<p>This study examined students&rsquo; use of self-regulation strategies in fully online and blended courses in a rural high school in northeast Georgia. An examination of self-regulation strategies between and within ethnic groups, gender, students&rsquo; grade level, and students enrolled or not enrolled in online or blended courses was conducted. Students (n = 507) and teachers (n = 57) from the high school were provided online learning tasks aimed to advance strategies on self-regulated learning. A modified version of the MSLQ (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, and McKeachie (1991) was used for the students&rsquo; survey. The 19-items modified MSLQ survey was associated with eight factors of self-regulation. The eight factors were goal setting, motivation, task strategies, environment structuring, time management, help-seeking, self-efficacy for computer usage, and self-evaluation. However, based on factor analyses, only three factors emerged from the principal component analysis (PCA). The three factors were task strategies, goal setting, and self-efficacy for computer usage. In the qualitative investigation, teacher questionnaires and teacher interviews were used to generate a rich account of students&rsquo; self-regulated strategies, offering insight that helped to identify what self-regulated strategies students need to succeed in online and blended courses. </p>

<p> Students possess various learning styles and do not respond equally to the same instructional methods. College students today are often uninterested in their current traditional course design. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist in learning styles between students who select a traditional course delivery method versus a technology-enhanced course delivery method. Participants included 113 males and 195 females who were enrolled in a College of Business Principles of Marketing course for non-business majors at a large university in the southeast. The students who were enrolled in the course completed an online questionnaire including the Grasha-Reichmann Student Learning Style Scale (GRSLSS) and demographic questions. The GRSLSS consists of six learning styles: competitive, collaborative, avoidant, participant, dependent, and independent. A causal-comparative research design was used to identify a cause-effect relationship between the two groups of students. </p><p> Data analyses included a factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and analyses of variances (ANOVAs). Results from this study indicated a significant difference in course delivery methods and gender across all learning styles and no interactions between course delivery methods and gender. ANOVAs revealed a significant difference between the independent, avoidant, dependent, and participant learning styles between students who enrolled in the traditional and technology-enhanced course delivery methods. Students who enrolled in the traditional course delivery method had more of a dependent and participant learning style and students who enrolled in the technology-enhanced course delivery method had more of an independent and avoidant learning style. Males who enrolled in the course had more of a competitive learning style than females - regardless of the course delivery method. These findings are relevant for a better understanding of why students select a particular course delivery method.</p>

<p> Review of literature revealed a shortage of research describing the development of K-12 virtual communities and the absence of a tool to measure sense of virtual community in K-12 virtual education students. The purpose of this descriptive, quantitative study was to examine the perception of a sense of virtual community from the perspective of virtual students. The sample for this research consisted of 205 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade virtual education students. The researcher combined existing research on community in the brick-and-mortar school context, and scales used to measure the sense of virtual community in virtual education and other online settings. From this analysis of existing scales, the researcher created a scale to measure the degree of virtual community perceived by the fourth-, fifth-, or sixth-grade virtual education student. </p><p> The measurement instrument consisted of two sections. The first section was a 25-question Likert scale used to measure the degree of virtual community perceived by the students. The second section of the instrument required students to rank virtual classroom and face-to-face activities according to what they felt was the most important for fostering a sense of virtual community. Data analysis revealed the majority of students revealed that they perceived a superior to significant sense of virtual community. ANOVA tests revealed that there was no significant difference between gender or grade level. Rankings of the virtual classroom and face-to-face activities were developed from the data. The rankings revealed that activities such as in-person field trips and gatherings, as well as virtual options such as emails and online live chats, foster a sense of virtual community for virtual students.</p>

<p> This qualitative research examined how two early childhood educators initially integrated tablet technology in the curriculum through classroom observation, interviews and a review of documentation. The overall question was: how are early childhood educators initially integrating tablet technologies in the curriculum? The researcher also asked three sub-questions to further delve into developmentally appropriate practice while choosing apps. The three sub-questions ranged from what the early childhood educators believed about the impact of tablet technology within the curriculum, to how the early childhood educators were choosing developmentally appropriate apps. </p><p> The results of the research were the early childhood educator were initially integrating tablet technology at a cautious pace, but were not aware if the apps were developmentally appropriate. The researcher observed for seven weeks with 14 observations per educator. The observations and unobtrusive documentation showed that the iPads were used as a teacher driven goal. The children did not get to choose an app during the 7 weeks study. Each educator had an app in mind for each observational period. The researcher observed that many of the children, in one particular room, never had an opportunity to use the iPad. </p><p> The data collection strategies for this study were unobtrusive documentation, interviews, and unobtrusive observations. The unobtrusive documentation was the lesson plans submitted by one of the educators and app lists. The researcher arranged pre- and post-interview for the two educators. Though the unobtrusive documentation, observations and interviews, the researcher answered the initial research questions as well as the three sub-questions.</p><p> Seven themes emerged from the data. The themes included: a slow and cautious pace of integrating technology, the limited access to iPads, evidence of the lack of emphasis in lesson planning, need for more and continuous professional development, a trial and error approach to app selection, educators reliance on others for app selection, and uninformed app selection.</p>

<p> Technological innovation in mobile devices has upgraded the potential uses of the devices for living and learning. Mobile learning provides opportunities for mobile users to learn at any time in any location. A certification that confirms computing and Internet technology skills and knowledge provides more opportunities to students in higher education for their future careers. Students can attend a training course to better prepare for a certification exam. However, most students spend their time preparing for and reviewing their regular courses and have less time for the training course. The problems of time limitation and space restriction cause students' insufficient learning toward the preparation for the certification exams. Mobile learning may augment the face-to-face training course to solve these problems. </p><p> The purpose of this study was to investigate undergraduate students' perceptions and the effectiveness of instruction using mobile devices to prepare for a standard certification exam in a blended certification-training course. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group received the treatment and the control group was treated as usual in a face-to-face class. Using a mixed-method research design, a pretest and a posttest collected data from all the participants and a survey and interviews gathered information from the students of the experimental group. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the posttest scores. In the pretest, the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly, which means that they were at the same level before the intervention. Then in the posttest, the experimental and control groups were significantly different, meaning that the treatment was instrumental in the difference. Further, the results revealed that learning via mobile devices provided the students more learning opportunities and improved interaction with other students; though using short message service for learning had positive effectiveness, multimedia messaging service may supplement it to demonstrate manipulation. Suggestions of experts familiar with the field and review of literature can assist development of using short message service messages for preparation of various certification examinations. Using mobile learning in an institute with integrated planning may decrease cost by sharing of resources.</p>

<p> In order to support the 21st century learning initiatives facing California K-12 educational agencies--including the influx of mobile devices, common core standards, online high stakes testing, and student privacy--an educational organization must employ a well-trained, knowledgeable, and effective technology leader. The California Educational Technology Professionals' Association's (CETPA) Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Mentor Program certification provides assurance that the chosen technology leader has been exposed to, is familiar with, has a working knowledge of, and can apply the leadership, educational, and technology skills necessary to be a successful technology leader. </p><p> The purpose of this mixed method study was to identify the extent to which differences exist before and after candidates' completion of the CETPA CTO Mentor Program with regard to their perception of effective technology leadership in California K-12 educational organizations. A second purpose of this study was to identify the degree to which CETPA CTO candidates perceive the program's learning activities to be a relevant and effective means of mastering the program's learning objectives. The third purpose of this study was to identify the degree to which CETPA CTO graduates perceive the program's learning activities and objectives are relevant to their on the job performance. This study was conducted through the lens of Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Program Evaluation. </p><p> The findings from this study suggest that the CTO Mentor Program provides a course of study that is relevant to the technology leader in K-12 educational agencies, meets the needs of adult learners, and provides a return on investment for the learner, his or her educational agency and the sponsoring organization, CETPA.</p>

<p> Purpose: The purpose of this Delphi study was to identify the essential conditions (ISTE) required for technology integration in Professional Learning Communities for building effective teams, promoting collaboration, and endorsing shared decision making processes as perceived by members of the joint Technology Leadership Network of the Riverside County Office of Education and San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools, California. </p><p> Methodology: A structured Delphi Study using mixed methods was conducted to find the expert panel's opinions, the members of the Technology Leadership Network in Riverside County Office of Education. Round 1 and Round 3 comprised scaled questions, producing quantitative data. Round 2 consisted of open ended questions, producing qualitative data. </p><p> Findings: Delphi expert panelists ranked shared vision, ongoing professional learning, empowered leaders, and student-centered learning as the top four ISTE essential conditions required for technology integration in PLCs. The Delphi expert panelists also identified the preconditions necessary for technology integration. </p><p> Conclusions: Based on the findings, a transformational plan and a change model were designed to effectively implement technology integration in Professional Learning Communities. The purpose of the plan and model was to provide step-by-step instructions for a transformational change plan for technology integration in Professional Learning Communities. </p><p> Recommendations: To prepare educators for 21st century PLCs, it is crucial to have technology integrated in professional developments. Technology integration is indispensable for PLCs to build effective teams and to have collaboration and effective decision making; however, it is not possible unless PLCs have a deliberate shared vision, embedded ongoing professional learning, empowered leaders at all levels, and data driven student centered learning. The prerequisites, if addressed properly, can provide the strong foundation required for technology integration in PLCs. Yet, the change needs to come within one's self, and educators as lifelong learners are the right people to integrate this change. </p>

<p> Use of free and open source software (FOSS) by teachers in public schools is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were statistically significant differences among teachers who use FOSS in the classroom, teachers who use proprietary software in the classroom, and teachers who do not use software in the classroom at all, with the goal to propose ways to mitigate barriers to implementation of FOSS by teachers in public schools. The research design was quasi-experimental. Independent t tests were used to measure differences among the three groups on the following independent variables: age of respondent in years, years of teaching experience, primary subject area taught, level of education, number of years of experience in using technology, number of district training sessions or technology initiatives attended in the previous 12 months, impact of school site leadership on implementation of technology in the classroom, and impact of district technology initiatives on implementation of technology in the classroom. The results revealed statistically significant differences only concerning the impact of school site leadership as reported by teachers who used FOSS and teachers who used proprietary software. Recommendations to encourage teachers&rsquo; use of FOSS included establishing collaborative processes by instructional staff, administration and information technology personnel to identify and assess appropriate FOSS solutions, training opportunities in the use of FOSS in the classroom, and guidelines to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the selected software solutions (proprietary and FOSS).</p>

<p> School administrators at the research site, which is a public school district, had been under pressure to improve low reading state scores of Grade 11 students as measured by Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) tests. A web-based reading software called Study Island was integrated into the literacy curriculum for students to increase their reading proficiency and pass PSSA state tests. The research problem was that the integration of Study Island had not been evaluated and students were not meeting adequate yearly progress (AYP). The purpose of this study was to provide research-based evidence on whether Study Island helped students to improve their reading proficiency. This nonequivalent, quasi-experimental study was based on Tomlinson's differentiated instruction theory and Marzano's intelligence theory. Archived PSSA scores were collected for 2 cohorts of Grade 11 students (<i>N</i> = 800), before and after the curricular integration of Study Island between the academic years 2009&ndash;2011 and 2011&ndash;2013. An independent samples <i> t</i> test showed that students' reading proficiency scores were significantly higher after receiving the Stony Island software than they were before the software. These findings can be used by school and district administrators regarding the integration of Study Island into other academic subjects. Implications for positive social change may include professional development (PD) for high school teachers to use Study Island in the academic subjects they teach. PD on Study Island for high school teachers may help students pass PSSA testing, meet AYP, and graduate from high school.</p>

<p> Millions of adults have registered for massive open online courses, known as MOOCs, yet little research exists on how effective MOOCs are at meeting the needs of these learners. Critics of MOOCs highlight that their completion rates can average fewer than 5% of those registered. Such low completion rates raise questions about the effectiveness of MOOCs and whether adults enrolling in them have the skills and abilities needed for success. MOOCs have the potential to be powerful change agents for universities and students, but it has previously been unknown whether these online courses serve more than just the most persistent, self-directed learners. This study explored the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and MOOC completion percents among adults taking a single Coursera MOOC. By examining self-directed learning &ndash; the ability to take responsibility for one's own educational experiences &ndash; and MOOC completion rates, this research may assist in improving the quality of MOOCs. </p><p> A statistically significant relationship was found between self-directed learning and MOOC completion percentages. Those stronger in self-directed learning tended to complete a greater percent of the MOOC examined. In addition, English speaking ability demonstrated a mediating effect between self-directed learning and MOOC completion. Learners indicating a strong ability in speaking English were more likely to be ready for self-directed learning and completed a higher percentage of the MOOC. Compared with those that did not complete MOOCs, however, few additional differences in demographics of adult learners that completed MOOCs were found.</p><p> To better understand the skills and experiences needed to be successful in a MOOC, additional research on factors that influence MOOC completion is warranted. If only a minority of strongly self-directed learners can successfully complete MOOCs, then more resources should be invested into the design and development of MOOCs to meet the needs of many learners. If this does not occur, then MOOC completion rates could continue to suffer and new open education solutions of higher quality may appear, making MOOCs a short-lived phenomenon. </p>