This study examines the relationships between levels of television exposure and AIDS-related fears within the context of cultivation theory and methodology. / What has been called the second AIDS epidemic (Ostrow, 1988)--the fears associated with contracting HIV and the consequences of AIDS--has been shown to elicit personal and societal negative effects, including unsafe sexual behaviors, psychopathological disorders, discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, and a decrease in the nation's blood reserves. / Heavier television viewers were predicted in the present study to be more likely to express heightened, unhealthy levels of AIDS-related fears as a result of their increased exposure to the sexual- and AIDS-related messages the medium provides. / Three factorially-derived AIDS-related fear dimensions are found to marginally correlate with levels of television exposure: (a) fear of AIDS contraction through medical tests or procedures, (b) fear of the AIDS virus and other associated viruses through sexual contact, and (c) fear of AIDS contraction through sexual contact with members of risk groups. / The data collected using the Arrindell et al. (1989) fear-of-AIDS questionnaire also suggest that college-aged students' overall levels of AIDS-related fears have not changed in the six years since the scale was administered. Within the context of AIDS fears, having contact with other people's blood and sexual contact with different partners are anxieties which appear to have increased, whereas the fears associated with casual contact with homosexual, bisexuals, or an AIDS victim seem to have decreased. / A new model for predicting cultivation, dependent upon whether individuals are asked to make evaluations of personal- or societal-level phenomena, is also offered in this study. Within this model, the variable "Perceived Ability to Control Personal Victimization" (CONTROL) was introduced for personal-level perceptual measures. CONTROL had a contingent effect on the "AIDS contraction through medical tests or procedures" factorially-derived fear dimension, but was not found to be an intervening variable within the cultivation process of resonance. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-07, Section: A, page: 2372. / Major Professor: Gary R. Heald. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1993.

O presente trabalho foi realizado no município de Bananal, uma área endêmica da Esquistossomose mansônica em São Paulo, com persistente prevalência e expansão na transmissão da doença. A presença de endemia evidencia um distanciamento da tríade Educação-Saúde-Ambiente, que se faz perceber pela inabilidade das comunidades atingidas em lidar com as situações de risco de contaminação. Este estudo analisou a influência do conhecimento sobre a Esquistossomose mansônica, dos estudantes da escola formal do município, em relação à suscetibilidade a contaminação, agregando-a aos outros fatores determinantes da expansão na dinâmica de transmissão e persistente prevalência. Foi utilizado um protocolo de avaliação de desempenho, baseado nas três categorias de aprendizagem, Conhecimento, Compreensão e Aplicação, do Domínio Cognitivo da Taxonomia dos Objetivos Educacionais de Bloom (1956), aplicado ao corpo discente do Ensino Fundamental (4ª a 8ª séries) e do Ensino Médio. O desempenho foi analisado no grupo total de alunos e no grupo de alunos doentes, relacionando o grau de conhecimento aos padrões da atividade humana no seu meio social e no inter-relacionamento com o Ambiente. Foram evidenciadas claras dificuldades nas três categorias de aprendizagem, em especial, nas relacionadas à aplicação do conhecimento compreendido no cotidiano, passando a representar assim, um fator determinante importante na suscetibilidade à contaminação da doença, seja no plano individual como no coletivo. Este fato norteou como recomendação a proposta de um Projeto em Educação Ambiental, sugerido a permear na escola formal como instrumento de integração Educação-Saúde-Ambiente, de forma que possa vir a constituir em uma força aliada, tanto ao processo de ensinagem como ao Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose, na intenção de auxiliar a conquista de um modo de vida melhor e mais saudável. / The current work was carried out in the Bananal municipality, an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in São Paulo State, with a persistent prevalence and expansion of the disease transmission. The presence of the endemy highlights the distance between Education-Health-Environment triad, shown by the inability of involved communities in dealing with the contamination risks. This study avaliated the influence of the knowledge on schistosomiasis mansoni by the students of the formal schools in Bananal, concerning on contamination susceptibility aggregated to other determinant factors of the expansion in the transmission dynamic and persistent prevalence. A performance evaluation register, based in the three learning categories - knowledge, understanding and application from the cognitive field of taxonomy of Bloom´s Educational Goals (1956, 2001), was applied on Elementary and Middle School students. The performance was assessed considering the totality of the students as a group vs. the sick students group, associating their knowledge degree with the standard human activities in their social surrounding and inter-relationship with the environment. It was observed a clear difficulty in all three learning categories, particularly in those related to application of everyday knowledge showing as a determinant factor in the contamination susceptibility of the disease, in both individual and collective levels. As a contribution to improve this situation is proposed a recommendation in the form of an Environmental Education Project that percolates the regular school as a tool for integration of the Education-Health-Environment triad, and be a powerful contribution for both teaching process and schistosomiasis control program, intending to help the construction of a better and healthier way of life.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-05-04T14:07:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Matias Pinheiro.pdf: 11031479 bytes, checksum: 12ef13948d06971c93de048c5ef818a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-04T14:07:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Matias Pinheiro.pdf: 11031479 bytes, checksum: 12ef13948d06971c93de048c5ef818a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-30 / Objective:Intervention evaluation strategies of Health Education for students in a municipal school in Santos. The themes chosen were sexual health, nutrition and dengue. Methodology:This is an intervention study. The study included a group of 20 fifth year students, a group of 13 sixth year students, a group of 22 eighth year students, and a group of 17 ninth year students. One of the themes outlined in the objective was chosen for each group. The theme of sexual health was divided into STD's/HIV, and teenage pregnancy with methods of contraception. The study was conducted in workshops and lectures and the evaluation was made by applying two questionnaires. The first with demographic data and the second theme-specific issues. These questionnaires were applied before and after the interventions to evaluate knowledge gain, and were measured by the McNemar statistical test. The level of significance considered was 0.05. Results: During the sexual health educational sessions, the results were significant after the interventions with respect to the number of STDs knows (p<0.05), breast feeding (p<0.05) as a means of transmission (p<0.05), knowledge of fertile periods (p<0.05), and the vaginal ring (p<0.05) and adhesives (p<0.05) as a contraceptive method. With regard to dengue, only the knowledge that people can get dengue four times showed a significant trend (p<0.07). With respect to nutritional health, there was a slight improvement of consumption patterns, however, only the consumption of red meat at lunch showed a difference (p<0.05). Conclusions:The workshops proved to be especially effective, as this was where a greater change in knowledge was found, yet continuity and systematization of educational activities is still needed. It is hoped that these teenagers will in turn pass on this information, contributing to an improvement in health indices. / Objetivo: Avaliar estratégias de intervenção de Educação em Saúde para estudantes em uma escola municipal de Santos. Os temas escolhidos foram saúde sexual, saúde nutricional e dengue. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção. Participaram do estudo uma turma de 50 ano, com 20 alunos, uma turma de 60 ano com 13 alunos, uma de 80 ano com 22 alunos e uma do 90 ano com 17 alunos. Para cada turma desta foi escolhido um dos temas. O assunto saúde sexual foi dividida em DST-HIV e gravidez na adolescência com métodos contraceptivos. Foram realizadas oficinas e palestras educativas. A avaliação se deu pela aplicação de dois questionários. O primeiro continha dados sócio-demográficos e o segundo questões específicas de cada tema. Esse, foi aplicado antes e após às intervenções, para se avaliar o ganho de conhecimento, mensurado por meio do teste estatístico McNemar e o nível de significância considerado foi de 0,05. Resultados: Nas ações educativas de saúde sexual, os resultados se mostraram significantes, após as intervenções, no número de DST conhecidas (p<0,05), no aleitamento materno (p<0,05) como forma de transmissão, no conhecimento do período fértil (p<0.05) e do anel vaginal (p<0,05) e adesivos (p<0,05) como métodos contraceptivos. Com relação à dengue, apenas o conhecimento de que se pode pegar dengue quatro vezes apresentou uma tendência à significância (p<0,07). Com relação à saúde nutricional, houve melhora discreta do padrão alimentar, contudo apenas o consumo de carne vermelha no almoço mostrou diferença (p<0,05). Conclusões: As oficinas se mostraram efetivas, principalmente, onde foi verificado maior mudança de conhecimento, contudo necessitando de continuidade e sistematização dessas ações educativas. Espera-se que esses adolescentes tornem-se multiplicadores dessas informações, contribuindo para uma melhora dos índices de saúde.

O presente trabalho foi realizado no município de Bananal, uma área endêmica da Esquistossomose mansônica em São Paulo, com persistente prevalência e expansão na transmissão da doença. A presença de endemia evidencia um distanciamento da tríade Educação-Saúde-Ambiente, que se faz perceber pela inabilidade das comunidades atingidas em lidar com as situações de risco de contaminação. Este estudo analisou a influência do conhecimento sobre a Esquistossomose mansônica, dos estudantes da escola formal do município, em relação à suscetibilidade a contaminação, agregando-a aos outros fatores determinantes da expansão na dinâmica de transmissão e persistente prevalência. Foi utilizado um protocolo de avaliação de desempenho, baseado nas três categorias de aprendizagem, Conhecimento, Compreensão e Aplicação, do Domínio Cognitivo da Taxonomia dos Objetivos Educacionais de Bloom (1956), aplicado ao corpo discente do Ensino Fundamental (4ª a 8ª séries) e do Ensino Médio. O desempenho foi analisado no grupo total de alunos e no grupo de alunos doentes, relacionando o grau de conhecimento aos padrões da atividade humana no seu meio social e no inter-relacionamento com o Ambiente. Foram evidenciadas claras dificuldades nas três categorias de aprendizagem, em especial, nas relacionadas à aplicação do conhecimento compreendido no cotidiano, passando a representar assim, um fator determinante importante na suscetibilidade à contaminação da doença, seja no plano individual como no coletivo. Este fato norteou como recomendação a proposta de um Projeto em Educação Ambiental, sugerido a permear na escola formal como instrumento de integração Educação-Saúde-Ambiente, de forma que possa vir a constituir em uma força aliada, tanto ao processo de ensinagem como ao Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose, na intenção de auxiliar a conquista de um modo de vida melhor e mais saudável. / The current work was carried out in the Bananal municipality, an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in São Paulo State, with a persistent prevalence and expansion of the disease transmission. The presence of the endemy highlights the distance between Education-Health-Environment triad, shown by the inability of involved communities in dealing with the contamination risks. This study avaliated the influence of the knowledge on schistosomiasis mansoni by the students of the formal schools in Bananal, concerning on contamination susceptibility aggregated to other determinant factors of the expansion in the transmission dynamic and persistent prevalence. A performance evaluation register, based in the three learning categories - knowledge, understanding and application from the cognitive field of taxonomy of Bloom´s Educational Goals (1956, 2001), was applied on Elementary and Middle School students. The performance was assessed considering the totality of the students as a group vs. the sick students group, associating their knowledge degree with the standard human activities in their social surrounding and inter-relationship with the environment. It was observed a clear difficulty in all three learning categories, particularly in those related to application of everyday knowledge showing as a determinant factor in the contamination susceptibility of the disease, in both individual and collective levels. As a contribution to improve this situation is proposed a recommendation in the form of an Environmental Education Project that percolates the regular school as a tool for integration of the Education-Health-Environment triad, and be a powerful contribution for both teaching process and schistosomiasis control program, intending to help the construction of a better and healthier way of life.

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

The persisting high level of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in South Africa is a major concern for national public health and social policies. Accordingly, reducing the incidence of teen pregnancy and childbearing is one the priorities of the South African national adolescent reproductive health program. To inform teen pregnancy prevention program managers and policy makers about their needs, research on the risk and protective factors associated with teenage childbearing is necessary. Based on a framework that places adolescent childbearing under the influence of contextual factors (e.g., peers, sexual partners, family, and community), this study investigates the influence of individual-, family-, and community-level characteristics on teenage childbearing among adolescents in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Using a representative cross-sectional sample of African young women from the Transitions to Adulthood Study (2001), the study found that the individual-level factors associated with higher risk of childbirth among the sexually initiated respondents were comparatively earlier age at sexual debut, being single compared to being married or cohabiting with a boyfriend, comparatively low education, and not using contraceptives during first sex. Among the household-level factors, larger household size was associated with higher risk of childbirth. Among the community-level factors, comparatively socio-economically well-off neighbourhoods were associated with lower risk of childbirth among respondents from wealthier households. Additionally, higher level of participation by community members in local social activities, which indicates higher level of social capital, was associated with lower risk of childbirth; this effect is also limited to respondents from wealthier households. Contrary to expectations, however, comparatively high level of support and trustworthiness among adults in the community was associated with higher risk of childbirth. The individual-level factors explained the major portion of the explainable variances in reported childbearing among the study sample, while the rest of the variances were explained with equal contribution by the household- and community-level factors. No significant unobserved household- or community-level influence on adolescent childbearing was detected. The results of the study have implications for the teen pregnancy prevention program and social policy, as well as future research needs / acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

Self-care behaviors in a primarily low SES sample of children with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM; N = 41) from Puerto Rico were examined using the 24-hour recall interview (Johnson, Silverstein, Rosenbloom, Carter, & Cunningham, 1986). Children (6-17 years of age) and their mothers were interviewed independently on three separate occasions concerning daily self-care behaviors. Measures of 11 different adherence behaviors were constructed based on information obtained from the interviews. Results indicated that children from Puerto Rico came close to achieving many of the self-care guidelines recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). For example, they consumed 29% of their daily calories from fat and 52% from carbohydrates, achieving the ideal for fat intake and approaching the ideal for carbohydrate intake recommended by the ADA. In contrast, Puerto Rican children exercised approximately 18 minutes once a day, indicating great difficulty attaining ADA recommended exercise goals of six times daily for approximately 30 minutes each time. Children from Puerto Rico took their insulin 7.4 minutes before eating, much later than recommended by the ADA (30-60 minutes before meal). In comparison to a sample of children from the United States, Puerto Rican children displayed better self-care behaviors for blood glucose testing frequency, eating frequency, ideal percentage of calories from fat, and ideal percentage of calories from carbohydrates. In contrast, the U.S. sample of children exercised more frequently and for longer periods of time on average than did children from Puerto Rico. Results indicated that parent-child agreement for the Puerto Rican sample was strong for 8 of the 11 measures, similar to previous research (Johnson, et al., 1986). Predictors of self-care behavior in the Puerto Rican sample indicated that child gender and disease duration significantly predicted different self-care behaviors, but age did not, contrary to the literature. Overall, this study provided a description of diabetes self-care behaviors in a primarily low SES sample of children from Puerto Rico. Children appeared to meet most of the ADA recommendations, indicating that despite poor economic conditions in Puerto Rico and the overburdened health care system, the sample of children in this study engaged in relatively good self-care / acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu