Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1958. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-83).

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 29, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Abstract Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a group of zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate (CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+). They are present in almost all organs and are implicated in various biological functions, the most important of which is participation in the regulation of ion, water, and acid-base balance. Recently, some members of the CA gene family have been suggested to promote cell proliferation and to act as trophic growth factors. The present study was undertaken to examine the distribution of CA isoenzymes in the reproductive system, to attain a more detailed view on their linkage to the reproductive processes and to neonatal development. The expression of membrane-bound CA IX and CA XII was studied in the female and male reproductive tracts by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. CA XII was found to be expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of luminal and glandular epithelia in human uterus. In human efferent ducts, it was located in the basolateral plasma membrane of luminal epithelium, where it coexpressed with Aquaporin-1. In epididymal duct, CA XII was only expressed in occasional epithelial cells. These cells coexpressed CA II, suggesting that they represent apical mitochondria-rich cells (AMRC). CA IX was also expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of luminal epithelium in human efferent ducts, but its expression was not uniform among the tubules. These findings suggest that basolateral plasma membrane-associated CA IX and CA XII contribute, along with CA II and CA IV, to the regulation of acid-base balance and water transport in the reproductive tract. Western blotting of rat Leydig tumor cells and testis for CA II revealed an unidentified 66-kDa polypeptide band. The polypeptide was successfully purified from several rat tissues using CA inhibitor affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide showed it to be identical to NonO/p54nrb, a non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein previously implicated in transcriptional regulation. The recombinant NonO/p54nrb was shown to display CA activity, and the antibody to it predominantly immunostained the nuclei in lymphocytes, where CA activity was also detected histochemically. Accordingly, the nuclear Leydig cell CA immunoreactivity represents NonO/p54nrb. It is classified as a novel, nonclassical CA, and it may participate in pH-related events in the nucleus. Human and rat milk was found to contain CA VI by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The enzyme purified from human milk by CA inhibitor affinity chromatography was confirmed by PNGase F digestion and amino acid sequence as CA VI. The CA VI concentrations in human colostral milk were approximately eight times higher than those in mature milk (34.7 mg/l vs. 4.5 mg/l). Secretion of CA VI into milk is suggested by its localization in the alveolar epithelium of the rat mammary gland. The structural and functional stability of CA VI in an acidic milieu, its suggested growth-supporting function in taste bud stem cells, and its high concentration in colostrum suggest that it is an essential factor for the growth and development of the newborn alimentary canal.

The purpose of this study is to get an insight into how fiction tutoring in Swedish can be practised and how the reading is encouraged. A teacher can through her working methods control how the pupils relate to fiction and has therefor an important role, because of this the subordinate purpose of this study is to problematize and highlight how the teacher can encourage her pupils into different styles of reading. Questions:•What didactic choices does the teacher make in literature teaching?•What does the teacher want the pupils to pay attention to? •What are the learning methods for the pupils? This study has been made through observations and interviews with teachers who teach in primary school in Sweden. The empirical data have been analyzed based on Rosenblatt’s reading concepts and Langer’s conceptual worlds and furthermore their view of literature teaching and the teacher's role in it. The study shows that all of the teachers combine reading with writing assignments, where linguistic approaches are most common and usually primary. Even though the teachers showed an awareness of the importance of an aesthetic reading, they did not support aesthetic reading in their lessons. In the observed lesson it was shown that the method used by the teachers stimulated phase one in the imaginary worlds and an efferent reading which both pay attention for the impersonal and the general aspects that can be verified in a text. It should be noted that this study had a teacher’s perspective and not the perspective of the pupils.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur gymnasieelever upplever litteraturläsning samt i vilken utsträckning estetiska läsningar görs. Vidare undersöks hur litteraturläsningens potentiella pedagogisk-didaktiska funktioner uppnås och/eller utnyttjas. Data har samlats in genom en enkät med öppna och slutna frågor. Genom diskursanalys har respondenternas svar kategoriserats och kommenterats. Resultatet visar att eleverna både genomlider och genomlever undervisningen och läsningen. Andelen estetiska läsningar är låg jämfört med andelen efferenta. En grupp respondenter signalerar att de inte kan skapa någon mening i och av sin läsning alls och det finns respondenter som gör uttalat efferenta läsningar och som därvid lyckas sämre med att skapa mening: dessa genomlider således. Det finns tecken på goda estetiska läsningar i respondentgruppen som ett resultat av ett genomlevande av litteraturen. Dessa läsningar lyfts sällan fram som bas för kunskapsutvecklande samtal kring läsning vilket sannolikt skulle gynna den förra gruppen respondenter. Studien visar även att vissa respondenters läsningsförmåga är svag och denna primärt behöver stärkas. Studien visar på en relativt svag uppfattning kring litteraturläsningens syfte: från disciplinär åtgärd via språkriktighet till insikt om den egna individen. Det finns utrymme för att öka litteraturläsningens didaktiska funktioner och positiva effekter på kunskaps- och personlighetsutveckling. Studien visar att detta kan uppnås genom att främja läsningsförmågan hos efferenta och allmänt svaga läsare genom en förstärkning av uppfattningen av litteraturläsningens syften, uppdelning mellan litteraturhistoria och utveckling av läsningsförmåga, stärkt stöd före och efter läsningen, gemensam läsning och bok- och textsamtal. Formativ bedömning skulle stärka individuella insatser i förmågansutvecklingen samt höja den kvalitativa nivån på elevernas läsningar.

The study aimed to determine the relationship between the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent reflex strength and susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). This was evaluated by measuring the efferent suppression (ES) results from the contralateral suppression of Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (TEOAEs). It was predicted by several researchers that the strength of the MOC efferent reflex could determine the susceptibility to hearing loss (HL). The prediction was that an individual with a stronger MOC efferent reflex was less susceptible to developing a HL and an individual with a weaker MOC efferent reflex was more susceptible to developing a HL. The design used in the study was a categorical independent comparative design. The independent values used in the study were the results from the contralateral suppression of the TEOAEs and the thresholds obtained from each participant’s pure tone audiogram. A quantitative research approach was used as different numerical values were collected from each participant. The numerical results obtained for each participant were objectively compared between the two identified groups. Forty-one participants between the ages of 30 and 45 years, who had been exposed to noise levels between 89.3 dBA and 101.6 dBA at a Platinum mine in the North West Province, were used for the study. Twenty participants presented thresholds within normal limits of 0 to 15 dB and 21 participants presented with a permanent minimal NIHL with thresholds of 16 to 40 dB at 3000 Hz, 4000 Hz and 6000 Hz averaged. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 25 (IBM Inc.). Non-parametric tests were used with the Mann-Whitney U test, where the ES of the two independent groups were compared. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the ES of the normal hearing participants compared to the participants with a minimal HL. However, participants with normal hearing presented, on average, with a slightly stronger ES than the participants with a minimal HL. The lowest p-values in this study were calculated at 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz, with a p-value of 0.085 at 4000 Hz for the age category 30 to 35 years and a p-value of 0.086 at 2000 Hz for the age category 41 to 45 years. This suggests that it could be possible that the MOC reflex strength may predict the degree of HL. It is recommended that more research be done on contralateral suppression of TEOAE measurements on participants who present with permanent NIHL to possibly use the MOC reflex to predict susceptibility to HL in clinical practice. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology (Audiology))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / MCommunication Pathology (Audiology) / Unrestricted

The effects of auditory efferent activity on peripheral physiology may be examined by presenting broadband noise (BBN) to the contralateral ear during otoacoustic emission (OAE) recordings. The presentation of BBN typically produces a reduction of OAE amplitudes in comparison to a condition without BBN. This is termed contralateral suppression. Limited information exists regarding the effects of contralateral BBN on responses observed at higher levels in the auditory system. The present study employed this paradigm to investigate interactions of attention and laterality on the transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE), auditory brainstem response (ABR) and cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) P1-N1-P2. TEOAEs were evoked by 60 dB SPL clicks; ABRs and CAEPs were evoked by 60 dB SPL 2.0 kHz tone pips in 15 normally hearing adults. Four conditions were employed for each ear: 1) quiet (no noise); 2) 60 dB SPL contralateral BBN; 3) words (at -3 dB SNR) embedded in 60 dB SPL contralateral BBN while subjects classified words as animal versus food items; 4) words from condition #3 played backwards and embedded in 60 dB SPL contralateral BBN. For TEOAEs: 1) more suppression was evident in the active attention condition than the passive listening conditions and 2) right ear OAE amplitudes for the 8-18 ms time period exhibited more suppression in the presence of BBN for all noise conditions, although this did not meet statistical significance. For the ABR experiment, amplitudes in the noise conditions decreased in all epochs for the right ear, but not for the left. For the CAEP experiment, asymmetries were evident in temporal regions and an effect of contralateral noise was evident. The outcome of this investigation suggests that efferent activation by noise and active attention has diverse modulatory effects on electroacoustic and electrophysiologic responses along the auditory pathway.