Desenvolvimento de uma máquina síncrona trifásica com ímãs de Nd-Fe-B e núcleo do rotor a partir de ferro sinterizado para aplicação em aerogeradores de 7,5 kW, verificando a viabilidade do protótipo. Partindo de um projeto anteriormente desenvolvido, foi realizada alteração no ângulo das chapas do estator em 10º, com o intuito de minimizar o efeito de correntes parasitas, sendo esse um dos fatores que influenciam os resultados. Para avaliação de desempenho, foi utilizada uma bancada de testes composta de analisador de energia, sensor de torque e instrumentos de medição, sendo o acionamento do protótipo realizado através de um motor de indução controlado por um inversor de frequência. Entre os resultados encontrados, foi constatada a presença de harmônicas que impactam sobre os valores obtidos do protótipo. Os testes realizados, de simulação e parâmetros elétricos, indicaram resultados apropriados ao desempenho de uma máquina elétrica trifásica, porém mostram-se necessárias alterações para um melhor desempenho do protótipo. / Development of a three-phase synchronous machine with Nd-Fe-B magnets and rotor core from sintered iron for application in 7.5 kW wind turbines, verifying the feasibility of the prototype. Starting from a previously developed design, a change in the angle of the stator plates was made in 10º, in order to minimize the effect of the parasite currents, being one of the factors that influence the results. For performance evaluation, a test bench composed of energy analyzer, torque sensor and measuring instruments was used, and the drive of the prototype was carried out through an induction motor controlled by a frequency inverter. Among the results found, it was verified the presence of harmonics that impact on the values obtained from the prototype. The tests performed, simulation and electrical parameters, indicated results appropriate to the performance of a three-phase electric machine, however changes are needed for a better performance of the prototype.

Le travail proposé est le résultat d’une collaboration entre le Laboratoire Laplace et l’IRT SaintExupéry. Il s’inscrit dans un projet visant à améliorer l’intégration des systèmes électriques afin d’électrifier les aéronefs. Le développement de l’énergie électrique à bord des aéronefs a de nombreux avantages : gain de masse, optimisation facilitée, … Plus précisément, c’est l’utilisation des machines électriques qui est ici étudiée. Actionneur, compresseur, beaucoup de système utilisant des énergies non-électriques peuvent être remplacés par des machines électriques. Comme dans tout système de conversion d’énergie, des pertes sont présentes et ce sont les pertes magnétiques, appelées perte fer, qui sont au cœur de cette thèse. Le réseau électrique avion, ainsi que les dispositifs de commande de ces machines, induisent une large augmentation de la proportion des pertes fer par rapport aux autres pertes. Les rendements diminuent et c’est surtout leur prédiction qui pose problème : les machines électriques sont surdimensionnées par sécurité, elles deviennent moins efficaces et le gain en masse est réduit. C’est pourquoi il est indispensable d’une part de comprendre le comportement des matériaux magnétiques utilisés dans les machines électriques dans des conditions non-idéales : il s’agit de la caractérisation des matériaux magnétiques. D’autre part, il est nécessaire d’améliorer les modèles de pertes fer afin de rendre leur prédiction efficace et optimiser le dimensionnement des machines électriques. Plus leur prédiction sera précise, plus les facteurs d’influence sur les pertes seront déterminés. Il sera alors possible d’envisager une optimisation plus globale de la chaîne électromécanique. Cette thèse est une première étape vers cette intégration globale. La caractérisation des matériaux fut faite sous diverses conditions. Tout d’abord, des champs magnétiques B unidimensionnels ont été étudiés. L’influence de leur spectre sur les pertes fer était au cœur de cette caractérisation : influence de l’amplitude ou de la fréquence dans le cas de champs sinusoïdaux, puis de la fréquence et de la phase d’harmoniques dans le cas de spectre plus complexes. Les pertes fer sont très sensibles à ces paramètres, ils sont donc à prendre en compte dans le dimensionnement des machines électriques. La modélisation des pertes proposée ensuite passe par une reconstitution du cycle d’hystérésis. Il s’agit donc de prédire le champ B à partir du champ H. Basée sur le modèle Play, la modélisation quasi-statique scalaire développée a montré sa précision et sa prédictibilité. Cependant, étant scalaire et quasi-statique, ce modèle ne fonctionne pas en fréquence. Un modèle analytique de courants de Foucault ainsi que des propositions de dynamisation ont été développés. Le modèle de courants de Foucault permettrait de tenir compte des effets de fréquence et donc de compléter le modèle quasi-statique. / The work proposed here took place in IRT Saint-Exupéry in collaboration with Laplace Laboratory. It is part of a project aiming for the integration of electrical systems improvement in order to electrify aircraft. The development of electrical energy aboard aircraft has many advantages: mass gain, optimization facilitated... More precisely, the using of electrical machines is studied here. Actuator, compressor, a lot of system using non-electric energies can be changed for electrical machines. As in any energy conversion system, losses cannot be avoided and especially iron losses, which are the main topic of this thesis. The airplane electrical networks, as well as electrical machine control devices, induce a large increase in iron loss proportion compared to other losses. Yields are diminishing but iron loss prediction is the main issue: electrical machines are oversized for safety, become less efficient and the mass gain is reduced. That is why the understanding of the behavior, or characterization, of magnetic materials used in electrical machines under non-ideal conditions is essential. On the other hand, it is necessary to improve the iron loss models in order to make their prediction efficient and to optimize the electrical machine modeling. The more precise their prediction, the more the factors influencing the losses will be determined. It will then be possible to envisage a more global optimization of the electromechanical chain. This thesis is a first step towards this global integration. The magnetic material characterization was done under various conditions. First, one-dimensional flux density B have been studied. The influence of their spectrum on iron losses was the major purpose of this characterization: amplitude or frequency influence in the case of sinusoidal fields and then harmonic frequency or harmonic phase influence for more complex spectrum. Iron losses are very sensitive to these parameters. Then, the proposed loss modelling goes through a reconstruction of the hysteresis cycle. Therefore, it consists in predicting B from the H field. Based on Play model, this scalar quasi-static modelling has shown its accuracy and predictability. However, being scalar and quasi-static prevent the model from any time-dependence. An analytical model of eddy currents and a dynamization proposal has been developed. With an eddy current model, frequency effects would be taken into account and thus would complete the quasi-static model.

Desenvolvimento de uma máquina síncrona trifásica com ímãs de Nd-Fe-B e núcleo do rotor a partir de ferro sinterizado para aplicação em aerogeradores de 7,5 kW, verificando a viabilidade do protótipo. Partindo de um projeto anteriormente desenvolvido, foi realizada alteração no ângulo das chapas do estator em 10º, com o intuito de minimizar o efeito de correntes parasitas, sendo esse um dos fatores que influenciam os resultados. Para avaliação de desempenho, foi utilizada uma bancada de testes composta de analisador de energia, sensor de torque e instrumentos de medição, sendo o acionamento do protótipo realizado através de um motor de indução controlado por um inversor de frequência. Entre os resultados encontrados, foi constatada a presença de harmônicas que impactam sobre os valores obtidos do protótipo. Os testes realizados, de simulação e parâmetros elétricos, indicaram resultados apropriados ao desempenho de uma máquina elétrica trifásica, porém mostram-se necessárias alterações para um melhor desempenho do protótipo. / Development of a three-phase synchronous machine with Nd-Fe-B magnets and rotor core from sintered iron for application in 7.5 kW wind turbines, verifying the feasibility of the prototype. Starting from a previously developed design, a change in the angle of the stator plates was made in 10º, in order to minimize the effect of the parasite currents, being one of the factors that influence the results. For performance evaluation, a test bench composed of energy analyzer, torque sensor and measuring instruments was used, and the drive of the prototype was carried out through an induction motor controlled by a frequency inverter. Among the results found, it was verified the presence of harmonics that impact on the values obtained from the prototype. The tests performed, simulation and electrical parameters, indicated results appropriate to the performance of a three-phase electric machine, however changes are needed for a better performance of the prototype.

The doctoral thesis deals with the cost rationalization in the process of small electric machines production. The rationalization can be done on two different levels: technical and economic. The doctoral thesis is divided into two parts, each focusing on the particular level and describing the production processes in which it is possible to optimize the costs. The main part of the doctor thesis concentrates on the economic side of the problém. It presents and analyses the origin of the costs, their identification and classification.Production costs specification and calculation are analysed. Due to the fact that there are many possibilities of optimal production cost calculations used in the process of small electric machines production, much attention is devoted to possibile calculation methods and calculation formulas.

No description available.

<div>In this research, the use of a Type-2 superconducting material (i.e. Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide) as a magnetic flux source within synchronous machines is considered. To do so, an analytical model is applied to predict the magnetic field and the currents that are induced within the material when it is magnetized to a mixed-state. These induced currents are then used to model the synchronous machine performance within a 2-dimensional Method of Moments (MoM) formulation. The MoM-based model is used in tandem with a thermal equivalent circuit to calculate the cooling required to keep the YBCO below its critical temperature. These are utilized within a genetic algorithm (GA) to evaluate the tradeoffs between mass and loss for several example electric drives ranging from 10 kW-20 MW. The expected mass and loss of the YBCO machines are compared to those of a standard permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). Specifically, Pareto-optimal fronts are used to assess power levels where cryo-cooled YBCO materials may be warranted.<br></div>

No description available.

No description available.

This dissertation is concerned with the design of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) to operate at super-high speed with high efficiency. The designed and fabricated PMSM was successfully tested to run upto 210,000 rpm The designed PMSM has 2000 W shaft output power at 200,000 rpm and at the cryogenic temperature of 77 K. The test results showed the motor to have an efficiency reaching above 92%. This achieved efficiency indicated a significant improvement compared to commercial motors with similar ratings. This dissertation first discusses the basic concept of electrical machines. After that, the modeling of PMSM for dynamic simulation is provided. Particular design strategies have to be adopted for super-high speed applications since motor losses assume a key role in the motor drive performance limit. The considerations of the PMSM structure for cryogenic applications are also discussed. It is shown that slotless structure with multi-strand Litz-wire is favorable for super-high speeds and cryogenic applications. The design, simulation, and test of a single-sided axial flux pancake PMSM is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of this kind of structure are discussed, and further improvements are suggested and some have been verified by experiments. The methodologies of designing super high-speed motors are provided in details. Based on these methodologies, a super high-speed radial-flux PMSM was designed and fabricated. The designed PMSM meets our expectation and the tested results agree with the design specifications. 2-D and 3-D modeling of the complicated PMSM structure for the electromagnetic numerical simulations of motor performance and parameters such as phase inductors, core losses, rotor eddy current loss, torque, and induced electromotive force (back-EMF) are also presented in detail in this dissertation. Some mechanical issues such as thermal analysis, bearing pre-load, rotor stress analysis, and rotor dynamics analysis are also discussed. Different control schemes are presented and suitable control schemes for super high- speed PMSM are also discussed in detail.

Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have recently attracted more interest in many applications due to the volatile prices of rare-earth permanent magnets (PMs) used in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). They also have rugged construction and can operate at high speeds and high temperatures. However, acoustic noise and high torque ripples, in addition to the relatively low torque density, present significant challenges. Geometry and topology optimization are applied to overcome these challenges and enable SRMs to compete with PMSMs. Key geometric design parameters are optimized to minimize various objective functions within geometry optimization. On the other hand, the material distribution in a particular design space within the machine domain may be optimized using topology optimization. We discuss how these techniques are applied to optimize the geometries and topologies of SRMs to enhance machine performance. As optimizing the machine geometry and material distribution at the design phase is of substantial significance, this work offers a comprehensive literature review on the current state of the art and the possible trends in the optimization techniques of SRMs. The thesis also reviews different configurations of SRMs and stochastic and deterministic optimization techniques utilized in optimizing different configurations of the machine. This thesis introduces a new ON/OFF optimization method based on the line search method to overcome the limitations of the conventional annealing-based ON/OFF optimization. The proposed method shows a faster convergence to optimal solutions than the conventional annealing-based ON/OFF method. The thesis also compares the performance of the generative optimization and the topology optimization of a 6/14 switched reluctance machine with the proposed method and the conventional method. The two methods are applied to two different design domains of the machine for topology and generative optimization and the results are compared to the results of the annealing-based ON/OFF method. The results show the effectiveness of the newly proposed method. A new technique has been introduced in this thesis for reducing the time of calculating stator radial force density waves of switched reluctance machines (SRMs). The method is based on the finite element (FE) simulation of a fraction of an electrical cycle. The new approach shows that a significant time reduction is achieved as compared to the time required for stator radial force density calculation based on the one mechanical cycle simulation method. As the switched reluctance motors introduce new challenges in aspects such as acoustic noise, vibrations, and torque ripples, the method introduced in this helps reduce the time of the optimization process of switched reluctance machines in the design stage to improve the machine performance. The proposed method is applied to radial flux switched reluctance machines. Three different SRMs configurations were used to show the effectiveness of this technique in different force components with minimal error as compared to the benchmark method based on the FE simulation of one mechanical cycle. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)