Enterobacteriaceae belong to the normal enteric flora in humans and may cause infections. Escherichia coli is the leading urinary tract pathogen with septicaemic potential, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae causes opportunistic infections and often outbreaks in hospital settings. Beta-lactams are the first choice for treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae, and might be destroyed by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, ESBLs. ESBLs hydrolyse all beta-lactams except cephamycin and carbapenems, and constitute a large heterogeneous group of enzymes with different origins. The phenotypic and molecular characteristics of a K. pneumoniae strain causing a major outbreak at Uppsala University Hospital between 2005 and 2008 were described. The strain was multiresistant and produced CTM-M-15, a common ESBL type in Europe. Due to the lack of obvious epidemiological links between patients, a case-control study was performed, which identified risk factors for the acquisition of the outbreak strain in urine cultures. The complex chain of transmission facilitated by patient overcrowding and the interventions applied to curb the outbreak, was revealed in the subsequent study. In the final study, the genetic background of the observed increase in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates during the K. pneumoniae outbreak was explored. The utility of six typing methods in epidemiological investigations of a local outbreak with ESBL-producing E. coli was compared. The increase of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates was not secondary to the K. pneumoniae outbreak. Twentytwo per cent belonged to the epidemic O25b-ST131 clone and only a limited number of infections were caused by nosocomial transmission. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are a challenge to clinical microbiology laboratories and infection control teams. To investigate their dissemination, typing methods need to be continuously adapted to the current situation. Proper hand disinfection and structural key problems such as over-crowding, under-staffing, lack of single rooms and bathrooms must be adressed to limit transmission.

The work has been inquired into the problem of content determination of phenolic substances in medicinal plants traditionally used in Czech Republic. Phenolic substances belong to a group of natural compounds, which are purely plant origin. Flavonoids are a part of this extensive group of compounds. As for flavonoids, most attention is paid to quercetin and rutin. It is caused by their easy availability and very significant biological activity. These compounds embody a lot of positive biological effects. They have expressive antioxidant properties, inhibit lipid peroxidation, scavenge free oxygen radicals and bond into the chelates they inactivate some prooxidant metal ions. The latest researches have shown that thanks to their properties natural flavonoids can occurence of chronical diseases, such as arterosklerosis, cardiovascular or tumor disorder. Flavonoids are exploited both in traditional and modern medicine. Same other studies have evidenced that valuable sources of these biologically effective substances are traditionally used medicinal plants. Content of phenolic substances was determined by method of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) in collection of 8 medicinal plants usually used in Czech Republic. For analysis was used freeze-dried and dried plant material. In freeze-dried material was found the highest content of total quercetin in Filipendula ulmaria L. (14200 mg/kg of dry weight) and in Betula pendula Roth. (11800 mg/kg of dry weight). The highest content of rutin contained Sambucus nigra L. (17700 mg/kg of dry weight). Similar values was measured in dried plant material. The content of total quercetin and rutin during drying was unchanged.

In this diploma work is check possibility application indirect photometric detection for enantiomers separation lactic acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid with capillary electrophoresis. As chiral selector is used vankomycin. Verifyed his ability partial separation lactic acid on antipode with using picric acid as vizualition anion in background electrolyte. Used was coated capillary. Application indirect photometric detection succeed. Chiral separation beta-hydroxybutyric acid wasn't successful. Hip roll by selection fit vizualization anions for purposes indirect photometric detection. Are measured their electrophoretic and spectrophotometric characteristics, for inquest compatibility use in capillary electrophoresis in relation to indirect photometric detection. From timed datums were to be you - nap optimal vizualizatin anions for others experimentation. According to ascertained and measured feature reflect be optimal eosine soluble in alcohol and bromophenol blue.