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O presente experimento foi realizado no aviário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Paulista do Campus de Botucatu. Foram utilizadas 288 aves da linhagem Hisex Brown, em produção, com 30 semanas de idade no início do experimento, divididas em nove tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, num esquema fatorial 3X3, sendo três níveis de energia metabolizável fornecidos por ave/dia (280, 300 e 320 kcal) e três diferentes consumos de óleo por ave/dia (0,00; 0.75 e 1,50 g). O consumo diário de ração foi restrito a 115, 110 e 105 g para obtenção dos níveis desejados de energia metabolizável e óleo. As rações foram balanceadas para que todas as aves recebessem diariamente 18 g de proteína bruta, 4,2 g de Cálcio, 0,66 g de Fósforo Total, 0,40 g de Metionina, 0,73 g de Metionina + Cistina e 0,83 g de Lisina. Não foi constatada diferença estatística (P>0,05) para produção (%), massa (g/ave/dia), peso médio (g) e gravidade específica dos ovos bem como para umidade, percentagem de gordura, proteína e cinzas do albume e da gema. Houve efeito do consumo diário de energia (P>0,05) sobre o peso final, ganho de peso e percentagem de gordura abdominal, havendo um aumento destes com o aumento da densidade energética. Foram constatadas pioras significativas, com efeito linear, na conversão alimentar por massa, na conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos produzidos e conversão de energia, em função do aumento da energia consumida diariamente. Foram constatados efeitos significativos, com efeito quadrático na percentagem de casca em função do consumo diário de energia. Já para percentagem de gema e albume houve efeito linear em relação ao consumo de óleo, sendo que para o primeiro parâmetro houve aumento do mesmo com maior inclusão de óleo e, no outro, diminuição. Houve efeito significativo do consumo diário de óleo (P<0,05) e da interação consumo de energia e consumo de óleo (P<0,05) sobre Unidades Haugh. Houve efeito significativo da cor da gema em função do consumo diário de energia e óleo diários (P<0,05). / The present experiment was carried out at the experimental aviary of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootecny University - Botucatu. At the beginning of the experiment 288 semi -heavy Hisex Brown strain birds were used, in production, 30 weeks old, divided in nine treatments with four replications each, in a factorial arrangement 3X3, with three levels of metabolizable energy supplied per bird/day (280, 300 and 320 kcal) and three different oil consumptions for bird/day (0.00; 0.75 and 1.50 g). The birds had a restricted daily feed consumption of 115, 110 and 105 9 to obtain the levels of metabolizable energy and oi!. The diets were balanced so that ali of the experimental birds received 18 9 of crude protein daily, 4.2 9 of Calcium, 0.66 9 of Total Phosforus, 0.40 9 of Methionine, 0.73 9 of Methionine + Cistine and 0.83 9 of Cistine. The parameters of production (%), mass (g/bird/day), average weight (g) and specific gravity of the eggs where not humidity, fat percentage, protein and ash of the albumen and yolk didn \'t differ significantly different among the treatments. There was a significant effect of the daily consumption of energy on the final weight, weight gains and percentage of abdominal fat, which demonstrate an increase of these parameters with the increase of the energy density. Significant worsenings were verified (P < .05), with linear effect in the feed conversion for mass, in the feed conversion for dozen of produced eggs and conversion of energy, in function of the increase of the energy consumed daily. Significant effects were verified, with quadratic effect in the shell percentage in function of the daily consumption energy. However for yolk percentage and albumen there was a linear effect to oil consumption and for the first parameter there was an increase of that with larger oil inclusion and, in the other one, decreased. There was significant effect of daily consumption of oil (P < .05) and of the interaction consumption of energy and oiI consumption (P < .05) on Haugh Units. There was a significant effect of the color of the yolk in function to the daily consumption of energy and oil (P <.05).

O presente experimento foi realizado no aviário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Paulista do Campus de Botucatu. Foram utilizadas 288 aves da linhagem Hisex Brown, em produção, com 30 semanas de idade no início do experimento, divididas em nove tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, num esquema fatorial 3X3, sendo três níveis de energia metabolizável fornecidos por ave/dia (280, 300 e 320 kcal) e três diferentes consumos de óleo por ave/dia (0,00; 0.75 e 1,50 g). O consumo diário de ração foi restrito a 115, 110 e 105 g para obtenção dos níveis desejados de energia metabolizável e óleo. As rações foram balanceadas para que todas as aves recebessem diariamente 18 g de proteína bruta, 4,2 g de Cálcio, 0,66 g de Fósforo Total, 0,40 g de Metionina, 0,73 g de Metionina + Cistina e 0,83 g de Lisina. Não foi constatada diferença estatística (P>0,05) para produção (%), massa (g/ave/dia), peso médio (g) e gravidade específica dos ovos bem como para umidade, percentagem de gordura, proteína e cinzas do albume e da gema. Houve efeito do consumo diário de energia (P>0,05) sobre o peso final, ganho de peso e percentagem de gordura abdominal, havendo um aumento destes com o aumento da densidade energética. Foram constatadas pioras significativas, com efeito linear, na conversão alimentar por massa, na conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos produzidos e conversão de energia, em função do aumento da energia consumida diariamente. Foram constatados efeitos significativos, com efeito quadrático na percentagem de casca em função do consumo diário de energia. Já para percentagem de gema e albume houve efeito linear em relação ao consumo de óleo, sendo que para o primeiro parâmetro houve aumento do mesmo com maior inclusão de óleo e, no outro, diminuição. Houve efeito significativo do consumo diário de óleo (P<0,05) e da interação consumo de energia e consumo de óleo (P<0,05) sobre Unidades Haugh. Houve efeito significativo da cor da gema em função do consumo diário de energia e óleo diários (P<0,05). / The present experiment was carried out at the experimental aviary of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootecny University - Botucatu. At the beginning of the experiment 288 semi -heavy Hisex Brown strain birds were used, in production, 30 weeks old, divided in nine treatments with four replications each, in a factorial arrangement 3X3, with three levels of metabolizable energy supplied per bird/day (280, 300 and 320 kcal) and three different oil consumptions for bird/day (0.00; 0.75 and 1.50 g). The birds had a restricted daily feed consumption of 115, 110 and 105 9 to obtain the levels of metabolizable energy and oi!. The diets were balanced so that ali of the experimental birds received 18 9 of crude protein daily, 4.2 9 of Calcium, 0.66 9 of Total Phosforus, 0.40 9 of Methionine, 0.73 9 of Methionine + Cistine and 0.83 9 of Cistine. The parameters of production (%), mass (g/bird/day), average weight (g) and specific gravity of the eggs where not humidity, fat percentage, protein and ash of the albumen and yolk didn \'t differ significantly different among the treatments. There was a significant effect of the daily consumption of energy on the final weight, weight gains and percentage of abdominal fat, which demonstrate an increase of these parameters with the increase of the energy density. Significant worsenings were verified (P < .05), with linear effect in the feed conversion for mass, in the feed conversion for dozen of produced eggs and conversion of energy, in function of the increase of the energy consumed daily. Significant effects were verified, with quadratic effect in the shell percentage in function of the daily consumption energy. However for yolk percentage and albumen there was a linear effect to oil consumption and for the first parameter there was an increase of that with larger oil inclusion and, in the other one, decreased. There was significant effect of daily consumption of oil (P < .05) and of the interaction consumption of energy and oiI consumption (P < .05) on Haugh Units. There was a significant effect of the color of the yolk in function to the daily consumption of energy and oil (P <.05).

Thesis (MA.Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The objectives of the study were to evaluate the productivity of the Vhembe egg production project and determine the management and socio-economic factors affecting productivity. The data were collected from 2005 to 2007. Thirty-two farmers from four municipalities were randomly selected. Each household received a once-off unit consisting of a cage with eighteen point of lay chickens 4x50 bags of laying mesh, feeding and drinking troughs. Production records from sampled farmers were used in the analysis. Data included monthly egg production, eggs consumed, eggs sold, income from eggs, production costs, monthly feed utilization and mortality. Primary data on educational standards, socio-economic characteristics (age and gender of the household head, farming size, level of education and alternative income, were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that sex, age and educational level had impact on production as low production was associated with older farmers and low level of education. These factors should be considered when planning community projects. Chicken rearing and ownership is often shared among the family members, in this study, the management was predominantly by women (63%) and children (18%). This may be an indication that if assistance efforts are targeted towards women, village poverty could be significantly reduced. It is concluded that the low income accrued from the project explains the reason for high abandonment or neglect of the project. The income received from the project is smaller than the government grants and as such not attractive. It is not surprising that presently most farmers have abandoned the project. It is noted that if labour costs had been taken into consideration, the project would be running at a serious loss and the resultant output would discourage even the most enthusiastic farmers.

Thesis (M.A. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The objectives of the study were to evaluate the productivity of the Vhembe egg production project and determine the management and socio-economic factors affecting productivity. The data were collected from 2005 to 2007. Thirty-two farmers from four municipalities were randomly selected. Each household received a once-off unit consisting of a cage with eighteen point of lay chickens 4x50 bags of laying mesh, feeding and drinking troughs. Production records from sampled farmers were used in the analysis. Data included monthly egg production, eggs consumed, eggs sold, income from eggs, production costs, monthly feed utilization and mortality. Primary data on educational standards, socio-economic characteristics (age and gender of the household head, farming size, level of education and alternative income, were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that sex, age and educational level had impact on production as low production was associated with older farmers and low level of education. These factors should be considered when planning community projects. Chicken rearing and ownership is often shared among the family members, in this study, the management was predominantly by women (63%) and children (18%). This may be an indication that if assistance efforts are targeted towards women, village poverty could be significantly reduced. It is concluded that the low income accrued from the project explains the reason for high abandonment or neglect of the project. The income received from the project is smaller than the government grants and as such not attractive. It is not surprising that presently most farmers have abandoned the project. It is noted that if labour costs had been taken into consideration, the project would be running at a serious loss and the resultant output would discourage even the most enthusiastic farmers.

Production traits and disease resistance are believed to be under the control of many genes, i.e. quantitative trait loci (QTL). The objective of the present study was to establish a methodology for identifying DNA markers which are associated with QTL in chickens using an alternative approach to the traditional linkage analysis. A systematic screening approach was designed to search a chicken liver cDNA library for clones which revealed polymorphisms associated with traits. In the first stage of the experiment, a total of 92 cDNA clones were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. About 33% and 22% of the clones revealed DNA polymorphisms at MspI and TaqI restriction sites, respectively. Subsequently, DNA polymorphisms which responded to selection were identified by comparing RFLP frequencies in divergently selected strains of chickens. About 60% of the RFLPs responded to selection for egg production traits and/or Marek's disease (MD) resistance. Trait associations of these RFLPs were then studied by selectively genotyping individuals at the extremes of trait distributions, followed by an analysis of individuals in the entire population and statistical evaluation. Finally, RFLP regions of DNA markers were characterized and PCR assays for rapid RFLP screening were developed. DNA markers in two genes were identified and characterized by this methodology. One was a marker in the chicken mitochondrial genome which arose from a nucleotide substitution (T to C) in the NADH subunit IV gene. Statistical analysis for typing random individual samples from the strains showed that this DNA polymorphism was associated with mature body weight and egg specific gravity which is a strong indicator for egg shell thickness. Other analyzed markers were located in the chicken mitochondrial phospho-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M). Using the cDNA of this gene as a probe, southern blotting revealed a highly polymorphic band pattern. Statistical analy

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of Pearl Millet in combination with different levels of flaxseed and natural pigment (Oro Glo 15RTM) on quantity of n-3 fatty acids in eggs, laying performance and yolk pigmentation. In the first experiment, six different diet treatments were used for six weeks, with 24 hens per treatment (three birds per cage, eight cage replicates). Control diet was a corn-soybean meal diet, and diets containing 0, 2, 4, 8 or 12% ground flaxseed in which all the corn was replaced by pearl millet. In the second experiment, the diet treatments consisted of pearl millet and three inclusion levels of ground flaxseed (4%, 6% and 8%) and two levels (0.1% and 0.2%) of natural pigment in a factorial arrangement. The experiment lasted for twelve weeks, with 18 hens per treatment (three birds per cage, six cage replicates). In each of the experiments, all the diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous and to meet or exceed NRC requirements. Body weight of the birds and feed consumption were recorded at weekly (first experiment) and biweekly (second experiment) intervals. Number of eggs and egg mass produced were measured and recorded on a daily basis. At the end of each of the experiments, all the hens were euthanized to determine liver integrity. In both of the experiments, flock performance parameters were not different among treatments. In regard to egg traits, in the second experiment after 8 week of the start of the experiment, birds fed with diets containing 8% flaxseed produced significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) smaller eggs compared to hens fed 4% flaxseed. Yolk pigmentation was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for the eggs produced by hens fed diets containing pearl millet compared with those produced by feeding corn-based diet. However, 0.1% or 0.2% inclusion of the pigment both proved to be suitable to restore yolk pigmentation to marketable levels. No difference was observed among diets in regard to liver haemorrhage. Evaluation of FA profiles indicated that birds fed a diet containing PM as the sole grain source, and low levels of flaxseed (6%) can produce eggs with more than 350 mg/egg of n-3 FA, which is the lower standard to market eggs as "n-3 FA enriched". / Keywords: laying hens, pearl millet, flaxseed, natural pigment, flock performance, eggs, liver haemorrhage.

The most successful method used for improving the growth rate of broilers is genetic selection. Improvements in nutrition, housing and disease resistance have been impressive, yet genetic selection is purported to have contributed the majority of the tremendous increase in growth rate that has taken place over the past 50 years (McKay, 2008). Many selection strategies are available, but not all are suitable, as the choice is dependent on the objective of the breeder. Selection strategies are bound to change over time as different traits become more important, and this has been the case in the broiler industry: focus was initially placed predominantly on growth rate, but the negative genetic correlation that exists between growth rate and reproductive and liveability traits has forced breeders to change their position, especially as growth rate has almost reached its upper limit and reproductive traits lag behind. This has resulted in a change from single trait to multiple trait selection. In the exercise reported here, four selection strategies commonly used for single trait selection, namely individual, between family, within family and family-index selection, were applied to a simulated broiler population using the Monte Carlo method of simulation, and constructed with the use of genetic parameters obtained from the literature. Theoretical and simulated methods of the four selection strategies were compared. A fifth selection strategy, index selection, was applied to represent multiple trait selection. The relative merit of each selection procedure was then compared, as well as the results obtained from the theoretical and simulated methods. Construction of the selection index was complex in comparison to single trait selection, as each trait included in the index had to be assigned an economic value. This value is representative of the relative importance of that trait to the overall profitability, or ability to save costs in the operation. Therefore traits favourable to profitability, or having the ability to reduce production costs, are given a heavier weighting and will consequently achieve a relatively larger improvement when applied to the selection index. A model was constructed using production rates, income and costs to represent the current overall economic situation in the industry. This was then used to determine cost economic values, which represent the saving in cost per unit improvement in each of the economically important traits, and revenue economic values, calculated as the value of each unit improvement attained in each of the economically important traits. Body weight remains the most profitable trait in a broiler enterprise; however breeder egg production is equally important as the industry would fail without sufficient day-old broilers. Therefore, it would be beneficial to determine whether current egg production levels could be maintained, or even improved, whilst improvement is made to the growth rate of the progeny. The above statement was found to be possible with the use of index selection. This multiple trait selection strategy proved capable of defying the negative genetic correlation that exists between body weight and egg production by improving egg production to 60 weeks by eight eggs, and body weight at 35 days by 259 grams. Furthermore, in some cases index selection was able to achieve improvements in some traits greater than those attained with single trait selection, whilst simultaneously improving certain negatively correlated traits. Index selection has illustrated its superiority over single trait selection strategies and its relative value to the poultry industry. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Orientador: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Coorientador: Edney Pereira da Silva / Banca: José Fernando Machado Menten / Banca: Daniel Emygdio de Faria Filho / Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Lizandra Amoroso / Resumo: Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: 1) avaliar as repostas zootécnicas e morfométricas do fígado e oviduto de codornas japonesas, submetidas a diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável; 2) reavaliar a partição da energia para codornas japonesas na fase de produção de ovos, a partir de estudo dose-resposta, utilizando como base a técnica da diluição para modificar a retenção de energia das aves. Para o objetivo 1, foram utilizadas 270 codornas da linhagem, VICAMI®, o período experimental foi de seis semanas. As variáveis zootécnicas analisadas foram: consumo de ração, produção de ovos, peso dos ovos, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, peso corporal e variação do peso corporal. Foram avaliados parâmetros de morfometria e histológicos do fígado e do oviduto. Para o objetivo 2, foram utilizadas 300 codornas da mesma linhagem, o período experimental foi de 10 semanas. As variáveis analisadas foram: ingestão de energia metabolizável (IEM), massa de ovo (MO) e energia retida (ER) foram expressas em kcal/kg0,67. A eficiência de utilização (kt) foi estimada pela relação entre ER e IEM. A energia metabolizável para mantença (EMm) foi obtida resolvendo a equação ER= 0. A exigência de energia líquida para ganho de peso (GP) foi obtida pela relação entre ER no corpo livre de pena (CLP) em função do CLP. A eficiência de utilização para produção de ovos (ko) foi obtida pela relação entre ER na MO e IEM corrigida para mantença e ganho de peso. As conclusões obtidas foram: 1) ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective with this research: To evaluate the zootechnical and morphometric responses of liver and oviduct from Japanese quails, submitted to different levels of metabolizable energy; 2) To re-evaluate the energy partition for Japanese quails in the egg production phase, from a dose-response study, using the dilution technique to modify the energy retention of birds. For objective one, two hundred seventy quails of the VICAMI® lineage were used, the experimental period was six weeks. The zootechnical variables analyzed were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion by egg mass, body weight and body weight variation. Were evaluated parameters morphometry and histological of the liver and oviduct. For the objective two, were used three houndred Japonese quail, the experimental period was 10 weeks. The variables analyzed were: metabolizable energy intake (MEI), egg mass (EO) and retained energy (RE) were expressed as kcal / kg0.67. The efficiency of use (kt) was estimated by the relation between (RE) and (MEI). The metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was obtained by solving the equation RE = 0. The net energy requirement for weight gain (WG) was obtained by the relation between RE in the feather free body (FFB) as a function of the FFB. The efficiency of use for egg production (ko) was obtained by the relationship between RE in EO and corrected MEI for maintenance and weight gain. The conclusions obtained were:1)The studied levels of metabolizabl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 saldanha_espb_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 502334 bytes, checksum: 959bbdcce3fa0797249485047d5f1035 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade óssea de poedeiras semi-pesadas no segundo ciclo produtivo alimentadas com fontes e níveis de microminerais. Para isto, 360 poedeiras com 72 semanas de idade foram submetidas a muda forçada pelo método convencional. Após o retorno à produção de ovos (83 semanas de idade), as aves foram selecionadas e alojadas de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves cada uma. O tratamento controle foi constituído de suplementação à dieta de 0,10 % de uma fonte de microminerais inorgânicos, a qual foi substituída proporcionalmente por cinco níveis (110, 100, 90, 80 e 70%) de um complexo de microminerais com 30; 30; 40; 6; 0,61 e 0,3 g/kg do produto de Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, I e Se, respectivamente. Todas as dietas eram isoprotéicas, isoenergéticas e isoaminoacídicas. Os resultados de desempenho (peso corporal, % de produção de ovos, massa de ovos, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), incidência de mortalidade e as características ósseas (resistência à quebra, % de cinzas, % de Ca e % de P das tíbias) foram avaliados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Não foi observado nenhum efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho, mortalidade ou características ósseas das poedeiras. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o nível de 70% de microminerais orgânicos pode substituir 100% de microminerais inorgânicos suplementado na dieta de poedeiras semi-pesadas no segundo ciclo produtivo sem alterar a produtividade e características ósseas. / The study aimed to evaluate post-induced molting performance and bone mineralization of semi-heavy laying hens submitted to diets with different sources and levels of microminerals. 360 layers aged 72-w-old were subjected to conventional induced molting. After returning to production (83-w-old), the layers were selected and allotted in a completely randomized design of six treatments and six replicates of ten birds each one. Control treatment consisted of 0.10% inclusion of inorganic micromineral (IM) premix (100% of IM) to diet (control treatment), which was proportionally replaced with five levels (110, 100, 90 , 80 and 70%) of organic micromineral complex (OM) composed of 30; 30; 40; 6; 0.61; and 0.3 g/kg of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, I, and Se, respectively. All diets were isoproteic, isoenergetic and isoaminoacidic. Layer performance (body weight, % production and mass of eggs, feed intake, and feed conversion), % mortality, and bone characteristics (breaking strength, % ash, % Ca, and % P of tibiae) results were tested by ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% of significance. No effect of any treatment upon performance, mortality and bone characteristics of the semi-heavy layers were here observed. Results indicate that the lowest level of OM supplementation (70% of IM level) can replace 100% of IM in the diet of semi-heavy laying hens in the second cycle of egg production without any negative effect upon productive and bone characteristics.