O número crescente de cargas baseadas em conversores eletrônicos criou a preocupação com a distorção harmônica em sistemas de energia elétrica. Qualidade de energia é um assunto importante tanto para as companhias distribuidoras e geradoras de energia elétrica como para os consumidores. A utilização de equipamentos para a eliminação de harmônicos tornou-se necessária e são diversas as soluções possíveis. Em sistemas trifásicos com quatro fios, os filtros ativos de potência e os sistemas de energia ininterrupta são equipamentos empregados para a melhoria da qualidade de energia elétrica. Tais equipamentos apresentam em sua estrutura um conversor trifásico com quatro fios podendo ser do tipo fonte de tensão ou fonte de corrente. Este estudo propõe uma estratégia para a minimização da ondulação das correntes de linha e de neutro em um conversor do tipo fonte de tensão trifásico com quatro fios. A estratégia consiste em injetar uma tensão de seqüência zero nas referências dos blocos PWM\'s que não altere o valor médio da corrente, mas somente a sua ondulação. Propõe-se uma metodologia que possibilita a escolha de um valor ótimo para a tensão de seqüência zero. São também apresentados a região dos vetores sintetizáveis, a análise da tensão de saída e o modelamento do conversor. Propõe-se uma estratégia de controle de corrente com reguladores PI para um sistema trifásico com quatro fios usando conversor com quatro fios. O comportamento do conversor é verificado por simulações numéricas e resultados experimentais, confirmando o desempenho da estratégia de PWM proposta. / The growing number of power electronics-based loads has created concern about harmonic distortion in electric systems. Power quality is an important issue both for utilities and consumers. The use of harmonic filtering equipment has become necessary and many solutions have been studied. In three phase systems, active power filters and uninterruptible power supply are used for improving power quality. These equipments present in their topologies a three-phase four-wire voltage source converter or three-phase four-wire current source converter. This study proposes a strategy for the minimization of the line and neutral ripple current of a three-phase four-wire Voltage Source Converter. The strategy consists of injecting an instantaneous zero sequence to the references of a triangular carrier PWM that does not affects the local average of the converter output voltages, but only the ripple currents. A methodology to evaluate the instantaneous optimal value of the injected zero sequence voltage is presented. The locus of the synthesizable voltage vectors and the modeling of the converter are also shown. It presents a strategy of current control for three-phase four-wire systems using three-phase four-wire converter. The behavior of the converter is verified by numerical simulation and experimental results, confirming the performance of the proposed PWM strategy.

O número crescente de cargas baseadas em conversores eletrônicos criou a preocupação com a distorção harmônica em sistemas de energia elétrica. Qualidade de energia é um assunto importante tanto para as companhias distribuidoras e geradoras de energia elétrica como para os consumidores. A utilização de equipamentos para a eliminação de harmônicos tornou-se necessária e são diversas as soluções possíveis. Em sistemas trifásicos com quatro fios, os filtros ativos de potência e os sistemas de energia ininterrupta são equipamentos empregados para a melhoria da qualidade de energia elétrica. Tais equipamentos apresentam em sua estrutura um conversor trifásico com quatro fios podendo ser do tipo fonte de tensão ou fonte de corrente. Este estudo propõe uma estratégia para a minimização da ondulação das correntes de linha e de neutro em um conversor do tipo fonte de tensão trifásico com quatro fios. A estratégia consiste em injetar uma tensão de seqüência zero nas referências dos blocos PWM\'s que não altere o valor médio da corrente, mas somente a sua ondulação. Propõe-se uma metodologia que possibilita a escolha de um valor ótimo para a tensão de seqüência zero. São também apresentados a região dos vetores sintetizáveis, a análise da tensão de saída e o modelamento do conversor. Propõe-se uma estratégia de controle de corrente com reguladores PI para um sistema trifásico com quatro fios usando conversor com quatro fios. O comportamento do conversor é verificado por simulações numéricas e resultados experimentais, confirmando o desempenho da estratégia de PWM proposta. / The growing number of power electronics-based loads has created concern about harmonic distortion in electric systems. Power quality is an important issue both for utilities and consumers. The use of harmonic filtering equipment has become necessary and many solutions have been studied. In three phase systems, active power filters and uninterruptible power supply are used for improving power quality. These equipments present in their topologies a three-phase four-wire voltage source converter or three-phase four-wire current source converter. This study proposes a strategy for the minimization of the line and neutral ripple current of a three-phase four-wire Voltage Source Converter. The strategy consists of injecting an instantaneous zero sequence to the references of a triangular carrier PWM that does not affects the local average of the converter output voltages, but only the ripple currents. A methodology to evaluate the instantaneous optimal value of the injected zero sequence voltage is presented. The locus of the synthesizable voltage vectors and the modeling of the converter are also shown. It presents a strategy of current control for three-phase four-wire systems using three-phase four-wire converter. The behavior of the converter is verified by numerical simulation and experimental results, confirming the performance of the proposed PWM strategy.

Após o choque do racionamento de energia elétrica, decorrente do desequilíbrio entre oferta e demanda, os vários setores da sociedade brasileira constataram a real e iminente necessidade de diversificação das fontes de geração de energia elétrica e de seu uso racional. Busca-se hoje novas fontes, entre as quais a eólica, uma alternativa nova e promissora. A geração de energia elétrica deve atender a rígidos requisitos normatizados de qualidade quanto à freqüência elétrica, injeção de harmônicos, controle de tensão, geração de potencia reativa entre outros. As pesquisas sobre este tema apontam para soluções tecnológicas capazes de satisfazer a estas exigências. Este trabalho descreve os princípios da geração eólica, através de um gerador assíncrono com rotor bobinado conectado a um conversor estático duplo em ligação “back-to-back” com circuito CC intermediário, utilizando a técnica de modulação em largura de pulsos (PWM) e Controle Vetorial. É apresentada a comparação de preços entre duas alternativas distintas para a parte elétrica de uma turbina eólica: Gerador com rotor em gaiola e gerador com rotor bobinado em anéis (duplamente excitado). Finalmente, é ainda apresentada uma simulação, com ênfase em regime permanente e ensaios de curto-circuito, da instalação de geração eólica na rede da empresa distribuidora de energia elétrica no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, a ENERSUL SA, para avaliação da viabilidade da conexão dessa fonte na rede primária da concessionária e dos possíveis benefícios proporcionados por essa opção. / After the electrical energy rationing shock, which arose from the unbalanced condition between supply and demand in Brazil, different society sectors found the real and imminent need to diversify the Brazilian electrical energy generation sources and its rational usage. Today research focuses on several new generation sources. Wind energy is a promising alternative. The electrical energy generation should meet the very stiff quality standard requirements related to electric frequency, harmonics injection, voltage control, reactive power generation and so forth. Research in this area is pointing to technological solutions that are capable to satisfy all these requirements. This study describes the concepts of wind generation, through a doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters with DC intermediate circuit, using vector control. A comparison of costs is carried out involving two different alternatives for the electrical system from a wind turbine: squirrel cage induction generator and doubly fed induction generator (slip ring machine). Finally, it is also presented a simulation, with emphasis on steady state and short-circuit tests, of wind generation connection to the network of the utility company net in Mato Grosso do Sul (a Brazilian state) - ENERSUL SA, in order to study its feasibility and possible benefits.

Após o choque do racionamento de energia elétrica, decorrente do desequilíbrio entre oferta e demanda, os vários setores da sociedade brasileira constataram a real e iminente necessidade de diversificação das fontes de geração de energia elétrica e de seu uso racional. Busca-se hoje novas fontes, entre as quais a eólica, uma alternativa nova e promissora. A geração de energia elétrica deve atender a rígidos requisitos normatizados de qualidade quanto à freqüência elétrica, injeção de harmônicos, controle de tensão, geração de potencia reativa entre outros. As pesquisas sobre este tema apontam para soluções tecnológicas capazes de satisfazer a estas exigências. Este trabalho descreve os princípios da geração eólica, através de um gerador assíncrono com rotor bobinado conectado a um conversor estático duplo em ligação “back-to-back" com circuito CC intermediário, utilizando a técnica de modulação em largura de pulsos (PWM) e Controle Vetorial. É apresentada a comparação de preços entre duas alternativas distintas para a parte elétrica de uma turbina eólica: Gerador com rotor em gaiola e gerador com rotor bobinado em anéis (duplamente excitado). Finalmente, é ainda apresentada uma simulação, com ênfase em regime permanente e ensaios de curto-circuito, da instalação de geração eólica na rede da empresa distribuidora de energia elétrica no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, a ENERSUL SA, para avaliação da viabilidade da conexão dessa fonte na rede primária da concessionária e dos possíveis benefícios proporcionados por essa opção. / After the electrical energy rationing shock, which arose from the unbalanced condition between supply and demand in Brazil, different society sectors found the real and imminent need to diversify the Brazilian electrical energy generation sources and its rational usage. Today research focuses on several new generation sources. Wind energy is a promising alternative. The electrical energy generation should meet the very stiff quality standard requirements related to electric frequency, harmonics injection, voltage control, reactive power generation and so forth. Research in this area is pointing to technological solutions that are capable to satisfy all these requirements. This study describes the concepts of wind generation, through a doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters with DC intermediate circuit, using vector control. A comparison of costs is carried out involving two different alternatives for the electrical system from a wind turbine: squirrel cage induction generator and doubly fed induction generator (slip ring machine). Finally, it is also presented a simulation, with emphasis on steady state and short-circuit tests, of wind generation connection to the network of the utility company net in Mato Grosso do Sul (a Brazilian state) - ENERSUL SA, in order to study its feasibility and possible benefits.

M. Tech. (Engineering: Electrical, Department Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology / The global trends towards energy efficiency have facilitated the need for technological advancements in the design and control of power electronic converters for energy processing. The proposed design is intended to make the practical implementation of converters easier. The development of a universal bidirectional galvanic isolated switch module will be used to drive any MOSFET or IGBT in any position in any topology whether the load is AC or DC. Semiconductor switches are required and are also integrated for fast switching times in power converter applications The structure of the power switch module consists of an opto-coupler which will provide an isolation barrier for maximum galvanic isolation between the control circuitry and power stage. It also consists of a high performance gate drive circuit for high speed switching applications with a floating supply. / Telkom South Africa Ltd, TFMC Pty Ltd, M-TEC, THRIP

Submitted by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:24:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Uma contribuição ao controle para estabilização de conversores em microrredes de energia utilizando o conceito de máquina síncrona virtual.pdf: 9490236 bytes, checksum: 5dcc372f9155b55165fe3b9930b6accf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:28:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Uma contribuição ao controle para estabilização de conversores em microrredes de energia utilizando o conceito de máquina síncrona virtual.pdf: 9490236 bytes, checksum: 5dcc372f9155b55165fe3b9930b6accf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T14:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Uma contribuição ao controle para estabilização de conversores em microrredes de energia utilizando o conceito de máquina síncrona virtual.pdf: 9490236 bytes, checksum: 5dcc372f9155b55165fe3b9930b6accf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / Com o crescimento da utilização de fontes renováveis de energia, os sistemas elétricos passam a experimentar um novo modelo, a Geração Distribuída (GD). Com isso, tem-se um cenário que sinaliza uma mudança de paradigmas, da geração centralizada baseada em grandes usinas para um modelo descentralizado com diversas pequenas e médias unidades geradoras. As máquinas síncronas utilizadas nas grandes usinas contribuem para a estabilidade do sistema de potência através da energia armazenada no rotor da máquina devido a sua inércia rotacional. Devido a este fenômeno, um sistema sujeito a distúrbios possui um tempo de resposta maior ou menor, dependendo da inércia da máquina individual, sendo capaz de amortecer distúrbios causados por diversos fatores, como conexão e desconexão de geradores na rede, conexão e desconexão de cargas, etc. A estabilidade total do sistema depende da contribuição de todas as máquinas ligadas ao sistema de potência, através da soma dos momentos de inércia individual de cada máquina. Já as unidades de GD utilizam, em geral, conversores eletrônicos como interface entre a fonte geradora e a rede de distribuição. Geralmente, pequenas unidades por si só não comprometem a operação segura do sistema elétrico. Assim, as interações entre uma unidade de GD e o sistema elétrico convencional podem ser negligenciadas. Porém, com o aumento do seu uso, a dinâmica global do sistema de potência pode ser significativamente afetada. Tendo em vista o aumento da utilização de interfaces eletrônicas (IE) para geração de energia, um dos maiores desafios relacionados ao futuro dos sistemas de potência é a redução significante da equivalente elétrica da inércia rotacional total do sistema, o que pode comprometer a estabilidade do sistema. Neste contexto, as Máquinas Síncronas Virtuais ganham importância devido às suas características semelhantes às máquinas reais. Ainda, de forma análoga, é possível o uso de sinais complementares estabilizadores com o intuito de melhorar a dinâmica do sistema. Nesta dissertação são propostos dois estabilizadores dinâmicos, um baseado na técnica de controle por modos deslizantes (SMC) e outra baseada no Controle Adaptativo por Modelo de Referência (MRAC). / With the widespread use of renewable energy, the electrical systems begin to experience a new model, the Distributed Generation (DG). Thus, there is a scenario that signals a paradigm shift, from centralized generation based on large power plants to a decentralized model with several small and medium-sized generators units. Synchronous machines used in large power plants contribute to the stability of the power system through the energy stored in the rotor of the machine due to rotational inertia. Because this phenomenon, the system has a greater or lesser time response, depending on the inertia of the individual machine, being able to damp the disorders caused by several factors, such as connection and disconnection of generators on the network, connection and disconnection of loads , etc. The overall stability of the system depends on the contribution of all machines connected to the power system by the sum of the individual moments of inertia of each machine. Since DG units uses electronic converters as an interface between the source and distribution network. Generally, small DG units alone will not compromise the safe operation of the electrical system. Thus, the interactions between DG unit and a conventional electrical system can be neglected. However, with the penetration of GD in the electrical system, the overall dynamics of the power system can be significantly affected. Given the increased use of electronic interfaces (EI) for power generation, one of the biggest challenges to the future of power systems is the significant reduction of the electrical equivalent of the total rotational inertia of the system, which may result in a degradation system stability. In this context, the Virtual synchronous machines become important because of its beneficial characteristics similar to the actual machines. Further, similarly, the use of additional stabilizers signals in order to improve the dynamics of the system is possible. This dissertation proposed two dynamic stabilizers, one based on Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and another based on Model Reference Adaptative Control (MRAC).

A photo-voltaic system consists of solar cells, power converters, battery and the load. The power converter interfaces the solar cells, battery and the load. The battery serves to equalise the energy demand (load) and the energy supply (solar cell). Currently the solar cells and the battery cost nearly 90% of the system cost. A typical photo-voltaic system can adopt various power bus configurations. Battery tied bus is the simplest of the power bus configurations. In this topology, the battery is always attached to the bus. This system is extremely simple in terms of power circuit configuration as well as control. Such systems weigh less and are more reliable. However, the battery tied bus suffers certain disadvantages. The first among them is the poor utilisation of solar panels. The load has to tolerate the full swing of the battery voltage variation. On account of the constraint on the solar panel voltage, the solar panels may not be loaded to the maximum power capacity. Such operating conditions lead to gross under-utilisation of the expensive solar panels. The battery tied bus configuration is designed, built and evaluated experimentally with 4 solar panels rated at 35 W each and a lead acid battery of 12 V 42 AH rating. This thesis explores alternate power architecture to overcome the above limitations. Load regulation and maximum power harvesting from the solar panels are the objectives. In the proposed configuration, a bidirectional power converter is inserted between the bus and the battery. The bidirectional power converter operates in boost mode and charges the battery when the sunlight is available. During eclipse period, it operates in buck mode and meets the load demand. The maximum power is extracted from the panels by controlling the voltage across the solar panels. The bus voltage reference is computed by MPPT block and the bus voltage is regulated to the reference voltage through closed loop control. So the maximum power is extracted from the panels at the expense of extra bidirectional power converter. Even though there is an additional power loss due to the introduction of power converter, this power bus configuration is superior because it increases the output power from the panel itself. The entire control logic implementation is done digitally using dspic30F6010A. The simulation is done by writing script files in C language. The proposed bus configuration is designed, built and evaluated experimentally with the same setup and the results are then compared.

In the present day, owing to the increasing number of electronic loads such as computer power supplies, Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and the increasing number of sources such as solar photovoltaics, fuel cells (DC sources), DC Micro-grids provide a more efficient solution compared to the AC counterpart in terms of the number of stages involved in conversion. Also, the ability to be readily buffered to storage elements is an advantage in a DC system. Apart from this, there are no issues of frequency stability, reactive power transfer and ac power losses. A DC micro-grid is effectively a multi-port dc-dc converter. The ports refer to the various sources and loads that are part of the micro-grid. Sources could be unidirectional (as in the case of PV, load) or bidirectional (as in the case of batteries). Interfacing a variety of ports and controlling power flow between these ports presents an interesting challenge. Commonly used topologies interface the various ports at the DC bus capacitor thereby making the DC bus capacitor bulky. Apart from this, the DC bus coupled topologies route power from one port to another via the central capacitor. This increases the number of stages in transferring power from one port to another. An alternative topology is to use the active bridge type converters where dynamic power flow equations are required to control inter-port power flow. But, as the number of stages increase, the computations get tedious.In this thesis, a novel topology is proposed that uses a UU type transformer core to interface all the power ports. This alleviates the problems faced in the DC bus coupled topologies. A PWM scheme to control simultaneous power flow from each of the ports is also proposed in this thesis. The PWM scheme enables the usage of simple constant frequency average current mode control to dynamically control power sharing ratio between the various ports delivering to loads. By means of the proposed PWM scheme and the control scheme, the drawbacks of the active bridge topologies are alleviated. Using the proposed topology and the PWM scheme, a prototype micro-grid system is developed for a system comprising of the utility grid, batteries, solar PVs and resistive loads. Yet another aspect of the thesis explores the concept of connecting multiple micro-grids in order to create a 'local power network'. A potential application for this could be in interconnecting residential buildings and routing power from one house to another in order to balance demand and supply among these houses. This is against the growing trend of using the utility grid to also sink power and subsequently route it to other houses connected to the grid. Unfortunately not all areas have access to the utility grid. Additionally, turning the grid bidirectional requires that a number of standards be met and policies be created. But, the standard for using a local network that only involves a unidirectional grid is fixed by the community that owns such a network. In a crude sense, this scenario can be compared to the existence of a local area network to transfer information among users of the network. In this thesis, a prototype local power network interconnecting two micro-grids has been implemented.

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is the main workhorse in a digital waveform recorder. Strictly speaking, an ADC is supposed to perform uniformly, irrespective of the characteristics of the signal to be acquired. However, because of certain hardware related inconsistencies, its performance declines, particularly, when acquiring non-repetitive, fast-rising, high frequency signals. The error and distortion contributed due to its declining performance, for the entire range of signals, can be comprehensively characterized by the static and dynamic nonlinearities. Actual testing of ADCs is the only way of estimating these indices. These characteristics reveal information at the microscopic level, such as bit-level aberrations, code transitions, response and settling trends, etc. These tests attain greater significance, when the digitizer is part of a reference measuring or a calibration system, because, the levels of accuracies to be achieved in such a setup may become comparable to the error introduced by the ADC. Hence, testing ADCs is a priority. International and national standards exist for testing digital waveform recorders and ADCs. For several years, the matter related to reducing static test time of high-resolution ADCs was highlighted through many publications. A critical examination of the literature indicates the major schools-of-thought pursued so far, are, (i) refinements to ramp/triangular signal based static testing, (ii) proposals for use of alternative methods and/or test signals for static test, (iii) innovative ways of achieving a relaxation in signal source requirements and, (iv) efforts to combine static and dynamic test into a single test with an appropriate test signal. As a consequence of the literature review, objectives of the thesis were formulated. They attempt to resolve- (i) Conceive a suitable test signal for simultaneous estimation of static and dynamic nonlinearity through a single test (ii) Explore possibility of employing a low-linearity ramp signal to estimate static nonlinearity (iii) Estimating static nonlinearity by exploiting linearity property of a sine signal • In the first part of the thesis, a method is proposed for the concurrent estimation of static and dynamic nonlinearity characteristics of an ADC, with the application of a single test signal. The novelty arises from the fact that the test signal proposed is new, and so is the concept of extracting the static and dynamic nonlinearity from the ADC output. This was achieved by conceiving a test signal, comprising of a high frequency sinusoid (which addresses the dynamic requirement), modulated by a low frequency ramp (which addresses the static requirement). • Static characteristics of an ADC can be determined directly from the histogram-based quasi-static approach by measuring the ADC output, when excited by an ideal ramp/triangular signal of sufficiently low frequency. This approach requires only a fraction of time compared to the conventional DC test, is straightforward, easy to implement, and, in principle is an accepted method as per the revised IEEE-1057. However, the only drawback is that ramp signal sources are not ideal. Thus, nonlinearity present in the ramp signal gets superimposed on the measured ADC characteristics, which renders them, as such, unusable. The second part of the work describes a proposal to get rid of the ramp signal nonlinearity, before it is applied to the ADC. A simple method is presented which employs a low-linearity ramp signal, but yet causes only a fraction of influence on the measured ADC static characteristics. • The third part of the thesis describes a novel method to estimate the actual static characteristics of an ADC using a low frequency sine signal, say, less than 10 Hz, by employing the histogram-based approach. It is based on the well known fact that variation of sine signal is ‘reasonably linear,’ when the angle is small. In the proposed method, the ADC under test has to be ‘fed’ with this ‘linear’ portion of the sine wave. Due to harmonics and offset in input excitation, this ‘linear’ part of the sine signal is marginally different, compared to an ideal ramp signal of equal amplitude. However, since it is a sinusoid, this difference can be accurately determined and later compensated from the measured ADC output. Thus, the corrected ADC output will correspond to the true ADC static nonlinearity. The proposed approach successfully addresses all the three concerns while estimating static linearity, i.e. it is time-efficient, excites all the ADC code-bins reasonably uniformly and tackles the source linearity issue quite nicely. These proposals are novel, simple, easy to implement, time-efficient and importantly static nonlinearity characteristics determined from them are in good agreement with that estimated by the original DC-based technique. Implementation of each method is discussed along with experimental results, for two 8-bit digital oscilloscopes and a 10-bit real time digitizer. Further details are presented in the thesis.

Modelling and simulation are essential ingredients of the analysis and design process in power electronics. It helps a design engineer gain an increased understanding of circuit operation. Accordingly, for a set of specifications given, the designer will choose a particular topology, select component types and values, estimate circuit performance etc. Typically hierarchical modelling, analysis and simulation rather than full detailed simulation of the system provides a crucial insight and understanding. The combination of these insights with hardware prototyping and experiments constitutes a powerful and effective approach to design. Obtaining the mathematical model of the power electronic systems is a major task before any analysis or synthesis or simulation can be performed. There are circuit oriented simulators which uses inbuilt mathematical models for components. Simulation with equation solver needs mathematical models for simulation which are trimmed according to user requirement. There are various methods in the literature to obtain these mathematical models. However, the issues of multi-domain system modelling and causality of the energy variables are not sufficiently addressed. Further, specifically to power converter systems, the issue of switching power models with fixed causality is not addressed. Therefore, our research focuses on obtaining solutions to the above using relatively untouched bond graph method to obtain models for power electronic systems. The power electronic system chosen for the present work is Switched Mode Power Converters (SMPC’s) and in particular PWM DC-DC converters. Bond graph is a labelled and directed graphical representation of physical systems. The basis of bond graph modelling is energy/power flow in a system. As energy or power flow is the underlying principle for bond graph modelling, there is seamless integration across multiple domains. As a consequence, different domains (such as electrical, mechanical, thermal, fluid, magnetic etc.) can be represented in a unified way. The power or the energy flow is represented by a half arrow, which is called the power bond or the energy bond. The causality for each bond is a significant issue that is inherently addressed in bond graph modelling. As every bond involves two power variables, the decision of setting the cause variable and the effect variable is by natural laws. This has a significant bearing in the resulting state equations of the system. Proper assignment of power direction resolves the sign-placing problem when connecting sub-model structures. The causality will dictate whether a specific power variable is a cause or the effect. Using causal bars on either ends of the power bond, graphically indicate the causality for every bond. Once the causality gets assigned, bond graph displays the structure of state space equations explicitly. The first problem we have encountered in modelling power electronic systems with bond graph is power switching. The essential part of any switched power electronic system is a switch. Switching in the power electronic circuits causes change in the structure of the system. This results in change in dynamic equations of the circuit according to position of the switch. We have proposed the switched power junctions (SPJ) to represent switching phenomena in power electronic systems. The switched power junctions are a generalization of the already existing 0-junction and 1-junction concepts of the bond graph element set. The SPJ’s models ideal switching. These elements maintain causality invariance for the whole system for any operational mode of the system. This means that the state vector of the resulting state equation of the system does not change for any operating mode. As SPJs models ideal power switching, the problem of stiff systems and associated numerical stability problems while simulating the system is eliminated. Further, it maintains one to one correspondence with the physical system displaying all the feasible modes of operation at the same time on the same graph. Using these elements, the switched mode power converters (SMPC's) are modelled in bond graph. Bond graph of the converter is the large signal model of the converter. A graphical procedure is proposed that gives the averaged large signal, steady state and small signal ac models. The procedure is suitable for the converters operating in both Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). For modelling in DCM, the concept of virtual switch is used to model the converter using bond graph. Using the proposed method, converters of any complexity can be modelled incorporating all the advantages of bond graph modelling. Magnetic components are essential part of the power electronic systems. Most common parts are the inductor, transformer and coupled inductors which contain both the electric and magnetic domains. Gyrator-Permeance approach is used to model the magnetic components. Gyrator acts as an interface between electric and magnetic domain and capacitor model the permeance of the magnetic circuits. Components like inductor, tapped inductor, transformer, and tapped transformer are modelled. Interleaved converters with coupled inductor, zero ripple phenomena in coupled inductor converters as well as integrated magnetic Cuk converter are also modelled. Modelling of integrated magnetic converters like integrated magnetic forward converter, integrated magnetic boost converter are also explored. To carry out all the simulations of proposed bond graph models, bond graph toolbox is developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The MATLAB/SIMULINK is chosen since it is general simulation platform widely available. Therefore all the analysis and simulation can be carried out using facilities available in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Symbolic equation extraction toolbox is also developed which extracts state equations from bond graph model in SIMULINK in symbolic form.