistas - ao longo de todo o ano letivo de 2005 - e de cinco professores franceses - durante um estágio de quatro meses no ano letivo 2006-2007. Os acontecimentos dessas aulas foram registrados sob a forma de pelo menos três tipos de fonte de dados: (1) lembranças - headnotes -, apontamentos - scratchnotes - e notas de campo - fieldnotes; (2) registros de campo coletados do material didático utilizado e criado por professores e alunos ou por outros funcionários da escola - fieldnote record -; (3) gravações das aulas durante a observação - recordings -, efetuadas pelo pesquisador em vídeo - no caso dos professores paulistas - ou em áudio - no caso dos professores franceses. Nas escolas paulistas, os acontecimentos foram registrados ainda sob a forma de outros dois tipos de fonte de dados: (4) gravações das aulas em vídeo efetuadas pelos próprios professores sem a presença do pesquisador - fieldnote record - e (5) vídeos das entrevistas concedidas pelos professores logo depois de assistirem às gravações de suas próprias aulas - autoconfrontation simple. Os quatro primeiros tipos de fontes de dados foram configurados de acordo com a definição de Roger Sanjek e sob a metodologia da observação participante interpretativa de Frederick Erickson - interpretive participational observation research methodology - e o último tipo de fonte de dados foi estabelecido conforme a análise de práticas profissionais por autoconfrontação proposta por Yves Clot e Daniel Faïta - autoconfrontation simple. Esta tese analisa a importância da empatia - uma característica central na cultura histórica - para a formação de cidadãos - ou \"educação para a cidadania\" - e conclui que, nas representações de professores de História, há uma maior dificuldade para desenvolver a empatia diante de pensamentos e sujeitos contemporâneos que divergem da concepção liberal de cidadania, do que diante de pensamentos e sujeitos típicos de outras épocas que também divergem da mesma concepção liberal de cidadania. Nas conclusões desta tese, essa dificuldade estaria relacionada a concepções de \"cidadão crítico\" presentes nas representações de professores de História. Esta tese também analisa as diferenças entre o \"cidadão participativo\" e o \"aluno participativo\", concluindo que, apesar de esses dois conceitos serem rigorosamente diferentes - na medida em que a escola é uma instituição pré-política e os alunos ainda não são cidadãos -, existe com freqüência uma confusão entre \"cidadão participativo\" e \"aluno participativo\" nas representações de professores de História. / The aim of this research is to evaluate the educational slogan \"school must form critical and participative citizens\" as a symbol of a practical social movement, according to Israel Scheffler. It is a History Didactics field research - geschichtsdidaktische Feldforschung - which holds as its object the representations History teachers have about the education to citizenship at the school context. In order to analyze this object, this research takes as references Henri Lefevre\'s theory of representations - théorie des représentations -, André Chervel\'s concept of school culture - culture scolaire - and Bernd Schönemann\'s concept of historical culture - Geschichtskultur. An intensive observation was made of three History teachers in the city of São Paulo during the year of 2005 and four months observation of five History teachers in France between 2006 and 2007. These classes\' events were recorded using at least three types of sources: (1) headnotes, scratchnotes and fieldnotes; (2) fieldnote records collected from school material used and created by teachers and students or even by other school employees; (3) video recording of classes taken during observation periods, in São Paulo, or audio recording, in France. In São Paulo, records of events were taken of another two different types of source: (4) video recording made by the teachers without the researcher\'s presence - fieldnote record - and (5) recorded interviews with the teachers soon after watching their own classes on screen - autoconfrontation simple. Source types from (1) to (4) were set up according to Roger Sanjek\'s definition and Frederick Erickson\'s interpretive participational observation research methodology. The last type of source was established according to professional practice analysis by auto-confrontation, as proposed by Yves Clot and Daniel Faïta - autoconfrontation simple. This thesis analyses the importance of empathy - a central feature in historical culture - to the formation of citizens - or \"education to citizenship\" - and concludes that, in History teachers\' representations, there is a greater difficulty to establish an empathy towards contemporary thoughts and people which disagree of liberal conception of citizenship than towards thoughts and people which disagreed of the same liberal conception in other times. According to these conclusions, this difficulty could be related to conceptions of \"critical citizen\" found on History teachers\' representations. This thesis also analyses the differences between \"participative citizen\" and \"participative student\" and concludes that, despite the fact that these two concepts are strictly different - as school is a pre-political institution and students are not yet citizens - there is frequently confusion between \"participative citizen\" and \"participative student\" concepts in History teachers\' representations.