The Silicon Wafer Integrated Fiber Technology, SWIFT, is a novel platform for the development of photonic devices. SWIFT is comprised of an optical fiber, specifically a D-fiber in this work, embedded into a V-groove etched into a silicon wafer. This provides a method to secure the fiber and allows the use of standard semiconductor industry equipment and techniques in latter processing for device fabrication. The SWIFT platform is used as the basis for the development of a polarimetric in-fiber electro-optic modulator. The modulator is based on the application of a nonlinear optical polymer, NLOP, film into the evanescent field of a D-fiber. In this way electric fields applied to the NLOP can be used to influence the light propagating through the fiber. The two initial processes in fabricating the modulator are accessing the evanescent field of the D-fiber and making a nonlinear optical polymer (NLOP) thin film. To expose the evanescent field the fiber is chemically etched using hydrofluoric acid. During the etching, light transmitted through the fiber is monitored for changes in power and polarization. The measured optical changes are correlated to scanning electron microscope images of the etched fibers to relate the etch depth to the changes in power and polarization. This provides an etching process that is controllable and repeatable. The NLOP films are made from a simple guest-host system based poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and dispersed red 1 azo dye (DR1), a nonlinear optical dye. The films are poled to align the dye molecules so that the polymer will exhibit nonlinear optical properties. The poled polymers are tested for second harmonic generation, SHG, to insure that they are nonlinearly optically active. Utilizing the SWIFT platform and the monitored etching process, fibers were etched to a desired 0.2 microns from the core on a repeatable basis. A nonlinear optical polymer was synthesized, formed into thin films, and poled. Nonlinear optical activity in the films was verified by SHG testing.

Les Piles À Combustible Microbiennes (PACMs) permettent de convertir directement en électricité une partie de l'énergie contenue dans des substrats biodégradables et ce, grâce à la formation d'un biofilm électroactif à la surface de leur anode. Solutions de grapillage énergétique d'avenir, ces systèmes bioélectrochimiques pourraient ainsi, à titre d'exemple, servir à l'alimentation autonome de capteurs en zone isolée ou être plus généralement implantés au sein de stations d'épuration. Néanmoins, après maintenant une vingtaine d'années de développement, les performances des PACMs ont tendance à stagner. La solution fréquemment retenue pour améliorer leurs résultats est de développer de nouveaux matériaux d'anode en optimisant leur structure ou leur surface mais très souvent en négligeant les critères de longévité, de prix et de transposabilité à une échelle industrielle, essentiels pour cette application. L'objectif de cette étude est de proposer des anodes performantes, avec un procédé de fabrication simple, bon marché et stables dans le temps. Constituées de monofilaments d'acier inoxydable 304L enchevêtrés, les anodes que nous développons ont été dans un premier temps caractérisées mécaniquement (par compression œdométrique) et d'un point de vue microstructural (par tomographie à rayons X). Puis, leur intégration au sein de prototypes de PACMs inoculés avec des boues activées a permis de mesurer l'influence de divers paramètres architecturaux de la pile (distance inter-électrodes, surface d’électrodes, ...) et de l'anode (taille de pores, diamètre de fil, ...) sur les performances électriques, avec comme objectif principal de maximiser leur surface spécifique tout en limitant leur colmatage. Des mesures de spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique ont également été réalisées afin d'étudier plus en détail les différents phénomènes électrochimiques entrant en jeu. Ces anodes 3D inédites s'avèrent prometteuses car elles ont permis d'obtenir des densités de puissance de l'ordre de 200 mW/m² avec un coût d'électrode, comparativement à la littérature, considérablement diminué. / Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) allow a portion of the energy contained in biodegradable substrates to be converted directly into electricity through the formation of an electroactive biofilm on the surface of their anode. Future energy harvesting solutions, these bioelectrochemical systems could thus, for example, be used for the autonomous power supply of sensors in isolated zone or be more generally located within wastewater treatment plants. Nevertheless, after about twenty years of development, the performances of PACMs tend to stagnate. The solution frequently used to improve their results is to develop new anode materials by optimizing their structure or their surface but very often neglecting the criteria of longevity, price and transferability on an industrial scale, essential for this application. The objective of this study is to propose efficient anodes, with a simple manufacturing process, cheap and stable over time. Consisting of entangled 304L stainless steel monofilaments, the anodes we develop were initially characterized mechanically (by odometric compression) and from a microstructural point of view (by X-ray tomography). Then, their integration into prototypes of MFCs inoculated with activated sludge made it possible to measure the influence of various architectural parameters of the fuel cell (distance between electrodes, electrode surface, ...) and of the anode ( pore size, wire diameter, ...) on electrical performance, with the main objective of maximizing their specific surface area while limiting their clogging. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were also carried out in order to study in more detail the different electrochemical phenomena involved. These innovative 3D anodes are promising because they have made it possible to obtain power densities of the order of 200 mW / m² with an electrode cost, compared to the literature, considerably reduced.