Multitasking in background noise may involve greater cognitive processing demands than multitasking in quiet due to an increase in perceptual demands (Rabbitt, 1968; Pichora-Fuller & Schneider, 2000). This study investigated the effect of background noise in the listening environment on the ability of young adults with normal hearing and older adults with sensorineural hearing loss to perceive speech while performing a secondary task. A dual task paradigm, which included word recognition and visual serial recall, was used to examine ability to divide limited processing resources between two tasks. The number of digits to be recalled was varied in order to test the hypothesis that background noise would degrade multitasking abilities to a greater degree than in quiet for more difficult tasks. Participants included 37 native English speakers between 19-25 years of age with pure-tone thresholds better than or equal to 20 dB HL and 10 English speakers between 58-85 years of age with pure-tone thresholds greater than or equal to 25 dB HL in both ears. The results showed that background noise can have negative effects on the ability to multitask for both younger adults with normal hearing and older adults with hearing loss; however, this effect was greater for the older adults with hearing loss, especially when task demands were increased.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de s'intéresser à l'impact de la dégradation du signal de parole sur le traitement et les représentations du langage. Le signal peut être dégradé de façon transitoire (i.e., parole dans le bruit, Axe 1) ou permanente (Axe 2). L'Axe 1 étudie l'impact de la présence de bruit sur le traitement sémantique au niveau du mot isolé et dans un contexte phrastique. Deux études ont permis de mettre en évidence que lorsque le signal de parole est masqué, le traitement sémantique est moins efficace, voire disparait. A la lumière de l'Effortfulness Hypothesis nous suggérons que le traitement sémantique n'est pas automatique mais dépendant de ressources cognitives. Lorsque le signal de parole est dégradé ces ressources cognitives sont allouées aux traitements linguistiques de bas niveau, les traitements de haut niveau comme le traitement sémantique sont donc moins efficaces. L'Axe 2 évalue les liens entre la dégradation permanente du signal de parole du fait d'un manque de maturité des traitements auditifs centraux ou à un Trouble du Traitement Auditif (TTA) et les représentations langagières. Deux études se sont intéressées au développement des traitements auditifs et à la présence de TTA au sein d'une population d'adultes dyslexiques. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que les traitements auditifs centraux continuent leur maturation durant l'adolescence. La dernière étude a permis de mettre en évidence chez la population dyslexique des difficultés dans les tests impliquant des traitements spectral et temporel. Ces compétences sont apparues liées au sein de cette population aux représentations phonologiques. L'ensemble des résultats suggèrent que la dégradation du signal de parole a différents effets sur le langage selon sa nature. Ainsi, lorsqu'elle est transitoire elle impacte sa compréhension en dépit d'une intelligibilité préservée. Une dégradation transitoire impacte la compréhension malgré l'intelligibilité, la dégradation permanente impacte les représentations différemment selon la population / This thesis aims at investigating the effect of speech degradation on language processing and representation. Speech signal can be degraded temporary (i.e., speech in noise) or continually, when central auditory processes are deficient. Experimental work was therefore based on two main axes. The first one got interested in the effect of noise on semantic processing, despite preserved intelligibility. Two studies showed that semantic processing is less efficient when speech is presented in noisy condition. In light of the Effortfulness Hypothesis, we suggest that semantic processing relies on cognitive resources. When signal is degraded these resources are reallocated to low level processes and therefore few are left available to perform higher level processes. Axe 2 aims at evaluating links between continuous speech degradation because of immaturity of central auditory processes or Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) and language representation. Two studies investigated the effect of auditory processing development on language on a children population (6-11 years old) and the effect of APD on language representation in an adult dyslexic population. Both populations were evaluated using the BECAC (Donnadieu et al. 2014). This battery aims at evaluating central auditory processes using non-verbal material so that auditory performances can be related to language competences. Results evidenced that central auditory processes mature until adulthood, and at some point in development (8-9 years old) are linked to language representation. Results of the last study showed that dyslexic adults are impaired in tests involving spectral and temporal processes; in addition these abilities are related with phonological awareness. Altogether, these results indicate that speech degradation has distinct effects on language depending on its nature. Therefore when temporary, speech degradation impacts its comprehension despite intelligibility. When continuous, speech degradation’s impact evolves during development and disappears in normal adults. However, it stays for dyslexics

Purpose: The paper’s purpose is to critically discuss how a government institution, the Migration Court in Stockholm, interprets the law and how this interpretation reflects value choices and value priorities.  Methodology/Design: The present paper employs qualitative research methods focusing on discursive social psychology and the interpretative repertoire of “effortfulness”.  Results/Findings: This paper suggests that the definition of values as behaviour predictors helps us understand how state institutions and, in the present study, the Migration Court in Stockholm can express “other-oriented” values.  Value/Originality: The paper’s socio-legal analysis of the humanitarian sector highlights the emergence of the judiciary system as a new humanitarian actor.